Gastrointestinal Tract - Pancreas Development: Difference between revisions
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:{{Template:Gastrointestinal Tract Links}} | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/git9.htm original page] | :{{Template:Gastrointestinal Tract Links}} | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/git9.htm original page] | ||
== Pancreatic Duct == | |||
The pancreatic duct is associated with the gastrointestinal tract exocrine function of the pancreas and is covered in detail in [git9.htm#Pancreatic_Duct_Variations Gastrointestinal Tract Pancreas - Pancreatic Duct Variations]. | |||
The pancreatic duct(s) exist as a number of anatomical variations due to the embryological origin from the dorsal and ventral panceas buds formation and later fusion. | |||
[[Image:HumHPF2L.GIF]] [[Image:historic-pancreas1.jpg]] [[Image:pancreaticduct1.jpg]] | |||
== Pancreas Histology == | |||
{| class="prettytable" | |||
| [[Image:pan20he.jpg]] | |||
| [[Image:pan40ic.jpg]] | |||
|- | |||
| (Human, H&E) | |||
| (Rat, immunohistochemistry) | |||
|- | |||
| (More? [git9.htm#Histology Pancreas Exocrine Histology]) | |||
| (Images: Lutz Slomianka, [../People.htm#Blue_Histology UWA Blue Histology]) | |||
|} | |||
== Pancreas History == | |||
'''1642''' - main pancreatic duct (MPD) discovered by Johann Georg Wirsung (1589 - 1643) a German physician who worked as a prosector in Padua. The duct is also called Wirsung's duct. | |||
'''1724''' - accessory pancreatic duct (APD) dissected and delineated by Giovanni Domenico Santorini (1681 - 1737) an Italian anatomist. The duct is also called Santorini's duct. | |||
'''1833''' - Amylase, the form enzyme also found in exocrine pancreas, isolated from a malt solution by Anselme Payen. | |||
'''1893''' - Islets of Langerhans named in honour of Paul Langerhans (1847-1888) by Gustave-Edouard Laguesse (1861-1927) a french histopathologist. | |||
'''1922''' - discovery of insulin by Frederick Banting and John Macleod, two Canadian researchers, and they subsequently win the 1923 Nobel Prize in Medicine. Banting shared his part of the prize money with a younger coworker Charles Best. | |||
'''1953''' - glucagon, originally called "hyperglycemic glycogenolytic factor", purified by Staub, Sinn and Behrens. See also book JM. Howard and W, Hess (2002) "History of the Pancreas: Mysteries of a Hidden Organ". | |||
'''References:''' | |||
Glucagon - [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13056638?dopt=Abstract STAUB A, SINN L, BEHRENS OK.] Purification and crystallization of hyperglycemic glycogenolytic factor (HGF). Science. 1953 Jun 5;117(3049):628-9. | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14381399?dopt=Abstract STAUB A, SINN L, BEHRENS OK.] Purification and crystallization of glucagon. J Biol Chem. 1955 Jun;214(2):619-32. | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13427628?dopt=Abstract BROMER WW, SINN LG, STAUB A, BEHRENS OK.] The amino acid sequence of glucagon. Diabetes. 1957 May-Jun;6(3):234-8. | |||
'''Links:''' [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1923/banting-lecture.html Nobel Lecture, September 15, 1925] | [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0306467429 Amazon - History of the Pancreas: Mysteries of a Hidden Organ] | [http://www.jbc.org/cgi/reprint/214/2/619.pdf PDF Article - Purification and Crystallization of Glucagon] | | |||
== Pancreas Digestive == | |||
The digestive function of the pancreas is covered in [git9.htm GIT Notes- Pancreas] | |||
* Pancreatic buds- endoderm, covered in splanchnic mesoderm | |||
* Pancreatic bud formation – duodenal level endoderm, splanchnic mesoderm forms dorsal and ventral mesentery, dorsal bud (larger, first), ventral bud (smaller, later) | |||
* Duodenum growth/rotation – brings ventral and dorsal buds together, fusion of buds | |||
* Pancreatic duct – ventral bud duct and distal part of dorsal bud, exocrine function | |||
Functions - exocrine (amylase, alpha-fetoprotein) | |||
'''Pancreatic amylase''' digests starch to maltose. Postnatally, a blood test to detect amylase can be used to diagnose and monitor acute or chronic pancreatitis (pancreas inflammation). | |||
'''Pancreatic alpha-fetoprotein''' has been found to change in expression level (in rats) during developent and has been suggested to influence pancreas development. | |||
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17880577?dopt=Abstract Liu L, Guo J, Yuan L, Cheng M, Cao L, Shi H, Tong H, Wang N, De W.] Alpha-fetoprotein is dynamically expressed in rat pancreas during development. Dev Growth Differ. 2007 Oct;49(8):669-81. | |||
"Immunolocalization for AFP revealed that a positive reactivity was detectable at E15.5 pancreas, became stronger in the cytoplasm of mesenchyme cells at E18.5, and declined after birth to a nearly undetectable level in adults." | |||
== Abnormalities == | |||
'''Accessory Pancreatic Tissue''' - pancreatic tissue located in associated gastrointestinal tract tissues/organs such as the wall of the stomach, duodenum, jejunum or Meckel's diverticulum. | |||
'''Annular Pancreas''' - (1 in 7,000 people) pancreas forms as a "ring" of tissue surrounding the duodenum which is subsequently narrowed. | |||
'''Diabetes Mellitus''' - Maternal diabetes (and hyperglycaemia) have been shown to lead to increased fetal islet hyperplasia of the insulin producing beta cells and insulin secretion. (More? [#DM Diabetes Mellitus] | [../Defect/maternaldiabetes.htm Maternal Diabetes]) | |||
'''Intrauterine growth restriction''' - can lead to a delayed development of the insulin producing beta cells and low insulin secretion. | |||
'''Tumours''' - Serous Cystadenoma (endocrine tumour), Somatostatinoma (tumour of delta cell origin), intraductal papillary-mucinous neoplasm | |||
'''References:'''[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16421630 Holemans K, Aerts L, Van Assche FA.]Lifetime consequences of abnormal fetal pancreatic development. J Physiol. 2003 Feb 15;547(Pt 1):11-20. | |||
'''Links:''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=gnd.chapter.41 NIH Genes and Disease Chapter 41 - Endocrine] | [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001142.htm Medline Plus - Annular Pancreas] | | |||
== Duodenum/Pancreas Rotation == | == Duodenum/Pancreas Rotation == | ||
Revision as of 18:41, 25 August 2010
Introduction
This section of notes gives an overview of how the pancreas develops as an exocrine organ associated with the gastrointestinal tract. There is a second description, similar in overview, in relation to the pancreas as an endocrine organ, see Endocrine - Pancreas Development.
At the foregut/midgut junction the septum transversum generates 2 pancreatic buds (dorsal and ventral endoderm) which will fuse to form the pancreas. The dorsal bud arises first and generates most of the pancreas. The ventral bud arises beside the bile duct and forms only part of the head and uncinate process of the pancreas.
Pancreatic Duct
The pancreatic duct is associated with the gastrointestinal tract exocrine function of the pancreas and is covered in detail in [git9.htm#Pancreatic_Duct_Variations Gastrointestinal Tract Pancreas - Pancreatic Duct Variations].
The pancreatic duct(s) exist as a number of anatomical variations due to the embryological origin from the dorsal and ventral panceas buds formation and later fusion.
File:HumHPF2L.GIF File:Historic-pancreas1.jpg File:Pancreaticduct1.jpg
Pancreas Histology
| File:Pan20he.jpg | File:Pan40ic.jpg |
| (Human, H&E) | (Rat, immunohistochemistry) |
| (More? [git9.htm#Histology Pancreas Exocrine Histology]) | (Images: Lutz Slomianka, [../People.htm#Blue_Histology UWA Blue Histology]) |
Pancreas History
1642 - main pancreatic duct (MPD) discovered by Johann Georg Wirsung (1589 - 1643) a German physician who worked as a prosector in Padua. The duct is also called Wirsung's duct.
1724 - accessory pancreatic duct (APD) dissected and delineated by Giovanni Domenico Santorini (1681 - 1737) an Italian anatomist. The duct is also called Santorini's duct.
1833 - Amylase, the form enzyme also found in exocrine pancreas, isolated from a malt solution by Anselme Payen.
1893 - Islets of Langerhans named in honour of Paul Langerhans (1847-1888) by Gustave-Edouard Laguesse (1861-1927) a french histopathologist.
1922 - discovery of insulin by Frederick Banting and John Macleod, two Canadian researchers, and they subsequently win the 1923 Nobel Prize in Medicine. Banting shared his part of the prize money with a younger coworker Charles Best.
1953 - glucagon, originally called "hyperglycemic glycogenolytic factor", purified by Staub, Sinn and Behrens. See also book JM. Howard and W, Hess (2002) "History of the Pancreas: Mysteries of a Hidden Organ".
References:
Glucagon - STAUB A, SINN L, BEHRENS OK. Purification and crystallization of hyperglycemic glycogenolytic factor (HGF). Science. 1953 Jun 5;117(3049):628-9. | STAUB A, SINN L, BEHRENS OK. Purification and crystallization of glucagon. J Biol Chem. 1955 Jun;214(2):619-32. | BROMER WW, SINN LG, STAUB A, BEHRENS OK. The amino acid sequence of glucagon. Diabetes. 1957 May-Jun;6(3):234-8.
Links: Nobel Lecture, September 15, 1925 | Amazon - History of the Pancreas: Mysteries of a Hidden Organ | PDF Article - Purification and Crystallization of Glucagon |
Pancreas Digestive
The digestive function of the pancreas is covered in [git9.htm GIT Notes- Pancreas]
- Pancreatic buds- endoderm, covered in splanchnic mesoderm
- Pancreatic bud formation – duodenal level endoderm, splanchnic mesoderm forms dorsal and ventral mesentery, dorsal bud (larger, first), ventral bud (smaller, later)
- Duodenum growth/rotation – brings ventral and dorsal buds together, fusion of buds
- Pancreatic duct – ventral bud duct and distal part of dorsal bud, exocrine function
Functions - exocrine (amylase, alpha-fetoprotein)
Pancreatic amylase digests starch to maltose. Postnatally, a blood test to detect amylase can be used to diagnose and monitor acute or chronic pancreatitis (pancreas inflammation).
Pancreatic alpha-fetoprotein has been found to change in expression level (in rats) during developent and has been suggested to influence pancreas development.
Liu L, Guo J, Yuan L, Cheng M, Cao L, Shi H, Tong H, Wang N, De W. Alpha-fetoprotein is dynamically expressed in rat pancreas during development. Dev Growth Differ. 2007 Oct;49(8):669-81.
"Immunolocalization for AFP revealed that a positive reactivity was detectable at E15.5 pancreas, became stronger in the cytoplasm of mesenchyme cells at E18.5, and declined after birth to a nearly undetectable level in adults."
Abnormalities
Accessory Pancreatic Tissue - pancreatic tissue located in associated gastrointestinal tract tissues/organs such as the wall of the stomach, duodenum, jejunum or Meckel's diverticulum.
Annular Pancreas - (1 in 7,000 people) pancreas forms as a "ring" of tissue surrounding the duodenum which is subsequently narrowed.
Diabetes Mellitus - Maternal diabetes (and hyperglycaemia) have been shown to lead to increased fetal islet hyperplasia of the insulin producing beta cells and insulin secretion. (More? [#DM Diabetes Mellitus] | [../Defect/maternaldiabetes.htm Maternal Diabetes])
Intrauterine growth restriction - can lead to a delayed development of the insulin producing beta cells and low insulin secretion.
Tumours - Serous Cystadenoma (endocrine tumour), Somatostatinoma (tumour of delta cell origin), intraductal papillary-mucinous neoplasm
References:Holemans K, Aerts L, Van Assche FA.Lifetime consequences of abnormal fetal pancreatic development. J Physiol. 2003 Feb 15;547(Pt 1):11-20.
Links: NIH Genes and Disease Chapter 41 - Endocrine | Medline Plus - Annular Pancreas |
Duodenum/Pancreas Rotation
|
After the stomach the initial portion of the gastrointestinal tract tube is the duodenum which initially lies in the midline within the peritoneal cavity.
This region, along with the attached pancreas, undergoes rotation to become a retroperitoneal structure. This diagram shows the rotation with spinal cord at the top, vertebral body then dorsal aorta then pertioneal wall and cavity. Note this is a simplified diagram and the liver would push everything to the left during this rotation. |
References
Search Bookshelf Pancreas Development
Search Pubmed
July 2010
Search Pubmed Now: Pancreas Development | Exocrine Pancreas Development
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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, May 24) Embryology Gastrointestinal Tract - Pancreas Development. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Gastrointestinal_Tract_-_Pancreas_Development
- © Dr Mark Hill 2024, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G
