Revision as of 09:55, 16 September 2014

Endocrine and Integumentary

Historic Embryology - Endocrine
1903 Islets of Langerhans \| 1903 Pig Adrenal \| 1904 interstitial Cells \| 1908 Pancreas Different Species \| 1908 Pituitary \| 1908 Pituitary histology \| 1911 Rathke's pouch \| 1912 Suprarenal Bodies \| 1914 Suprarenal Organs \| 1915 Pharynx \| 1916 Thyroid \| 1918 Rabbit Hypophysis \| 1920 Adrenal \| 1935 Mammalian Hypophysis \| 1926 Human Hypophysis \| 1927 Adrenal \| 1927 Hypophyseal fossa \| 1930 Adrenal \| 1932 Pineal Gland and Cysts \| 1935 Hypophysis \| 1935 Pineal \| 1937 Pineal \| 1935 Parathyroid \| 1940 Adrenal \| 1941 Thyroid \| 1950 Thyroid Parathyroid Thymus \| 1957 Adrenal

Hair Links
Hair Links: Overview \| Lanugo \| Neonatal \| Vellus \| Terminal \| Hair Follicle \| Follicle Phases \| Stem Cells \| Molecular \| Pattern \| Puberty \| Histology \| Hair Colour \| Arrector Pili Muscle \| Hair Loss \| Integumentary

Touch Links
Touch Links: Touch Receptors \| Touch Pathway \| Pacinian Corpuscle \| Meissner's Corpuscle \| Merkel Cell \| Sensory Modalities \| Neural Crest Development \| Neural System Development \| Student project \| Integumentary \| Sensory System

Historic Embryology - Integumentary
1906 Papillary ridges \| 1910 Manual of Human Embryology \| 1914 Integumentary \| 1923 Head Subcutaneous Plexus \| 1921 Text-Book of Embryology \| 1924 Developmental Anatomy \| 1941 Skin Sensory \| Historic Disclaimer

Tinycc
http://tiny.cc/Integument_Development

Introduction

The first half of this laboratory will be a presentation by Dr Annemeik Beverdam.

The presentation will discuss current research in her laboratory on Skin development and stem cells..

The second part of the practical will briefly cover Endocrine and Integumentary Development.

Endocrine

Developing Pituitary - Human Embryo Carnegie stage 22

Begin by working through Endocrine Development by week 8.
Then look at the information on each endocrine organ on their related specific page.

Historic Embryology - Endocrine
1903 Islets of Langerhans \| 1903 Pig Adrenal \| 1904 interstitial Cells \| 1908 Pancreas Different Species \| 1908 Pituitary \| 1908 Pituitary histology \| 1911 Rathke's pouch \| 1912 Suprarenal Bodies \| 1914 Suprarenal Organs \| 1915 Pharynx \| 1916 Thyroid \| 1918 Rabbit Hypophysis \| 1920 Adrenal \| 1935 Mammalian Hypophysis \| 1926 Human Hypophysis \| 1927 Adrenal \| 1927 Hypophyseal fossa \| 1930 Adrenal \| 1932 Pineal Gland and Cysts \| 1935 Hypophysis \| 1935 Pineal \| 1937 Pineal \| 1935 Parathyroid \| 1940 Adrenal \| 1941 Thyroid \| 1950 Thyroid Parathyroid Thymus \| 1957 Adrenal

Integumentary

Hair Links
Hair Links: Overview \| Lanugo \| Neonatal \| Vellus \| Terminal \| Hair Follicle \| Follicle Phases \| Stem Cells \| Molecular \| Pattern \| Puberty \| Histology \| Hair Colour \| Arrector Pili Muscle \| Hair Loss \| Integumentary

Touch Links
Touch Links: Touch Receptors \| Touch Pathway \| Pacinian Corpuscle \| Meissner's Corpuscle \| Merkel Cell \| Sensory Modalities \| Neural Crest Development \| Neural System Development \| Student project \| Integumentary \| Sensory System

Historic Embryology - Integumentary
1906 Papillary ridges \| 1910 Manual of Human Embryology \| 1914 Integumentary \| 1923 Head Subcutaneous Plexus \| 1921 Text-Book of Embryology \| 1924 Developmental Anatomy \| 1941 Skin Sensory \| Historic Disclaimer

Tinycc
http://tiny.cc/Integument_Development

Teeth

Fetal Head (12 weeks) lateral

Deciduous teeth

Permanent teeth

integumentary system specialization by epitheilal/mesenchymal interactions in development and develops with a major contribution from the neural crest.
- ectoderm of the first pharyngeal arch and neural crest, ectomesenchymal cells.

week 6 - odontogenesis begins, tooth bud
4 morphological stages describing the early tooth development: bud, cap, bell, and terminal differentiation
2 sets of teeth: 20 deciduous teeth, 32 permanent teeth
differential rates of growth, shed at different times over 20 year period
inductive influence of neural crest with overlying ectoderm
tooth growth occurs in ossifying jaws

odontoblasts - neural crest-derived mesenchymal cells which differentiate under the influence of the enamel epithelium. Cells secrete predentin, calcifies to form dentin.

ameloblasts - inner enamel epithelium forms pre-ameloblasts differentiate and produce enamel

periodontal ligament - tooth is not anchored directly onto its bony socket (alveolar bone) but held in place by the periodontal ligament (PDL), a specialized connective tissue structure that surrounds the tooth root coating of cementum.

ligament also act as; a shock absorber, transmitter of chewing forces (from tooth to bone), sensory information (heat, cold, pressure and pain).
- collagen fiber bundles within the ligament are called "Sharpey's fibres".

Tooth Stages

Tooth development stages^[1]

Stage	Image	Human (weeks)
lamina		Week 6
placode		Week 7
bud		Week 8
cap		Week 11
bell		Week 14

Teeth Postnatal

Deciduous teeth

6 - 24 months - erupt from gums by pushing toward surface
2 years - all deciduous teeth present

Permanent teeth

6 years until early adult
tooth bud lie in gums beneath deciduous teeth
osteoclasts resorb deciduous teeth roots
growth affects face shape

Links: Tooth Development

Individual Assessment

Identify and write a brief description of the findings of a recent research paper on development of one of the endocrine organs covered in today's practical.
Identify the embryonic layers and tissues that contribute to the developing teeth.

Group Project

Peer Assessment of your project should now appear on your group discussion page.
Now you can make changes to your project based upon these reviews and your own concepts of how the project can be improved.
At this time it is important that you interact with other group members to ensure they agree on the changes you may make.
You may add additional content to your project.
Look through the comments made by your peers and assemble a summary of good (positive) and bad (negative) feedback on your project.
- What are the common features of peer comments?
Fix those minor problems (formatting, image size, image labelling, text, referencing)
Are there parts of your project where group members have not worked appropriately or contributed their work?
- I will initially be discussing this with the groups individually. You will also have the opportunity to "feed back" contribution issues.

Plagiarism

Currently all students originally assigned to each group are listed as equal authors/contributors to their project. If you have not contributed the content you had originally agreed to, nor participated in the group work process, then you should contact the course coordinator immediately and either discuss your contribution or request removal from the group author list. Remember that all student online contributions are recorded by date, time and the actual contributed content. A similar email reminder will be sent to all current students.

Please note the Universities Policy regarding Plagiarism

In particular this example:

"Claiming credit for a proportion of work contributed to a group assessment item that is greater than that actually contributed;"

Academic Misconduct carries penalties. If a student is found guilty of academic misconduct, the penalties include warnings, remedial educative action, being failed in an assignment or excluded from the University for two years.

SOMS Summer Research Awards

The Research Support Committee is pleased to announce that it will again be offering Summer Research Awards (SRAs).
These awards are for undergraduate students carrying out supervised research in SOMS between November 2012 and February 2013.
Successful students will receive a stipend each week for 6 weeks of research. More Information?

References

↑ <pubmed>19266065</pubmed>| PMCID: PMC2651620

Glossary Links

Glossary: A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | Numbers | Symbols | Term Link

Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2026, August 27) Embryology ANAT2341 Lab 7. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/ANAT2341_Lab_7

What Links Here?

[PMID19266065-1] <pubmed>19266065</pubmed>| PMCID: PMC2651620

[1]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-=Muscle Development =
+=Endocrine and Integumentary=
-[[File:Actin_myosin_crossbridge_3D_animation.gif]] [[File:Actin_myosin_crossbridge_3D_animation.jpg]][[File:Muscle fiber types.jpg]]
-== Introduction ==
+{{Endocrine Links}}
-This laboratory concerns the development and differentiation of skeletal muscle, muscle stem cells, hypertrophy, fibre type differentiation and plasticity. After an introductory tutorial on muscle development, students do exercises looking at experimental images of muscle undergoing hypertrophy and fibre type conversion. Students do some simple analysis of the images in their work groups and we discuss the results. Then we look at a series of images from a mouse that expresses a transgene that influences fibre type choice and we discuss what has happened using the same structure.
-==Objectives==
+{{Integumentary Links}}
-# Understand the origin, differentiation and development of skeletal muscle tissue.
-# Know what is meant by patterning, conversion and adult plasticity of muscle fibre type.
-# Develop an understanding of research methods for studying skeletal muscle development and function.
-[[File:Sarcomere_animation.gif]]
+==Introduction==
+The first half of this laboratory will be a presentation by Dr Annemeik Beverdam.
-[http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/CorePages/Muscle/Muscle.htm#SKELETAL Skeletal Muscle Histology]
+The presentation will discuss current research in her laboratory on Skin development and stem cells..
+The second part of the practical will briefly cover Endocrine and Integumentary Development.
-== Lab Tutorial ==
-Today's laboratory will begin with a tutorial presentation on muscle development and research into muscle disorders. With any new concepts or terms, firstly use the [[#Terms|terms]] list below or the [[#Glossary_Links|glossary]] and feel free to ask questions about any concepts you may not still understand during or after the presentation.
-'''Slides for tutorial:''' [[Media:Part 1 muscle development 2012.pdf|Muscle Development - Part 1]]
+==Endocrine==
+[[File:Stage 22 image 221.jpg|thumb|Developing Pituitary - Human Embryo Carnegie stage 22]]
+* Begin by working through [[Endocrine_System_-_Carnegie_Stage_22|Endocrine Development by week 8]].
+* Then look at the information on each endocrine organ on their related specific page.
+{{Endocrine Links}}
-==Lab Exercises==
-[[Media:Part 2 Muscle Development 2012.pdf‎‎|Muscle Development - Part 2]]
+==Integumentary==
+{{Integumentary Links}}
-The following exercises need to be completed in your group in today's lab and are not part of your assessment questions.
+===Teeth===
+[[File:Fetal_head_lateral.jpg|thumb|Fetal Head (12 weeks) lateral]]
+[[File:Deciduous teeth.jpg|thumb|Deciduous teeth]]
+[[File:Permanent teeth.jpg|thumb|Permanent teeth]]
+* integumentary system specialization by '''epitheilal/mesenchymal''' interactions in development and develops with a major contribution from the neural crest.
+** ectoderm of the first pharyngeal arch and neural crest, ectomesenchymal cells.
-There are 3 exercises:
-. Maturation Hypertrophy - In your groups, design a method to estimate the degree of hypertrophy that occurs during the transition from birth to adulthood. Use the rulers to make rough measurements on the screen and then estimate the degree of hypertrophy as a mean increase in fibre size. Discuss the result as a class.
+* week 6 - odontogenesis begins, tooth bud
+* 4 morphological stages describing the early tooth development: bud, cap, bell, and terminal differentiation
+* 2 sets of teeth: 20 deciduous teeth, 32 permanent teeth
+* differential rates of growth, shed at different times over 20 year period
+* inductive influence of neural crest with overlying ectoderm
+* tooth growth occurs in ossifying jaws
-. The role of satellite cells in muscle hypertrophy - class discussion of data presented in a recent paper [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21828094 - McCarthy et al. 2011]
+'''odontoblasts''' - neural crest-derived mesenchymal cells which differentiate under the influence of the enamel epithelium. Cells secrete predentin, calcifies to form dentin.
-* Synergist Ablation (SA) surgery - removal of the muscles surrounding the plantaris in the lower hind limb to increase the work load.
+'''ameloblasts''' - inner enamel epithelium forms pre-ameloblasts differentiate and produce enamel
-* BRDU - Bromodeoxyuridine; can be used as a marker to identify cells that have recently undergone DNA replication for cell division.
-. Fibre type shift - Discuss an experiment on fibre type shift that has been induced by chronic low frequency stimulation [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16439424 - Martins et al. 2006]
+'''periodontal ligament''' - tooth is not anchored directly onto its bony socket (alveolar bone) but held in place by the periodontal ligament (PDL), a specialized connective tissue structure that surrounds the tooth root coating of cementum.
+* ligament also act as; a shock absorber, transmitter of chewing forces (from tooth to bone), sensory information (heat, cold, pressure and pain).
+** collagen fiber bundles within the ligament are called "Sharpey's fibres".
-== Lab 7 Assessment Questions==
+'''Tooth Stages'''
-Answer the questions shown below on your own student page.
+Tooth development stages<ref name="PMID19266065"><pubmed>19266065</pubmed>| [http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2651620&tool=pmcentrez PMCID: PMC2651620]</ref>
-. (a) Provide a one sentence definition of a muscle satellite cell (b) In one paragraph, briefly discuss two examples of when satellite cells are activated ?
+{|
+|-bgcolor="CEDFF2"
+| width= 100px |'''Stage'''
+| width= 210px |<center>'''Image'''</center>
+| width= 100px |'''Human''' (weeks)
+|-
+| lamina
+| [[File:Tooth stage lamina.jpg|200px|lamina]]
+| [[Week 6]]
+|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"
+| placode
+| [[File:Tooth placode stage.jpg|200px|placode stage]]
+| [[Week 7]]
+|-
+| bud
+| [[File:Tooth bud stage.jpg|200px|bud stage]]
+| [[Week 8]]
+|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"
+|cap
+| [[File:Tooth cap stage.jpg|200px|cap stage]]
+| Week 11
+|-
+| bell
+| [[File:Tooth bell stage.jpg|200px|bell stage]]
+| Week 14
+|-bgcolor="F5FAFF"
+|
+|
+|
+|}
-. In one brief paragraph, describe what happens to skeletal muscle fibre type and size when the innervating motor nerve sustains long term damage such as in spinal cord injury?
+=== Teeth Postnatal ===
+Deciduous teeth
+* '''6 - 24 months''' - erupt from gums by pushing toward surface
+* '''2 years''' - all deciduous teeth present
+Permanent teeth
+* 6 years until early adult
+* tooth bud lie in gums beneath deciduous teeth
+* osteoclasts resorb deciduous teeth roots
+* growth affects face shape
+:'''Links:''' [[Integumentary_System_-_Tooth_Development|Tooth Development]]
-Questions are also shown listed on the Students Page [[ANAT2341_2012_Students#Lab_7_Questions| Lab 7 Assessment]]
+==Individual Assessment==
-== Terms ==
+# Identify and write a brief description of the findings of a recent research paper on development of one of the endocrine organs covered in today's practical.
+# Identify the embryonic layers and tissues that contribute to the developing teeth.
-'''anterior tibialis''' - (tibialis anterior) skeletal muscle situated on the lateral side of the tibia and is a direct flexor of the foot at the ankle-joint.
+==Group Project==
+* Peer Assessment of your project should now appear on your group discussion page.
+* Now you can make changes to your project based upon these reviews and your own concepts of how the project can be improved.
+* At this time it is important that you interact with other group members to ensure they agree on the changes you may make.
+* You may add additional content to your project.
+* Look through the comments made by your peers and assemble a summary of good (positive) and bad (negative) feedback on your project.
+** What are the common features of peer comments?
+* Fix those minor problems (formatting, image size, image labelling, text, referencing)
+* Are there parts of your project where group members have not worked appropriately or contributed their work?
+** I will initially be discussing this with the groups individually. You will also have the opportunity to "feed back" contribution issues.
-'''cis-acting elements''' -  DNA sequences that through transcription factors or other trans-acting elements or factors, regulate the expression of genes on the same chromosome.
+===Plagiarism===
+Currently all students originally assigned to each group are listed as equal authors/contributors to their project. If you have not contributed the content you had originally agreed to, nor participated in the group work process, then you should contact the course coordinator immediately and either discuss your contribution or request removal from the group author list. Remember that all student online contributions are recorded by date, time and the actual contributed content. A similar email reminder will be sent to all current students.
-'''enhancer''' - A cis-regulatory sequence that can regulate levels of transcription from an adjacent promoter. Many tissue-specific enhancers can determine spatial patterns of gene expression in higher eukaryotes. Enhancers can act on promoters over many tens of kilobases of DNA and can be 5' or 3' to the promoter they regulate.
+Please note the [https://my.unsw.edu.au/student/atoz/Plagiarism.html Universities Policy regarding Plagiarism]
-'''extensor digitorum longus'''  - (EDL) skeletal muscle situated at the lateral part of the front of the leg and extend the phalanges of the toes, and, continuing their action, flex the foot upon the leg.
+In particular this example:
-'''Gtf2ird1''' - General Transcription Factor 2 -I Repeat domain-containing protein 1.  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=604318 OMIM: Gtf2ird1]
+:"Claiming credit for a proportion of work contributed to a group assessment item that is greater than that actually contributed;"
-'''MusTRD1'''  - muscle TFII-I repeat domain-containing protein 1.
+Academic Misconduct carries penalties. If a student is found guilty of academic misconduct, the penalties include warnings, remedial educative action, being failed in an assignment or excluded from the University for two years.
-'''MyHC''' - acronym for myosin heavy chain.
+----
-'''myoblast''' - the undifferentiated mononucleated muscle cell progenitor, which in skeletal muscle fuses to form a myotube, that in turn expresses contractile proteins to form a muscle fibre.
+==SOMS Summer Research Awards==
-'''myosin heavy chain''' - protein forming the thick filament of the sarcomere and the motor for actin-myosin contraction. There are 17 different myosin classes.
+* The Research Support Committee is pleased to announce that it will again be offering Summer Research Awards (SRAs).
+* These awards are for undergraduate students carrying out supervised research in SOMS between November 2012 and February 2013.
+* Successful students will receive a stipend each week for 6 weeks of research. [http://medicalsciences.med.unsw.edu.au/students/undergraduate/summer-research-awards More Information?]
-'''myotube''' - the initial multinucleated cell formed by fusion of myoblasts during skeletal muscle development.
+==References==
-'''promoter''' - A regulatory region a short distance upstream from the 5' end of a transcription start site that acts as the binding site for RNA polymerase II. A region of DNA to which RNA polymerase IIbinds in order to initiate transcription.
+<references/>
-'''regulatory sequence''' - (regulatory region, regulatory area) is a segment of DNA where regulatory proteins such as transcription factors bind preferentially.
+{{2012ANAT2341}}
-'''soleus''' - skeletal muscle situated immediately in front of the gastrocnemius and when standing taking its fixed point from below, steadies the leg upon the foot and prevents the body from falling forward.
-'''Troponin''' - striated muscle contraction is regulated by the calcium-ion-sensitive, multiprotein complex troponin and the fibrous protein tropomyosin. Troponin has 3 subunits (TnC, TnI, TnT) and is located on the actin filament. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=191040 OMIM: Troponin I slow]
-'''visuospatial deficiency''' -  performing the Delis hierarchical processing task, subjects are asked to copy a large global figure made of smaller local forms. Both Down syndrome (DS) and William-Beuren syndrome (WBS) groups fail but in different ways. WBS individuals produce the local elements and DS individuals produce only the global forms. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12952863?dopt=Abstract PMID: 12952863] [http://hmg.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/12/suppl_2/R229#DDG299F2 Hum Mol Genet.]
-'''William-Beuren syndrome''' - (WBS) rare developmental disorder (1/20,000–1/50,000 live births). A contiguous gene deletion syndrome resulting from the hemizygous deletion of several genes on chromosome [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Omim/getmap.cgi?l194050 7q11.23]. The syndrome has associated craniofacial abnormalities, hypersociability and visuospatial defects. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=194050 OMIM: William-Beuren syndrome]
-==References - Dr Palmer==
-* Mutation of Gtf2ird1 from the Williams-Beuren syndrome critical region results in facial dysplasia, motor dysfunction, and altered vocalisations. Howard ML, Palmer SJ, Taylor KM, Arthurson GJ, Spitzer MW, Du X, Pang TY, Renoir T, Hardeman EC, Hannan AJ. Neurobiol Dis. 2012 Mar;45(3):913-22. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17239664? PMID: 22198572]
-* Negative autoregulation of GTF2IRD1 in Williams-Beuren syndrome via a novel DNA binding mechanism. Palmer SJ, Santucci N, Widagdo J, Bontempo SJ, Taylor KM, Tay ES, Hook J, Lemckert F, Gunning PW, Hardeman EC.  J Biol Chem. 2010 Feb12;285(7):4715-24. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20007321? PMID: 20007321]
-* Expression of Gtf2ird1, the Williams syndrome-associated gene, during mouse development. Palmer SJ, Tay ES, Santucci N, Cuc Bach TT, Hook J, Lemckert FA, Jamieson RV, Gunnning PW, Hardeman EC. Gene Expr Patterns. 2007 Feb;7(4):396-404. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17239664? PMID: 17239664]
-* Sex determination and gonadal development in mammals. Wilhelm D, Palmer S, Koopman P. Physiol Rev. 2007 Jan;87(1):1-28. Review. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17237341? PMID: 17237341]
-* MusTRD can regulate postnatal fiber-spec fic expression. Issa LL, Palmer SJ, Guven KL, Santucci N, Hodgson VR, Popovic K, Joya JE, Hardeman EC. Dev Biol. 2006 May 1;293(1):104-15. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16494860? PMID: 16494860]
-* hMusTRD1alpha1 represses MEF2 activation of the troponin I slow enhancer. Polly P, Haddadi LM, Issa LL, Subramaniam N, Palmer SJ, Tay ES, Hardeman EC. J Biol Chem. 2003 Sep 19;278(38):36603-10. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12857748? PMID: 12857748]
-===Search ===
-* '''Bookshelf''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=Books&cmd=search&term=muscle_development muscle development] |  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=Books&cmd=search&term=muscle_fiber_type muscle fiber type] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=Books&cmd=search&term=troponin troponin]
-* '''Pubmed''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?itool=toolbar&cmd=search&term=muscle_fiber_type muscle fiber type] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?itool=toolbar&cmd=search&term=troponin troponin] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?itool=toolbar&cmd=search&term=Gtf2ird1 Gtf2ird1] |
-==UNSW Embryology Links==
-* [[File:Muscle_development_1-Talk1_muscle_development.pdf‎]]
-* [[File:Talk1_muscle_development_4_per_page.pdf‎‎]]
-* [[File:Part_2_Muscle_Development.pdf‎]]
-* [[File:Part_2_Muscle_Development_4_per_page.pdf]]‎
-== External Links ==
-{{External Links}}
-* Blue Histology [http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/CorePages/Muscle/Muscle.htm#SKELETAL Skeletal Muscle histology]
-* Primer [http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0020348 Skeletal Muscle Fiber Type: Influence on Contractile and Metabolic Properties]
-* Gray's Anatomy of the Human Body - [http://www.bartleby.com/107/129.html The Muscles and Fasciæ of the Leg] | [http://www.bartleby.com/107/illus440.html Cross-section through middle of leg]
-* Wiki [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeletal_muscle Skeletal muscle] | [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troponin Troponin]
-* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=604318 OMIM: Gtf2ird1]
-* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=194050 OMIM: William-Beuren syndrome]
-{{Glossary}}
-{{Footer}}

ANAT2341 Lab 7: Difference between revisions