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= A Course Introduction=
= A Course Introduction=


[[Image:BrauneB1.jpg|800px]]
{|
| '''From this''' [[File:Early_zygote.jpg|210px]]
| '''to this''' [[File:Newborn.jpg|300px]] '''in 9 months'''
|}


Anatomical image of late pregnancy by Wilhelm Braune (1831-1892)
{|
| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg|100px|Dr Mark Hill]]


Topographisch-anatomischer Atlas : nach Durchschnitten an gefrornen Cadavern, Leipzig: Verlag von Veit & Comp., 1867-1872. (Topographic-anatomical Atlas) [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/History/page11.htm#Braune Wilhelm Braune (1831-1892)]
Course coordinator
 
{|
| width="310px" | <wikiflv height="320" width="226" autostart="true" repeat="true">Embryo stages 002.flv‎|File:Embryo stages 002 icon.jpg</wikiflv>
| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg|thumb|Dr Mark Hill]]
|-
| This animation shows the growth of the human embryo during the first 8 weeks following fertilization.
| This first lecture will be a general introduction to the course and the subject of Embryology.  
| This first lecture will be a general introduction to the course and the subject of Embryology.  


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:'''Secondly''', some historic background to the subject and related current Australian trends.
:'''Secondly''', some historic background to the subject and related current Australian trends.
|}


'''MH''' - I do not expect you to remember specific historic dates or statistical data, this is provided as an introduction to the topic.


'''MH''' - I do not expect you to remember specific historic dates or statistical data, this is provided as an introduction to the topic.
|}


==Objectives==
==Objectives==


# Understand the course objectives and assessment.
# Understand the course objectives and assessment.
# Brief understanding of the scientific history of embryology and human development.
# Brief understanding of Australian statistical data.
# Brief understanding of Australian statistical data.
# Broad overview of Human Development.


===UNSW Embryology===
{|
{|
| [[File:Logo.png|90px]]
| [[File:Podcast_icon.jpg|link=ANAT2341_Embryology_2012_Lecture_Recordings]]
| Hill, M.A. (2011) <i>UNSW Embryology</i> (11<sup>th</sup> ed.). Sydney:UNSW.
| '''Lectopia Lecture Audio''' [http://lectopia.telt.unsw.edu.au/lectopia/lectopia.lasso?ut=90&id=138299 Lecture 1 - Course Introduction]
*  [[Menstrual Cycle|Menstrual Cycle]] | [[Oocyte]] | [[Spermatozoa]] | [[Cell Division - Meiosis|Meiosis]] | [[Cell Division - Mitosis|Mitosis]] | [[Week 1]]  
 
Lecture Date: 2012-05-31 Lecture Time: 17:00 Venue: BioMed F Speaker: Dr Mark Hill
 
[[ANAT2341_Embryology_2012_Lecture_Recordings|Course Audio]]
|}
|}


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[[File:Human_Carnegie_stage_1-23.jpg|600px]]
[[File:Human_Carnegie_stage_1-23.jpg|600px]]
'''The first 8 weeks of human development.'''


'''Links:''' [[ANAT2341_Embryology_2012|Course Homepage]]
'''Links:''' [[ANAT2341_Embryology_2012|Course Homepage]]
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'''Publisher Links:''' [http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/product.jsp?isbn=9781416037064 The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology] | [http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/bookdescription.cws_home/713963/description#description Larsen’s Human Embryology]
'''Publisher Links:''' [http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/product.jsp?isbn=9781416037064 The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology] | [http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/bookdescription.cws_home/713963/description#description Larsen’s Human Embryology]


== Embryology History ==
==Recent History==
=== Long Ago ===
 
* [[Book_-_A_History_of_Science_4|Harvey]]
* [[Book_-_A_History_of_Science_5|Leeuwenhoek]]
* [[Embryology History - 17th and 18th Century Anatomies|17th and 18th Century Anatomies]]
 
=== 19th Century ===
 
* '''1824''' - Rolando cut chemically hardened (fixed) pieces of brain tissues into thin sections for microscopical examination
* '''1859''' - Darwin - On the Origin of Species [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/History/page4g.htm Evolution Darwin]
* '''1880''' - image excerpts from a historic study of German embryologist Wilhelm His (1831-1904) [[Embryology_History_-_Wilhelm_His|Anatomie menschlicher Embryonen (1880)]].
* '''1889''' - Camille Golgi discovered a method of silver staining hardened brain tissues  [[Book_-_A_History_of_Science_20|Brain Structure]]
 
=== Early 20th Century ===
* '''1914''' - image excerpts from a historic study of [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/History/page1914.htm The Anatomy of a 17.8 mm Human Embryo by Thyng, FW 1914],
* '''1918''' -  [[Anatomy_of_the_Human_Body_by_Henry_Gray|Gray's Anatomy]] Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1918.
* '''1935''' - [[Embryology_History_-_Hans_Spemann|Hans Spemann's 1935 nobel speech]].
* '''1941''' Rubella and birth abnormalities [[Abnormal_Development_-_TORCH_Infections#Rubella|Rubella]]
 
Development in the early 20th century can also be seen in some [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Movies/historic.htm Historic Movies 1920-1960].
 
== Late 20th Century ==
Much of the modern history of Medicine/Embryology is documented in the Nobel Prizes for Medicine. There are either text extracts included or links to external texts or references in these notes.
 
Some key women in development [[Apgar_test|Virginia Apgar]] and [[Embryology History - Nicole Le Douarin|Nicole Le Douarin]].
 
'''1953''' - [[Apgar test]] - historic neonatal test designed by Dr Virginia Apgar.


'''1965''' - Neural Crest Research [[Embryology History - Nicole Le Douarin|Nicole Le Douarin]].
'''1965''' - Neural Crest Research [[Embryology History - Nicole Le Douarin|Nicole Le Douarin]].
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===Nobel Prizes===
===Nobel Prizes===
 
[[File:IVF-Louise Brown.jpg|thumb|Louise Brown, the first IVF baby as an adult.]]
Much of the modern history of Medicine/Embryology is documented in the [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/ Nobel Prizes for Medicine]. Remember that these award dates reflect findings that have proven to be scientific key breakthroughs from earlier dates.
Much of the modern history of Medicine/Embryology is documented in the [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/ Nobel Prizes for Medicine]. Remember that these award dates reflect findings that have proven to be scientific key breakthroughs from earlier dates.


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* '''2002''' [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2002/index.html cell death]
* '''2002''' [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2002/index.html cell death]
* '''2007''' [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2007/index.html embryonic stem cells]
* '''2007''' [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2007/index.html embryonic stem cells]
* '''2010''' [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2010/index.html development of in vitro fertilisation] (More? [[Assisted Reproductive Technology]])


=== 21st Century ===
=== 21st Century ===
[[File:Stem_cell_artificial_trachea_and_bronchi.jpg|thumb|Stem cell artificial trachea and bronchi]]
* '''2000''' - Human Genome Complete [[Molecular_Development_-_Genetics#Human_Genome|Human Genome]]
* '''2000''' - Human Genome Complete [[Molecular_Development_-_Genetics#Human_Genome|Human Genome]]
* '''2001''' talk given by [[Embryology History - Robert Winston|Robert Winston]] "Engineering Reproduction: Will We Still Be Human At The End of the 21st Century".  
* '''2001''' talk given by [[Embryology History - Robert Winston|Robert Winston]] "Engineering Reproduction: Will We Still Be Human At The End of the 21st Century".  
* '''2009''' - Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) [[Stem Cells]]
* '''2009''' - Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) [[Stem Cells]]
* '''2011''' - First Successful Transplantation of a Synthetic Tissue Engineered Windpipe [http://ki.se/ki/jsp/polopoly.jsp?d=130&a=125055&l=en&newsdep=130 Karolinska Institute] | [http://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/news-articles/1107/11070701 University College London] | [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7735696.stm BBC News] "An international team designed and built the nanocomposite tracheal scaffold and produced a specifically designed bioreactor used to seed the scaffold with the patient´s own stem cells. The cells were grown on the scaffold inside the bioreactor for two days before transplantation to the patient. Because the cells used to regenerate the trachea were the patient's own, there has been no rejection of the transplant and the patient is not taking immunosuppressive drugs."
* '''2011''' - First Successful Transplantation of a Synthetic Tissue Engineered Windpipe [http://ki.se/ki/jsp/polopoly.jsp?d=130&a=125055&l=en&newsdep=130 Karolinska Institute] | [http://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/news-articles/1107/11070701 University College London] | [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7735696.stm BBC News]
 
:"An international team designed and built the nanocomposite tracheal scaffold and produced a specifically designed bioreactor used to seed the scaffold with the patient´s own stem cells. The cells were grown on the scaffold inside the bioreactor for two days before transplantation to the patient. Because the cells used to regenerate the trachea were the patient's own, there has been no rejection of the transplant and the patient is not taking immunosuppressive drugs."
*  '''2012''' - MRI of Childbirth
{| border='0px'
|-
| [[File:Birth_MRI_icon.jpg|200px|link=Quicktime_Movie_-_Birth_MRI]]
|-bgcolor="a3bfb1"
| &nbsp;‎‎'''Human Birth MRI'''
|-bgcolor="F5FFFA"
| [[Quicktime_Movie_-_Birth_MRI|Quicktime]] | [[Movie_-_Birth_MRI|Flash]]
|}




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== Applied Embryology ==
== Applied Embryology ==
[[File:Australia_mothers_and_babies_2009.jpg|thumb|Australia’s mothers and babies (2009) cover]]
The information is based upon data from the publication "Australia's mothers and babies 2009"<ref>Li Z, McNally L, Hilder L & Sullivan EA 2011. Australia’s mothers and babies 2009. Perinatal statistics series no. 25. Cat. no. PER 52. Sydney: AIHW National Perinatal Epidemiology and Statistics Unit. Viewed 3 January 2012 <http://www.aihw.gov.au/publication-detail/?id=10737420870></ref> and is provided for educational purposes only. The original full publication is available online from [http://www.aihw.gov.au/publication-detail/?id=10737420870 AIHW Perinatal statistics series no. 25].
===More births===
[[Image:Australian-births 2007.png|thumb|Australian Births by Year]]
[[Image:Australian-births 2007.png|thumb|Australian Births by Year]]
This recent data summarised below from [[Australia’s_mothers_and_babies_2007|Australia's mothers and babies 2007]]<ref>Laws P & Sullivan EA 2009. [[Australia’s_mothers_and_babies_2007|'''Australia's mothers and babies 2007''']] Perinatal statistics series no. 23. Cat. no. PER 48. Sydney: AIHW National Perinatal Statistics Unit.</ref> is provided to help you as a clinician and researcher understand the current trends in reproductive medicine within Australia.


=== Mothers ===
In 2009 in Australia, a total 294,540 women gave birth to 299,220 babies. There were 296,791 live births and 2,341 fetal deaths. There was a 0.8% increase in the total number of births compared with 2008, but there was a fall in the rate of females aged 15-44 years in the whole population who gave birth (from 64.4 per 1,000 in 2008 to 63.6 per 1,000 in 2009).
* '''289,496''' women gave birth resulting in a total of '''294,205''' births
** increase of 4.3% from 2006, and 14.4% increase since 2004
* '''2,177''' were fetal deaths
* '''29.9 years''' was the maternal mean age in 2007 compared with 28.9 years in 1998 [[Genetic_risk_maternal_age|Why is this increasing age important?]]
* '''41.6%''' of mothers had their first baby and 33.5% had their second baby
* '''10,883''' women were Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander (3.8% of all women who gave birth)
**  39.5% of all mothers in the Northern Territory
** 25.2 years was the average age of these women who gave birth
* '''3.1%''' women received ART treatment (see also below [[#Assisted Reproduction Technology|Assisted Reproduction Technology]])


====Smoking during pregnancy====
* '''2009''' - 296,791 live births and 2,341 fetal deaths
* '''16.6%''' of women smoked during pregnancy (similar proportion over the previous five years)
* '''2008''' - 294,737 live births and 2,188 fetal deaths
* '''2007''' - 292,027 live births and 2,177 fetal deaths


====Preterm birth====
===Mothers===
* 7.4% of all mothers (less than 37 completed weeks of gestation)
** 38.8 weeks is the average duration of pregnancy


====Multiple pregnancy====
* Average maternal age in 2009 was '''30.0 years''' compared with 29.0 years in 2000.
[[Image:Aus_multiple_birth_graph.png|thumb|Australian multiple birth data]]
* Approximately 41.6% of women were having their first baby.
* '''4,634''' multiple pregnancies (1.6% of all mothers) increasing due to the increased use of ART
** Average age for first time mothers was 27.9 in 2009 which was 0.3 years younger than for 2008.
** 4,558 twin pregnancies, 76 triplet pregnancies and no quadruplet pregnancies
** Of all first-time mothers, 13.7% were aged 35 years or older in 2009, compared with 10.3% in 2000.
* ART was used by 3.6% of women who gave birth. (from available data on assisted reproductive technology (ART) where available)


====Method of birth====
===Antenatal factors===
[[Image:Birth caesarean.jpg|thumb|Birth caesarean]]
* Presentation at birth - 94.6% cephalic (any part vertex, face, or brow of the fetal head) 4.0% breech (buttocks or feet)
[[Image:Galletti1770_breech_01.jpg|thumb|Breech presentation (Galletti, 1770)]]


* '''57.9%''' vaginal births
Smoking while pregnant was reported by 14.5% of all mothers and by 37.0% of teenage mothers. In the 4 jurisdictions where data on the number of antenatal visits were available, 97.3% of women who gave birth at 32 weeks or more gestation attended at least one antenatal visit, with 91.9% attending 5 or more.
** 11.2% had an instrumental vaginal delivery (forceps or vacuum extraction)
* '''30.9%''' caesarean section births
** 21.1% in 1998, 30.8% in 2006, rate recently stable
** 83.3% of these were repeat caesarean sections


====Pre-existing and pregnancy-related medical conditions====
===Indigenous mothers===
* The following conditions were also reported: epilepsy, diabetes mellitus and hypertension, antepartum haemorrhage, gestational diabetes, cord prolapse and retained placenta, pregnancy-induced hypertension, fetal distress in labour and post-partum haemorrhage rates


====Postnatal length of stay====
Of women who gave birth during 2008, 3.8% identified as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander. The average age of Indigenous mothers was 25.1 years, compared with 30.1 years for non-Indigenous mothers. Over half of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander mothers reported smoking during pregnancy (50.9%), compared with 14.4% of non-Indigenous women who gave birth.
* 2.0 days non-instrumental vaginal birth
* 3.0 days vacuum extraction delivery
* 4.0 days caesarean section or forceps delivery


===Babies===
===Labour and delivery===
*  '''292,027''' live births and '''2,177''' fetal deaths
**  stillbirth rate of 7.4 per 1,000 births
* most births occurred in March, August and October
* '''105.6''' sex ratio (number of male per 100 female liveborn babies)


====Gestational age====
About 3.8% of women who gave birth during 2009 identified as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander. Indigenous mothers are younger than non-Indigenous mothers; their average age was 25.3 years, compared with 30.2 years for non-Indigenous mothers. Smoking during pregnancy was reported by half (49.6%) of Indigenous mothers. Of Indigenous mothers who gave birth at 32 weeks or more gestation, 76.8% attended 5 or more antenatal visits.
* '''90.9%''' term (37–41 weeks gestation)
{|
*  '''8.1%''' were preterm and '''33.2 weeks''' was the mean gestational age for all preterm births
| [[Image:Galletti1770_breech_01.jpg|300px]]
** Preterm births were classified groups of 20–27 weeks, 28–31 weeks and 32–36 weeks
| [[Image:Birth caesarean.jpg|300px]]
|-
|Breech presentation (Galletti, 1770)
|Birth caesarean
|}


====Birthweight====
===Baby outcomes===
[[File:Apgar.jpg|thumb|]]
* '''92.1%''' of liveborn babies had a birthweight in the range 2,500–4,499 grams
** average birthweight was 3,374 grams
* 17,976 (6.2%) low birthweight (weighing less than 2,500 grams)
* 2,956 (1.0%) very low birthweight (weighing less than 1,500 grams)
* 1,288 (0.4%) extremely low birthweight (weighing less than 1,000 grams)
Apgar scores - '''1.4%''' of liveborn babies had a low Apgar score (between 0 and 6) at 5 minutes (More? [[Apgar_test|Apgar test]])


Special care nurseries or neonatal intensive care units - 14.5% of liveborn babies were admitted to an SCN or NICU
In 2009, 8.2% of babies were born preterm (before 37 completed weeks of gestation) and 0.9% post-term (42 weeks gestation or more). Overall, 6.2% of liveborn babies were of low birthweight (less than 2,500 grams) and this nearly doubled (10.8%) among mothers who smoking during pregnancy. Less than 1.5% of liveborn babies had a low Apgar score (measure of the baby’s condition at birth). The perinatal death rate was 9.8 per 1,000 births in 2009, which comprised fetal and neonatal death rates of 7.8 per 1,000 births and 3.0 per 1,000 live births respectively.
{|
| [[Image:Aus_multiple_birth_graph.png|300px]]
| [[Image:Perinatal mortality rate NSW 1992-2002.png|300px]]
|-
| Australian multiple birth data
| Perinatal mortality rate NSW 1992-2002
|}
====Assisted Reproductive Technology====
[[File:Assisted reproductive technology in Australia and New Zealand 2009.jpg|thumb|Assisted reproductive technology in Australia and New Zealand 2009.]]
'''Assisted reproductive technology in Australia and New Zealand 2009.'''<ref>Wang YA, Macaldowie A, Hayward I, Chambers GM, & Sullivan EA 2011. '''Assisted reproductive technology in Australia and New Zealand 2009.''' Assisted reproduction technology series no. 15. Cat. no. PER 51. Canberra: AIHW. [http://www.aihw.gov.au/publication-detail/?id=10737420465 Online Summary] | [http://www.aihw.gov.au/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=10737420484&libID=10737420483 PDF]</ref> [http://www.aihw.gov.au/media-release-detail/?id=10737420483 9 Nov 2011]
* In 2009, there were 70,541 assisted reproductive technology (ART) treatment cycles undertaken in Australian and New Zealand.
* Of these cycles, 17.2% resulted in a live delivery (the birth of at least one liveborn baby).
* In total, 13,114 liveborn babies were born following ART treatment in 2009.
* The most important trend in ART treatment has been the increase of single embryo transfer, from 48.3% in 2005 to 69.7% in 2009.
* This trend has resulted in significant reduction of multiple delivery rate from 14.1% in 2005 to 8.2% in 2009. (More? [[Assisted Reproductive Technology]])


===Perinatal mortality===
==References==
[[Image:Perinatal mortality rate NSW 1992-2002.png|thumb|Perinatal mortality rate NSW 1992-2002]]
<references/>
* 2,177 fetal deaths (7.4 per 1,000 births)
** fetal deaths are if the birthweight is at least 400 grams or the gestational age is 20 weeks or more
*  846 neonatal deaths (2.9 per 1,000 live births)
** neonatal deaths are those occurring in live births up to 28 completed days after birth
 
* 3,024 Australian perinatal deaths
** perinatal death includes birthweight of at least 400 grams or, where birthweight is unknown, a gestational age of at least 20 weeks
* 23.5% congenital abnormalities (anomalies)
* 13.8%  maternal conditions
* 12.6% unexplained antepartum death
 
=== Assisted Reproduction Technology  ===
Assisted Reproduction Technology (ART) may include more techniques than, but is sometimes also used to identify, In vitro Fertilization (IVF).
 
* '''51,017 treatment cycles''' reported to ANZARD in Australia and New Zealand in 2005.
** 91.1% were from Australian fertility and 8.9% from New Zealand centres (an increase of 13.7% of ART treatment cycles from 2004).
* '''35.5''' years average age of women (35.2 years in 2002).
* Women aged older than 40 years has increased from 14.3% in 2002 to 15.3% in 2005.
 
'''Single Embryo Transfers (SET)'''
 
* Significant increase in the number of SET embryos transfer cycles: 2002 28.4%; 2005 48.3%
* Single-embryo transfer babies had better outcomes compared to babies born to women who had a double-embryo transfer (DET).
** Singletons babies  96.1% SET, 61.6% DET Preterm babies, 11.7% SET, 30.6% DET  Low birthweight liveborn babies, 8.0% SET, 25.0% DET
 
(Reference: AIHW National Perinatal Statistics Unit [http://www.npsu.unsw.edu.au/NPSUweb.nsf/page/art11 Assisted Reproduction Technology in Australia and New Zealand 2005])


==Australian Developmental Abnormalities==
==Australian Developmental Abnormalities==


[[Image:Abnormal AusData81-92Graph.png|thumb|Australian Data 1981-92]]
[[Image:Abnormal AusData81-92Graph.png|thumb|Australian Data 1981-92]]
The ten most frequently reported birth defects in Victoria between 2003-2004 (More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Defect/page3c.htm Australian Statistics - Victoria])
The ten most frequently reported birth defects in Victoria between 2003-2004


# [[H#hypospadia|Hypospadias]]
# [[H#hypospadia|Hypospadias]]
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</gallery>
</gallery>


{| border='0px'
|-
| [[File:Male_external_001 icon.jpg|120px|link=Development_Animation_-_Genital_Male_External]]
| [[File:Palate_001 icon.jpg|120px|link=Development_Animation_-_Palate 1]]
| [[File:Palate_002 icon.jpg|120px|link=Development_Animation_-_Palate 2]]
|-
| [[Development_Animation_-_Genital_Male_External|Male External]]
| [[Development_Animation_-_Palate 1|Palate and Lip]]
| [[Development_Animation_-_Palate 2|Palate Formation]]
|-
|}


===Teratology===
===Teratology===
Teratology is the study of abnormalities of development.
Teratology is the study of abnormalities of development. Some examples of historic teratology studies.


'''Rubella'''
* '''Rubella''' <pubmed>1879476</pubmed>
* '''Thalidomide''' <pubmed>331548</pubmed>


<pubmed>1879476</pubmed>


'''Thalidomide'''
:'''Links:''' [[Human_Abnormal_Development|Human Abnormal Development]] | [[Abnormal_Development_-_Thalidomide|Thalidomide]] | [[Abnormal_Development_-_TORCH_Infections|TORCH Infections]] | [http://teratology.org/jfs/History.html History of Teratology] | [http://www.mja.com.au/public/issues/177_11_021202/for10634_fm.html eMJA - Gregg's congenital rubella]


<pubmed>331548</pubmed>
==Human Development Timeline==


[[File:Human development timeline graph 02.jpg]]


:'''Links:''' [[Human_Abnormal_Development|Human Abnormal Development]] | [[Abnormal_Development_-_Thalidomide|Thalidomide]] | [[Abnormal_Development_-_TORCH_Infections|TORCH Infections]] | [http://teratology.org/jfs/History.html History of Teratology] | [http://www.mja.com.au/public/issues/177_11_021202/for10634_fm.html eMJA - Gregg's congenital rubella]
==Movies==


==Human Development==
{|
{|
| <wikiflv width="340" height="400" autoplay="true" position="left">Human development 001.flv|File:Human development 001 icon.jpg</wikiflv>
|
| '''Next'''
{| border='0px'
|-
| [[File:Embryo stages 002 icon.jpg|120px|link=Quicktime_Movie_-_Human_Embryo_Development]]
|-bgcolor="a3bfb1"  
| &nbsp;‎‎'''Human Embryo'''
|-bgcolor="F5FFFA"  
| [[Quicktime_Movie_-_Human_Embryo_Development|Quicktime]] | [[Movie_-_Human_Embryo_Development|Flash]]
|}
|
{| border='0px'
|-
| [[File:Birth_MRI_icon.jpg|120px|link=Quicktime_Movie_-_Birth_MRI]]
|-bgcolor="a3bfb1"  
| &nbsp;‎‎'''Human Birth MRI'''
|-bgcolor="F5FFFA"  
| [[Quicktime_Movie_-_Birth_MRI|Quicktime]] | [[Movie_-_Birth_MRI|Flash]]
|}
|
{| border='0px'
|-
| [[File:Human development 001 icon.jpg|120px|link=Quicktime_Movie_-_Human_Development_cartoon]]
|-bgcolor="a3bfb1"
| &nbsp;‎‎'''Human Development'''
|-bgcolor="F5FFFA"
| [[Quicktime_Movie_-_Human_Development_cartoon|Quicktime]] | [[Movie_-_Human_Development_cartoon|Flash]]
|}
|
{| border='0px'
|-
| [[File:fetal growth icon.jpg|120px|link=Quicktime Movie_-_Fetal_Development]]
|-bgcolor="a3bfb1"
| &nbsp;‎‎'''Fetal Development'''
|-bgcolor="F5FFFA"
| [[Quicktime Movie_-_Fetal_Development|Quicktime]] | [[Movie_-_Fetal_Development|Flash]]
|}
|}




:''To form a single cell, which then divides to form many different cells and tissues in the human body.''
:[[Lecture_-_Fertilization|Lecture 2 - Fertilization]]


==External Links==
{{External Links}}


:[[Lecture_-_Fertilization|Lecture 2 - Fertilization]]
The following are links to free iBooks available for background reading.


===Gray's Embryology===
{|width=100%
| [[File:Grays_Anatomy_Embryology_cover.jpg|150px]]
|
* [http://itunes.apple.com/au/book/grays-anatomy-embryology/id510009979?mt=11 iTunes link] | [http://itunes.apple.com/us/book/grays-anatomy-embryology/id510009979?ls=1 iBooks Store]
* Description - an extract of the embryology content from [[Embryology_History#Anatomy_of_the_Human_Body|Anatomy of the Human Body]] By Henry Gray Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1918.
* Releases
** First Edition - Jan 2012
** Second Edition - March 2012 Repaired formatting and image display issues related to Pad rotated display and minor editing issues.
* Print length 169 pages, 41.6 MB, Language English.
* The current website also includes numerous images from this textbook (see [[:Category:Gray's 1918 Anatomy|Category:Gray's 1918 Anatomy]]).
|}
|}


==External Links==
===The Carnegie Staged Embryos===
{{External Links}}
{|width=100%
| [[File:The Carnegie Staged Embryos cover.jpg|150px]]
|
* [http://itunes.apple.com/au/book/the-carnegie-staged-embryos/id510004473?mt=11 iTunes link] | [http://itunes.apple.com/us/book/the-carnegie-staged-embryos/id510004473?ls=1 iBook Store]
* Description - Imagine the excitement of seeing this incredible early period of human development for the first time. Now consider that much of our initial understanding of human development is based upon study of historic embryo collections. You can now look at these historic images of the first 8 weeks after fertilisation and explore for yourself the changes that occur in human development during this key period. This current book is designed as an atlas of the Carnegie embryo stages with some brief notes and additional information covering the first 8 weeks of development. These images are from from the beginning of last century and are one of the earliest documented series of human embryos collected for basic research and medical education on development. I hope you enjoy learning about the amazing early events that begin to make and shape us. This is the second book in a series of educational releases from UNSW Embryology.
* Release: First Edition - Mar 12, 2012  ISBN 978-0-7334-3148-7
* Print Length 82 Pages, 25.8 MB Language English.
* [[:File:The Carnegie Staged Embryos.pdf|PDF Preview version]] 3.87 MB (Read the associated information, this is an edited '''educational preview version''' with many features not functioning).
 
* The current website also includes numerous embryo images from this textbook (see [[Embryonic Development]] and [[Carnegie Embryos]]).
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Latest revision as of 12:12, 19 June 2013

A Course Introduction

From this Early zygote.jpg to this Newborn.jpg in 9 months
Dr Mark Hill

Course coordinator

This first lecture will be a general introduction to the course and the subject of Embryology.
Firstly, an introduction to the course, its content and assessment and an opportunity to ask questions.
Secondly, some historic background to the subject and related current Australian trends.

MH - I do not expect you to remember specific historic dates or statistical data, this is provided as an introduction to the topic.

Objectives

  1. Understand the course objectives and assessment.
  2. Brief understanding of Australian statistical data.
  3. Broad overview of Human Development.
Podcast icon.jpg Lectopia Lecture Audio Lecture 1 - Course Introduction

Lecture Date: 2012-05-31 Lecture Time: 17:00 Venue: BioMed F Speaker: Dr Mark Hill

Course Audio

ANAT2341 Course Background 2012

I will spend the first half going through the current course design, online support and assessment criteria. This is an opportunity to ask the course coordinator questions about the course.

Human Carnegie stage 1-23.jpg

The first 8 weeks of human development.

Links: Course Homepage

Textbooks

Either of the textbooks listed below are recommended for this course and page references to both are given in each lecture. Both textbooks available at campus bookshop. There are additional embryology textbooks that can also be used, consult course organizer. See also Embryology Textbooks

The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology (8th ed.)

The Developing Human, 9th edn.jpg Keith L. Moore, T.V.N. Persaud, Mark G. Torchia. (2011). The Developing Human: clinically oriented embryology (9th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders. Description: xix, 540 p. p. : ill., ports. Publisher: Philadelphia, PA : Saunders/Elsevier, c2013. ISBN: 9781437720020 (pbk.) NLM Unique ID: 101561564

The following chapter links only work with a UNSW connection.

Larsen’s Human Embryology (4th ed.)

Larsen's human embryology 4th edn.jpg Schoenwolf, G.C., Bleyl, S.B., Brauer, P.R. and Francis-West, P.H. (2009). Larsen’s Human Embryology (4th ed.). New York; Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone.


The following chapter links only work with a UNSW connection and can also be accessed through this UNSW Library connection.

Publisher Links: The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology | Larsen’s Human Embryology

Recent History

1965 - Neural Crest Research Nicole Le Douarin.

1977 - Thalidomide and its affects on development. Thalidomide

1978 - First IVF baby born. In Vitro Fertilization

1996 - "Dolly the sheep" First adult somatic cell cloning using the process of nuclear transfer.

Nobel Prizes

Louise Brown, the first IVF baby as an adult.

Much of the modern history of Medicine/Embryology is documented in the Nobel Prizes for Medicine. Remember that these award dates reflect findings that have proven to be scientific key breakthroughs from earlier dates.

21st Century

Stem cell artificial trachea and bronchi
"An international team designed and built the nanocomposite tracheal scaffold and produced a specifically designed bioreactor used to seed the scaffold with the patient´s own stem cells. The cells were grown on the scaffold inside the bioreactor for two days before transplantation to the patient. Because the cells used to regenerate the trachea were the patient's own, there has been no rejection of the transplant and the patient is not taking immunosuppressive drugs."
  • 2012 - MRI of Childbirth
Birth MRI icon.jpg
 ‎‎Human Birth MRI
Quicktime | Flash


Links: Embryology History

Applied Embryology

Australia’s mothers and babies (2009) cover

The information is based upon data from the publication "Australia's mothers and babies 2009"[1] and is provided for educational purposes only. The original full publication is available online from AIHW Perinatal statistics series no. 25.

More births

Australian Births by Year

In 2009 in Australia, a total 294,540 women gave birth to 299,220 babies. There were 296,791 live births and 2,341 fetal deaths. There was a 0.8% increase in the total number of births compared with 2008, but there was a fall in the rate of females aged 15-44 years in the whole population who gave birth (from 64.4 per 1,000 in 2008 to 63.6 per 1,000 in 2009).

  • 2009 - 296,791 live births and 2,341 fetal deaths
  • 2008 - 294,737 live births and 2,188 fetal deaths
  • 2007 - 292,027 live births and 2,177 fetal deaths

Mothers

  • Average maternal age in 2009 was 30.0 years compared with 29.0 years in 2000.
  • Approximately 41.6% of women were having their first baby.
    • Average age for first time mothers was 27.9 in 2009 which was 0.3 years younger than for 2008.
    • Of all first-time mothers, 13.7% were aged 35 years or older in 2009, compared with 10.3% in 2000.
  • ART was used by 3.6% of women who gave birth. (from available data on assisted reproductive technology (ART) where available)

Antenatal factors

Smoking while pregnant was reported by 14.5% of all mothers and by 37.0% of teenage mothers. In the 4 jurisdictions where data on the number of antenatal visits were available, 97.3% of women who gave birth at 32 weeks or more gestation attended at least one antenatal visit, with 91.9% attending 5 or more.

Indigenous mothers

Of women who gave birth during 2008, 3.8% identified as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander. The average age of Indigenous mothers was 25.1 years, compared with 30.1 years for non-Indigenous mothers. Over half of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander mothers reported smoking during pregnancy (50.9%), compared with 14.4% of non-Indigenous women who gave birth.

Labour and delivery

About 3.8% of women who gave birth during 2009 identified as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander. Indigenous mothers are younger than non-Indigenous mothers; their average age was 25.3 years, compared with 30.2 years for non-Indigenous mothers. Smoking during pregnancy was reported by half (49.6%) of Indigenous mothers. Of Indigenous mothers who gave birth at 32 weeks or more gestation, 76.8% attended 5 or more antenatal visits.

Galletti1770 breech 01.jpg Birth caesarean.jpg
Breech presentation (Galletti, 1770) Birth caesarean

Baby outcomes

In 2009, 8.2% of babies were born preterm (before 37 completed weeks of gestation) and 0.9% post-term (42 weeks gestation or more). Overall, 6.2% of liveborn babies were of low birthweight (less than 2,500 grams) and this nearly doubled (10.8%) among mothers who smoking during pregnancy. Less than 1.5% of liveborn babies had a low Apgar score (measure of the baby’s condition at birth). The perinatal death rate was 9.8 per 1,000 births in 2009, which comprised fetal and neonatal death rates of 7.8 per 1,000 births and 3.0 per 1,000 live births respectively.

Aus multiple birth graph.png Perinatal mortality rate NSW 1992-2002.png
Australian multiple birth data Perinatal mortality rate NSW 1992-2002

Assisted Reproductive Technology

Assisted reproductive technology in Australia and New Zealand 2009.

Assisted reproductive technology in Australia and New Zealand 2009.[2] 9 Nov 2011

  • In 2009, there were 70,541 assisted reproductive technology (ART) treatment cycles undertaken in Australian and New Zealand.
  • Of these cycles, 17.2% resulted in a live delivery (the birth of at least one liveborn baby).
  • In total, 13,114 liveborn babies were born following ART treatment in 2009.
  • The most important trend in ART treatment has been the increase of single embryo transfer, from 48.3% in 2005 to 69.7% in 2009.
  • This trend has resulted in significant reduction of multiple delivery rate from 14.1% in 2005 to 8.2% in 2009. (More? Assisted Reproductive Technology)

References

  1. ↑ Li Z, McNally L, Hilder L & Sullivan EA 2011. Australia’s mothers and babies 2009. Perinatal statistics series no. 25. Cat. no. PER 52. Sydney: AIHW National Perinatal Epidemiology and Statistics Unit. Viewed 3 January 2012 <http://www.aihw.gov.au/publication-detail/?id=10737420870>
  2. ↑ Wang YA, Macaldowie A, Hayward I, Chambers GM, & Sullivan EA 2011. Assisted reproductive technology in Australia and New Zealand 2009. Assisted reproduction technology series no. 15. Cat. no. PER 51. Canberra: AIHW. Online Summary | PDF

Australian Developmental Abnormalities

Australian Data 1981-92

The ten most frequently reported birth defects in Victoria between 2003-2004

  1. Hypospadias
  2. Obstructive Defects of the Renal Pelvis or Obstructive Genitourinary Defects
  3. Ventricular Septal Defect
  4. Congenital Dislocated Hip
  5. Trisomy 21 or Down syndrome
  6. Hydrocephalus
  7. Cleft Palate
  8. Trisomy 18 or Edward Syndrome - multiple abnormalities of the heart, diaphragm, lungs, kidneys, ureters and palate 86% discontinued.
  9. Renal Agenesis/Dysgenesis - reduction in neonatal death and stillbirth since 1993 may be due to the more severe cases being identified in utero and being represented amongst the increased proportion of terminations (approximately 31%).
  10. Cleft Lip and Palate - occur with another defect in 33.7% of cases.
  • Hypospadia

    Hypospadia

  • Obstructive Defect of the Renal Pelvis

    Obstructive Defect of the Renal Pelvis

  • Ventricular Septal Defect

    Ventricular Septal Defect

  • Congenital dislocation hip

    Congenital dislocation hip

  • Trisomy 21 male

    Trisomy 21 male

  • Hydrocephalus

    Hydrocephalus

  • Cleft palate

    Cleft palate

  • Trisomy 18 male

    Trisomy 18 male

  • Bilateral cleft palate

    Bilateral cleft palate


Teratology

Teratology is the study of abnormalities of development. Some examples of historic teratology studies.

  • Rubella <pubmed>1879476</pubmed>
  • Thalidomide <pubmed>331548</pubmed>


Links: Human Abnormal Development | Thalidomide | TORCH Infections | History of Teratology | eMJA - Gregg's congenital rubella

Human Development Timeline

Human development timeline graph 02.jpg

Movies

Embryo stages 002 icon.jpg
 ‎‎Human Embryo
Quicktime | Flash
Birth MRI icon.jpg
 ‎‎Human Birth MRI
Quicktime | Flash
Human development 001 icon.jpg
 ‎‎Human Development
Quicktime | Flash
Fetal growth icon.jpg
 ‎‎Fetal Development
Quicktime | Flash


Lecture 2 - Fertilization

External Links

External Links Notice - The dynamic nature of the internet may mean that some of these listed links may no longer function. If the link no longer works search the web with the link text or name. Links to any external commercial sites are provided for information purposes only and should never be considered an endorsement. UNSW Embryology is provided as an educational resource with no clinical information or commercial affiliation.

The following are links to free iBooks available for background reading.

Gray's Embryology

Grays Anatomy Embryology cover.jpg
  • iTunes link | iBooks Store
  • Description - an extract of the embryology content from Anatomy of the Human Body By Henry Gray Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1918.
  • Releases
    • First Edition - Jan 2012
    • Second Edition - March 2012 Repaired formatting and image display issues related to Pad rotated display and minor editing issues.
  • Print length 169 pages, 41.6 MB, Language English.
  • The current website also includes numerous images from this textbook (see Category:Gray's 1918 Anatomy).

The Carnegie Staged Embryos

The Carnegie Staged Embryos cover.jpg
  • iTunes link | iBook Store
  • Description - Imagine the excitement of seeing this incredible early period of human development for the first time. Now consider that much of our initial understanding of human development is based upon study of historic embryo collections. You can now look at these historic images of the first 8 weeks after fertilisation and explore for yourself the changes that occur in human development during this key period. This current book is designed as an atlas of the Carnegie embryo stages with some brief notes and additional information covering the first 8 weeks of development. These images are from from the beginning of last century and are one of the earliest documented series of human embryos collected for basic research and medical education on development. I hope you enjoy learning about the amazing early events that begin to make and shape us. This is the second book in a series of educational releases from UNSW Embryology.
  • Release: First Edition - Mar 12, 2012 ISBN 978-0-7334-3148-7
  • Print Length 82 Pages, 25.8 MB Language English.
  • PDF Preview version 3.87 MB (Read the associated information, this is an edited educational preview version with many features not functioning).


2012 Course: Week 1 Lecture 1 Lecture 2 Lab 1 | Week 2 Lecture 3 Lecture 4 Lab 2 | Week 3 Lecture 5 Lecture 6 Lab 3 | Week 4 Lecture 7 Lecture 8 Lab 4 | Week 5 Lecture 9 Lecture 10 Lab 5 | Week 6 Lecture 11 Lecture 12 Lab 6 | Week 7 Lecture 13 Lecture 14 | Lab 7 | Week 8 Lecture 15 Lecture 16 Lab 8 | Week 9 Lecture 17 Lecture 18 Lab 9 | Week 10 Lecture 19 Lecture 20 Lab 10 | Week 11 Lecture 21 Lecture 22 Lab 11 | Week 12 Lecture 23 Lecture 24 Lab 12


Glossary Links

Glossary: A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | Numbers | Symbols | Term Link

Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, May 19) Embryology Lecture - 2012 Course Introduction. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Lecture_-_2012_Course_Introduction

What Links Here?
© Dr Mark Hill 2024, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G
Retrieved from ‘https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Lecture_-_2012_Course_Introduction&oldid=124400’
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