Bat Development

From Embryology
Embryology - 19 Mar 2024    Facebook link Pinterest link Twitter link  Expand to Translate  
Google Translate - select your language from the list shown below (this will open a new external page)

العربية | català | 中文 | 中國傳統的 | français | Deutsche | עִברִית | हिंदी | bahasa Indonesia | italiano | 日本語 | 한국어 | မြန်မာ | Pilipino | Polskie | português | ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਦੇ | Română | русский | Español | Swahili | Svensk | ไทย | Türkçe | اردو | ייִדיש | Tiếng Việt    These external translations are automated and may not be accurate. (More? About Translations)

Introduction

Short-tailed fruit bat Carollia perspicillata
Short-tailed fruit bat Carollia perspicillata (embryonic stage 19)[1]

The bat (chiroptera) family consists of about 1,000 species throughout the world today (90 in Australia) and is not a common model of mammalian embryonic development.

The taxon chiroptera can also be further divided into the Megachiroptera (flying foxes) and Microchiroptera suborders. Echolocation sounds have been shown to differ in Microchiroptera (vocal cords) and Megachiroptera (tongue clicks).


Bat: Hendra Virus | Category:Bat
Bat Images: Craniofacial Development Carollia perspicillata Stage 10-13 | Stage 12-17 | Stage 18-23 | Miniopterus schreibersii fuliginosus Stage 13-17 | Limb Stage 13-17 | Limb Growth Stage 13-17 | Stage 18-23 | Hipposideros pratti Stage 11-22
Historic Embryology - Bat  
Fawcett E. The primordial cranium of miniopterus schreibersi at the 17 millimetre total length stage. (1919) J Anat. 53(4): 315-350.37. PMID 17103873


Animal Development: axolotl | bat | cat | chicken | cow | dog | dolphin | echidna | fly | frog | goat | grasshopper | guinea pig | hamster | horse | kangaroo | koala | lizard | medaka | mouse | opossum | pig | platypus | rabbit | rat | salamander | sea squirt | sea urchin | sheep | worm | zebrafish | life cycles | development timetable | development models | K12
Historic Embryology  
1897 Pig | 1900 Chicken | 1901 Lungfish | 1904 Sand Lizard | 1905 Rabbit | 1906 Deer | 1907 Tarsiers | 1908 Human | 1909 Northern Lapwing | 1909 South American and African Lungfish | 1910 Salamander | 1951 Frog | Embryology History | Historic Disclaimer

Some Recent Findings

  • Dicephalic Parapagus Conjoined Twins in a Large Fruit-eating Bat[2] "Conjoined twinning is an embryological anomaly rarely reported in wild mammals and with only two previous records in Chiroptera. Here, we report a case of dicephalic parapagus conjoined twins in the Neotropical phyllostomid genus Artibeus. These twins are males and present separated heads and necks, but a conjoined trunk with an expanded upper thoracic region. They developed two complete forelimbs and two complete hindlimbs, all laterally to the trunk. There is a volume in the upper midback and between the heads that resembles a third rudimentary medial forelimb, but X-ray images only suggest the presence of medial skeletal elements of the pectoral girdle (clavicle and scapulae) in this region. The X-ray images also show that vertebral columns run separated from head until the base of lumbar region, where they form a single structure. Using ultrasound images, we detected the presence of two similarly sized and apparently separated hearts." twinning
  • Ovulation, fertilization, and early embryonic development in the menstruating fruit bat, Carollia perspicillata[3] "Graafian follicles developed large antra and exhibited preovulatory expansion of the cumulus oophorus. Ovulation had occurred in some on the morning, and in most by the evening, of day 1. The single ovum was released as a secondary oocyte and fertilized in the oviductal ampulla. Ovulated secondary oocytes were loosely associated with their cumulus cells, which were lost around the initiation of fertilization. Supernumerary spermatozoa were occasionally noted attached to the zonae pellucidae of oviductal ova, but never within the perivitelline space. By day 2, most ova had reached the pronuclear stage and by day 3, early cleavage stages. Several lines of evidence indicate that C. perspicillata is a spontaneous ovulator with a functional luteal phase."
More recent papers  
Mark Hill.jpg
PubMed logo.gif

This table allows an automated computer search of the external PubMed database using the listed "Search term" text link.

  • This search now requires a manual link as the original PubMed extension has been disabled.
  • The displayed list of references do not reflect any editorial selection of material based on content or relevance.
  • References also appear on this list based upon the date of the actual page viewing.


References listed on the rest of the content page and the associated discussion page (listed under the publication year sub-headings) do include some editorial selection based upon both relevance and availability.

More? References | Discussion Page | Journal Searches | 2019 References | 2020 References

Search term: Fruit Bat Embryology | Bat Embryology | Bat Development

Older papers  
Template:Older paper
  • The Bat as a New Model of Cortical Development[4] "The organization of the mammalian cerebral cortex shares fundamental features across species. However, while the radial thickness of grey matter varies within one order of magnitude, the tangential spread of the cortical sheet varies by orders of magnitude across species. A broader sample of model species may provide additional clues for understanding mechanisms that drive cortical expansion. Here, we introduce the bat Carollia perspicillata as a new model species. The brain of C. perspicillata is similar in size to that of mouse but has a cortical neurogenic period at least 5 times longer than mouse, and nearly as long as that of the rhesus macaque, whose brain is 100 times larger. We describe the development of laminar and regional structures, neural precursor cell identity and distribution, immune cell distribution, and a novel population of Tbr2+ cells in the caudal ganglionic eminence of the developing neocortex of C. perspicillata. Our data indicate that unique mechanisms guide bat cortical development, particularly concerning cell cycle length. The bat model provides new perspective on the evolution of developmental programs that regulate neurogenesis in mammalian cerebral cortex, and offers insight into mechanisms that contribute to tangential expansion and gyri formation in the cerebral cortex."
  • Contrasting genetic structure in two co-distributed species of old world fruit bat[5] "The fulvous fruit bat (Rousettus leschenaulti) and the greater short-nosed fruit bat (Cynopterus sphinx) are two abundant and widely co-distributed Old World fruit bats in Southeast and East Asia."
  • Digital gene expression tag profiling of bat digits provides robust candidates contributing to wing formation [6] "As the only truly flying mammals, bats use their unique wing - consisting of four elongated digits (digits II-V) connected by membranes - to power their flight. In addition to the elongated digits II-V, the forelimb contains one shorter digit (digit I) that is morphologically similar to the hindlimb digits. Here, we capitalized on the morphological variation among the bat forelimb digits to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying digit elongation and wing formation."

Taxon

Bat - rhinolophus smithersi

Chiroptera

Genbank common name: bats

Taxonomy Id: 9397 Rank: order

Genetic code: Translation table 1 (Standard)

Mitochondrial genetic code: Translation table 2 (Vertebrate Mitochondrial)

Lineage( abbreviated ): Eukaryota; Fungi/Metazoa group; Metazoa; Eumetazoa; Bilateria; Coelomata; Deuterostomia; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Gnathostomata; Teleostomi; Euteleostomi; Sarcopterygii; Tetrapoda; Amniota; Mammalia; Theria; Eutheria; Laurasiatheria

Species Comparison

Carollia perspicillata

  • (short-tailed fruit bat) Ovulation has a 24 hour variation with up to 2 days of variation in oviduct transit time, and gestation period is 113 - 120 days.

Myotis thysanodes and M. lucifugus

  • Ovulation, fertilization, and implantation occur during the first 2 weeks of May and gestation is 50 - 60 days for both species.

<html5media height="220" width="270">File:Bat embryo stage 19.mp4</html5media>

Bat embryo (stage 19)

Embryonic Stages - Carollia perspicillata


Embryonic Bat Stages Carollia perspicillata[1]

Stage

Key features

Somites

Age
(dpc)

Uterus diameter
(mm)

Crown-rump length
(mm)

Mass
(mg)

12

Forelimb buds form; tail bud forms; caudal neuropore closes; 3 pharyngeal arches.

21-29

40

5.75
(+/- 0.64)

3.4
(+/- 0.42)

4.3
(+/- 1.7)

14

Retinal pigment; nasal pits; end of somitogenesis; propatagium and plagiopatagium primordia; hindlimb AER.

36-40

44

6.95
(+/- 0.44)

5.35
(+/- 0.24)

24.6
(+/- 3.6)

15

Hand plate and footplate form; lens vesicle; auditory hillocks; premaxillary centers.

46

8.65
(+/- 1.20)

7.45
(+/- 0.92)

56
(+/- 13)

16

Nose-leaf primordium; pinna and tragus form; forelimb digital condensations, uropatagium primordium.

50

12.06
(+/- 1.45)

8.66
(+/- 1.05)

110
(+/- 30)

17

Tongue protruding; cervical flexure straightens; hindlimb interdigit tissue receding; eyes begin to close.

54

13.45
(+/- 1.34)

9.15
(+/- 1.34)

114
(+/- 45)

18

Free thumb; head and body smoother, rounder; eyes half-closed; postaxial flexure at wrist; calcar.

60

16.32
(+/- 0.98)

12.35
(+/- 1.16)

278
(+/- 83)

20

Distal forelimbs overlap over face; head larger; eyelids cover pigmented retina; claw primordia form.

70

20.0
(+/- 3.54)

16.35
(+/- 1.06)

617
(+/- 156)

22

Prominent, triangular nose-leaf; eyelids reopening; wing membranes corrugated; claws pigmented, hooked.

80

23.03
(+/- 2.68)

20.02
(+/- 0.26)

1527
(+/- 208)

24

Fetal period commences; eyes completely open; face and nose-leaf pigmenting.

90

23.53
(+/- 0.64)

21.13
(+/- 0.06)

2097
(+/- 199)

Values are mean n= 2-6, +/- standard deviation, original table contains more detailed data.

Embryonic Stages


Miniopterus schreibersii fuliginosus

Limb Development

Bat limb 02.jpg

Bat limb 01.jpg

Images of the bat embryo Miniopterus schreibersii fuliginosus at embryonic Stages 13-17.[7]

Bat - adult and fetal limbs.jpg

Bat - adult and fetal limbs[6]

A - Left limbs of adult Myotis ricketti. DI, DII, DIII, DIV and DV represent digits I-V of the forelimb

B, C - Left limbs of Miniopterus schreibersii fuliginosus in the Fetal Stage as an example of samples used for the Myotis ricketti libraries. Libraries Hand DI and Hand DII-V are constructed from forelimb digit I and digits II-V, respectively. Library Foot is constructed from hindlimb digits I-V.

Bar = 1 cm in A; bar = 1 mm in B and C.

Neural Development

Bat - neural development 01.jpg

The short-tailed fruit bat Carollia perspicillata Stage 14 embryo nervous system as identified by neurofilament antibody (brown) staining. Neurofilament is an intermediate filament protein, forming part of the neuronal cytoskeleton.

Historic Images

Abnormalities

Australia map - bats and hendra virus

Hendra Virus

  • Hendra virus is a paramyxoviridae (ssRNA negative-strand virus) that mainly infects large fruit bats (flying foxes) which can be passed on to horses.
  • The infection has occasionally been passed onto people who have been in close contact with an infected horse.
  • There is evidence of fetal and placental infection in flying fox[8] and animal models.[9]
  • There is currently insufficient information to determine whether there are developmental effects in humans.



Links: NSW Public Health Sheet 2011 | Viralzone - Paramyxoviridae | Genome | Abnormal Development - Viral Infection

Rabies Virus

Rabies is a fatal encephalitis that can infect humans and is caused by lyssaviruses. Lyssavirus circulation has emerged in Southeast Asian bats.[10]


Links: Viral Infection - Lassa Virus | Abnormal Development - Viral Infection

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 Cretekos CJ, Weatherbee SD, Chen CH, Badwaik NK, Niswander L, Behringer RR & Rasweiler JJ. (2005). Embryonic staging system for the short-tailed fruit bat, Carollia perspicillata, a model organism for the mammalian order Chiroptera, based upon timed pregnancies in captive-bred animals. Dev. Dyn. , 233, 721-38. PMID: 15861401 DOI.
  2. Nogueira MR, Ventura A, da Veiga CCP, Monteiro LR, Pinheiro NL & Peracchi AL. (2017). Dicephalic Parapagus Conjoined Twins in a Large Fruit-eating Bat, Genus Artibeus (Chiroptera, Phyllostomidae). Anat Histol Embryol , 46, 319-324. PMID: 28621033 DOI.
  3. Rasweiler JJ, Badwaik NK & Mechineni KV. (2011). Ovulation, fertilization, and early embryonic development in the menstruating fruit bat, Carollia perspicillata. Anat Rec (Hoboken) , 294, 506-19. PMID: 21337714 DOI.
  4. Martínez-Cerdeño V, Camacho J, Ariza J, Rogers H, Horton-Sparks K, Kreutz A, Behringer R, Rasweiler JJ & Noctor SC. (2018). The Bat as a New Model of Cortical Development. Cereb. Cortex , 28, 3880-3893. PMID: 29136119 DOI.
  5. Chen J, Rossiter SJ, Flanders JR, Sun Y, Hua P, Miller-Butterworth C, Liu X, Rajan KE & Zhang S. (2010). Contrasting genetic structure in two co-distributed species of old world fruit bat. PLoS ONE , 5, e13903. PMID: 21085717 DOI.
  6. 6.0 6.1 Wang Z, Dong D, Ru B, Young RL, Han N, Guo T & Zhang S. (2010). Digital gene expression tag profiling of bat digits provides robust candidates contributing to wing formation. BMC Genomics , 11, 619. PMID: 21054883 DOI.
  7. Wang Z, Han N, Racey PA, Ru B & He G. (2010). A comparative study of prenatal development in Miniopterus schreibersii fuliginosus, Hipposideros armiger and H. pratti. BMC Dev. Biol. , 10, 10. PMID: 20092640 DOI.
  8. Plowright RK, Field HE, Smith C, Divljan A, Palmer C, Tabor G, Daszak P & Foley JE. (2008). Reproduction and nutritional stress are risk factors for Hendra virus infection in little red flying foxes (Pteropus scapulatus). Proc. Biol. Sci. , 275, 861-9. PMID: 18198149 DOI.
  9. Williamson MM, Hooper PT, Selleck PW, Westbury HA & Slocombe RF. (2000). Experimental hendra virus infectionin pregnant guinea-pigs and fruit Bats (Pteropus poliocephalus). J. Comp. Pathol. , 122, 201-7. PMID: 10684689 DOI.
  10. <pubmed>21738801</pubmed>| PLoS Negl Trop Dis.

Reviews

Adams RA. (2008). Morphogenesis in bat wings: linking development, evolution and ecology. Cells Tissues Organs (Print) , 187, 13-23. PMID: 18163246 DOI.

Sears KE. (2008). Molecular determinants of bat wing development. Cells Tissues Organs (Print) , 187, 6-12. PMID: 18160799 DOI.

Bernard RT & Cumming GS. (1997). African bats: evolution of reproductive patterns and delays. Q Rev Biol , 72, 253-74. PMID: 9293029

Rasweiler JJ. (1993). Pregnancy in chiroptera. J. Exp. Zool. , 266, 495-513. PMID: 8371094 DOI.

Articles

Martínez-Cerdeño V, Camacho J, Ariza J, Rogers H, Horton-Sparks K, Kreutz A, Behringer R, Rasweiler JJ & Noctor SC. (2018). The Bat as a New Model of Cortical Development. Cereb. Cortex , 28, 3880-3893. PMID: 29136119 DOI.

Sears KE. (2008). Molecular determinants of bat wing development. Cells Tissues Organs (Print) , 187, 6-12. PMID: 18160799 DOI.

Chen CH, Cretekos CJ, Rasweiler JJ & Behringer RR. (2005). Hoxd13 expression in the developing limbs of the short-tailed fruit bat, Carollia perspicillata. Evol. Dev. , 7, 130-41. PMID: 15733311 DOI.

Rasweiler JJ & Badwaik NK. (1996). Improved procedures for maintaining and breeding the short-tailed fruit bat (Carollia perspicillata) in a laboratory setting. Lab. Anim. , 30, 171-81. PMID: 8783180 DOI.


Search Pubmed: bat development | chiroptera development

Additional Images

Historic Images

Historic Disclaimer - information about historic embryology pages 
Mark Hill.jpg
Pages where the terms "Historic" (textbooks, papers, people, recommendations) appear on this site, and sections within pages where this disclaimer appears, indicate that the content and scientific understanding are specific to the time of publication. This means that while some scientific descriptions are still accurate, the terminology and interpretation of the developmental mechanisms reflect the understanding at the time of original publication and those of the preceding periods, these terms, interpretations and recommendations may not reflect our current scientific understanding.     (More? Embryology History | Historic Embryology Papers)

External Links

External Links Notice - The dynamic nature of the internet may mean that some of these listed links may no longer function. If the link no longer works search the web with the link text or name. Links to any external commercial sites are provided for information purposes only and should never be considered an endorsement. UNSW Embryology is provided as an educational resource with no clinical information or commercial affiliation.

Megabat | Molecular Phylogeny of Bats in Disarray


Animal Development: axolotl | bat | cat | chicken | cow | dog | dolphin | echidna | fly | frog | goat | grasshopper | guinea pig | hamster | horse | kangaroo | koala | lizard | medaka | mouse | opossum | pig | platypus | rabbit | rat | salamander | sea squirt | sea urchin | sheep | worm | zebrafish | life cycles | development timetable | development models | K12
Historic Embryology  
1897 Pig | 1900 Chicken | 1901 Lungfish | 1904 Sand Lizard | 1905 Rabbit | 1906 Deer | 1907 Tarsiers | 1908 Human | 1909 Northern Lapwing | 1909 South American and African Lungfish | 1910 Salamander | 1951 Frog | Embryology History | Historic Disclaimer


Glossary Links

Glossary: A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | Numbers | Symbols | Term Link



Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, March 19) Embryology Bat Development. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Bat_Development

What Links Here?
© Dr Mark Hill 2024, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G