User:Z3460352

Lab Attendance

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Week 1 Lab Assessment

Chromosomal Development in relation to Blastocyst Morphology

Figueira, Setti, Braga, Laconelli and Borges aimed to decipher the link between embryo morphology and chromosomal development in the early days of fertilisation. Specifically, the study focused on the structure of chromosomes within the embryo at day three of development.

For the purpose of the experiment, Intra-Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) cycles were run 106 times, before a genetic screening test was completed (PGS, Pre-Implantation Genetic aneuploidy Screening). This presented 596 embryos for use. Embryonic growth was monitored closely and the genetic composition of each cell was analysed. Fluorescent In Situ Hybridisation (FISH) was used to analyse the complementary sequences of DNA within the embryos; 200 of the 564 tagged had developed into blastocysts.

Approximately 59% of the blastocysts were euploid (having an even set of chromosomes), whereas a lesser proportion of embryos that had not become blastocysts were euploid (41.2%). Furthermore, abnormalities in blastocyst development were observed, finding that if an embryo was an euploid, it would most likely have a normal inner cell mass (ICM). In contrast, aneuploid embryos (those with an abnormal set of chromosomes, generally 45 or 47) were found to be those with abnormal ICMs. A similar conclusion was found in the observation of trophectoderm morphology in that euploid embryos had a ‘normal’ cell distribution, whereas aneuploids did not.

Based on these findings, the study concluded that embryo development is not hindered by genetic abnormalities in the early stages of development. However, ICM morphology presents a stronger link to chromosomal abnormalities as the majority of aneuploidy embryos had irregular ICMs. Although this study presented clear links between embryonic development and genetic abnormalities, further studies could be conducted to strengthen these connections.

PMID 26246880

Reference

In Vitro Fertilisation in women with, and without Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome

This study, completed by Siristatidis, Sergentanis, Vogiatzi, Kanavidis, Chrelias, Papantonious and Psaltopoulou, was aimed at evaluating the outcomes of In Vitro Maturation (IVM) in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) versus women without PCOS, undergoing In Vitro Fertilisation (IVF). Past studies were utilised by the researchers for comparison, and were kept strictly to human experiments (not animals). Possible IVF outcomes across these studies were compared, including implantation, clinical pregnancy, cycle cancellation, oocyte maturation, oocyte fertilisation, live birth or miscarriage, in both PCOS and non-PCOS individuals. A large emphasis was placed on the number of successful births per patient, per cycle.

Due to the fact that the sources collected in this study were qualitative in nature, the researchers employed the Newcastle Ottawa Quality scale. This is a nine item scale used to analyse the experiments of interest, and to organise them into order of reliability. Additionally, confidence interval and statistical analysis schemes (using 95% confidence intervals and STATA Software, respectively) were developed to further evaluate the pattern of live births and clinical pregnancies. A total of eleven studies were examined; 268 PCOS (328 cyles), 100 PCO (110 cycles) and 440 control (480) women were involved.

It was found that when PCOS patients were administered with both follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and hCG, a higher rate of clinical pregnancies was observed. In the absence of hCG, the birth rates did not differ across the three groups. The experiments were organised into two groups; a cycle study and a women's study. In the cycle study, live birth rates did not differ greatly between the PCOS and non-PCOS groups, whereas in the women’s experiment, the birth rate for PCOS patients was slightly higher. When comparing the cycle and women’s experiment, once again PCOS patients presented greater birth and implantation rates. PCOS patients only presented lower rates than non-PCOS individuals in the fertilisation and cancellation studies. In terms of miscarriages, the rates were consistent across all three groups.

This study is significant in that drew upon the work of numerous researchers from various years, comparing their reliability and conclusions. Generally, it was found that more recent studies were of greater reliability, and therefore presented a higher score on the Newcastle Ottawa Quality scale. Siristatidis et al. came to the conclusion that IVM has a positive impact on the birth rate of PCOS women, in comparison to non-PCOS patients.

PMID 26241855

Reference

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--Mark Hill (talk) 19:21, 27 August 2015 (AEST) these are good summaries of these papers. You could try and format the pubmed reference correctly by having ll on the same line. (5/5)

Week 2 Lab Assessment

Uploading Images in 5 Easy Steps

First Read the help page Images and Copyright Tutorial. Hint - This exercise is best done by using separate tabs on your browser so that you can keep all the relevant pages easily available. You can also use your own discussion page to copy and paste links, text. PMIDs etc that you will need in this process. Find an image . Search PubMed using an appropriate search term. Note that there is a special library of complete (full online) article and review texts called PubMed Central (PMC). Be very careful, while some of these PMC papers allow reuse, not all do and to add the reference link to your image you will still need to use the PMID. You can also make your own search term. In this link example PMC is searched for images related to "embryo+implantation" http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/?term=embryo+implantation&report=imagesdocsum. simply replace "embryo+implantation" with your own search term, but remember not everything in PMC can be reused, you will still need to find the "copyright notice" on the full paper, no notice, no reuse. Where else can I look? BioMed Central is a separate online database of journals that allow reuse of article content. Also look at the local page Journals that provides additional resources. You have found an image, go to step 2. Check the Copyright. I cannot emphasise enough the importance of this second step. The rule is unless there is an obvious copyright statement that clearly allows reuse (there are several different kinds of copyright, some do not) located in the article or on the article page, move on and find another resource. Not complying with this is a serious academic infringement equivalent to plagiarism."Plagiarism at UNSW is defined as using the words or ideas of others and passing them off as your own." (extract from UNSW statement on Academic Honesty and Plagiarism) You have found the statement and it allows reuse, go to step 3. Downloading your image. Download the image to your own computer. Either use the download image on the page or right click the image. To find the downloaded image you may have to look in your computer downloads folder, or the default location for downloaded files. The image file will have its own original name, that you will not be using on the wiki. You can rename it now (see renaming below), but you should also make a note of the original name. Make sure you have everything ready then for the You have the image file on your computer, go to step 4. Uploading your image. First make sure you have all the information you want to use with the file readily available. There is also a detailed description below. Towards the bottom of the lefthand menuunder “Toolbox” click Upload file. This will open a new window. In the top window "Source file", click "Choose file" and then navigate to find the file on the computer. and select the image. If you have done this correctly the upload window will now have your image file shown in choose file and also in the lower window "File description" in "Destination filename:" DO NOT CLICK UPLOAD FILE YET. Rename your file in "Destination filename:" this should be a brief filename that describes the image. Not any of the following - the original file name, image, file, my image, your ZID, etc. Many of the common embryology names may have already been used, but you can add a number (01, 02, 03, etc) or the PMID number to the filename to make it unique. If the filename or image has already been used or exists it will be shown on the upload page. If another student has already uploaded that image you will have to find another file. Duplicated images will not receive a mark, so check before you upload as you cannot delete images. In the "Summary" window for now just paste the PMID. You will come back and edit this information. Now click "Upload image" at the bottom of the window, go to step 4. Edit and Add to your page. Edit - Open the image with the "Edit" tab at the top of its page. You should see the PMID you had pasted earlier in the new edit window. Add the following information to the summary box. Image Title as a sub-heading. Under this title add the original figure legend or your own description of the image. Image Reference sub-sub-heading. Use the PMID link method shown in Lab 1 and you can also have a direct link to the original Journal article. Image Copyright sub-sub-heading. Add the copyright information under this sub-sub-heading exactly as shown in the original paper. Student Image template, as shown here {{Template:Student Image}} to show that it is a student uploaded image. Add - Now add your image to your own page under a subheading for Lab 2 Assessment including a description and a reference link. If still stuck with this last step, look at the example on the Test Student page. Done! Students cannot delete images once uploaded. You will need to email me with the full image name and request deletion, that I am happy to do with no penalty if done before I assess. Non-Table version of this page Stress Relief.... <html5media height="480" width="640">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i9Hwn2DOgKo</html5media>

<pubmed>4983465</pubmed>|PLoS Biol.

--Mark Hill (talk) 19:21, 27 August 2015 (AEST) Image uploaded correctly with all required information. Note when added to your own page you require <ref></ref> tags outside the PubMed ref to have it appear correctly. (5/5)

Week 3 Lab Assessment

--Mark Hill (talk) 19:21, 27 August 2015 (AEST) These references relate to your group project. (5/5)

                                           TREATMENT OF FEMALE INFERTILITY (Group 3)

The Effect of a Complex Multi-modality Ayurvedic Treatment in a Case of Unknown Female Infertility

This article documented a 38 year old woman's journey to giving birth, after she was advised that she was infertile (of unknown cause). The researchers detail the various modern day medical treatments she underwent to become pregnant, all of which were unsuccessful. She then decided to try holistic medicine in the form of Ayurvedic treatment, which consisted of meditation, a controlled diet and yoga. To the researchers' surprise, she became pregnant soon after, and gave birth to a healthy baby boy in 2012. The study comes to the conclusion that Ayurvedic medicine and successful birth rates do not show a strong correlation, and thus should not be favoured over standard medical treatments. However, they did state that holistic medicine could improve the overall wellbeing of the mother (in terms of stress and diet), which in turn increases the chances of becoming pregnant.

<pubmed>26278074</pubmed>

                                                              * * *

Pregnancy Rate after Controlled Ovarian Hyperstimulation and Intrauterine Insemination for the Treatment of Endometriosis following Surgery

This study investigated various treatments available for women with endometriosis, and the rate of successful pregnancies and births in patients following their treatment. The researchers came to the conclusion that a woman's chances of becoming pregnant increased following laparoscopic surgery, particularly in the first six months following the procedure. If pregnancy does not occur, controlled ovarian hyperstimulation and intrauterine insemination (COH-IU) should be the next option, due to its success rates.

<pubmed>26247014</pubmed>

                                                              * * *

Time-limited Hydrotubation Combined with Clomiphene Citrate Treatment for Unexplained Infertility

In this experiment, 80 random patients with "unexplained inferility" were selected and treated with hydotrubation and clomiphene citrate (CC). Of the 80 patients, 15 became pregnant, with the researchers concluding that combined hydrotubation and CC treatment increased a woman's chance of becoming pregnant to a greater degree than just CC alone. Further tests need to be completed to strengthen the correlation between the treatment and outcome.

<pubmed>26152000</pubmed>

                                                              * * *

Frequency and Outcome of Treatment in Polycystic Ovaries Related Infertility

This study examined treatments available to women with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS). It came to the conclusion that in overweight women with PCOS, weight loss, exercise and better lifestyle choices are the best treatments as they significantly increases pregnancy rates. Furthermore, clomiphene citrate (CC) and metformine combined treatments are highly effective in PCOS women, and should be one of the first options offered to a patient.

<pubmed>26150870</pubmed>

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Lab 4 Assessment - Example

Here are a few simple questions that relate to your introduction to embryology lecture and practical, this page is not a part of today's Practical class.

You should try in your own time after completing the Practical today.

Take the Quiz

1 I already really know all I need to know about embryology.

	true
	false

2 Which of the following statements is most correct about the human menstrual cycle.

	The menstrual cycle in all women is a 28 day reproductive cycle
	Ovulation always occurs at the midpoint of the menstrual cycle
	The menstrual cycle's main function is to regularly replace the lining of the uterus
	A high body temperature indicates ovulation is occurring
	The menstrual cycle is an endocrine cycle regulating reproductive physiological changes

3 Most pregnancies can be detected by pregnancy tests soon after fertilization.

	true
	false

4 Which of the following statements is correct about the zona pellucida:

	surrounds the oocyte in the ovary
	protects oocyte in the uterine tube
	is a specialized extracellular matrix
	is important for fertilization
	all of the above

5 Pregnancy tests generally are based upon the detection in maternal urine of:

	Estrogen
	Progesterone
	human Chorionic Somatommotropin
	human Chorionic Gonadotrophin
	human Chorionic Corticotropin

6 The most correct sequence of early development following fertilization is:

	zygote, blastomeres, morula, blastocyst
	oocyte, zygote, morula, blastocyst
	zygote, conceptus, blastocyst
	polar bodies, zygote, conceptus, blastocyst

7 Which process in the third week of development converts the embryonic disc into the trilaminar embryo.

	placentation
	gastrulation
	neuralation
	somitogenesis
	embryonic disc folding

8 The second and third trimesters cover the fetal period of development.

	true
	false

9 Which of these statements about environmentally derived abnormal development is incorrect:

	bacterial and viral infections can sometimes not affect development
	a specific environmental insult will result in a specific abnormal development outcome
	the first trimester is the most sensitive period to environmental insults
	some prescription drugs can lead to abnormal development outcomes
	rubella virus infection during pregnancy has serious abnormal development outcomes

10 Which of the following statements about Figure 1 (shown below) is most correct:

	figure 1 shows a normal female karyotype
	figure 1 shows all human chromosomes
	figure 1 shows a metaphase spread of a human genome
	figure 1 shows an abnormality of mitosis

Figure 1

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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, May 19) Embryology Z3460352. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/User:Z3460352

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