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== Applied Embryology ==
== Applied Embryology ==
The information is based upon data from the publication "Australia's mothers and babies 2009"<ref>Li Z, McNally L, Hilder L & Sullivan EA 2011. Australia’s mothers and babies 2009. Perinatal statistics series no. 25. Cat. no. PER 52. Sydney: AIHW National Perinatal Epidemiology and Statistics Unit. Viewed 3 January 2012 <http://www.aihw.gov.au/publication-detail/?id=10737420870></ref> and is provided for educational purposes only. The original full publication is available online from [http://www.aihw.gov.au/publication-detail/?id=10737420870 AIHW Perinatal statistics series no. 25].
===More births===
[[Image:Australian-births 2007.png|thumb|Australian Births by Year]]
[[Image:Australian-births 2007.png|thumb|Australian Births by Year]]
This recent data summarised below from [[Australia’s_mothers_and_babies_2007|Australia's mothers and babies 2007]]<ref>Laws P & Sullivan EA 2009. [[Australia’s_mothers_and_babies_2007|'''Australia's mothers and babies 2007''']] Perinatal statistics series no. 23. Cat. no. PER 48. Sydney: AIHW National Perinatal Statistics Unit.</ref> is provided to help you as a clinician and researcher understand the current trends in reproductive medicine within Australia.
=== Mothers ===
* '''289,496''' women gave birth resulting in a total of '''294,205''' births
** increase of 4.3% from 2006, and 14.4% increase since 2004
* '''2,177''' were fetal deaths
* '''29.9 years''' was the maternal mean age in 2007 compared with 28.9 years in 1998 [[Genetic_risk_maternal_age|Why is this increasing age important?]]
* '''41.6%''' of mothers had their first baby and 33.5% had their second baby
* '''10,883''' women were Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander (3.8% of all women who gave birth)
**  39.5% of all mothers in the Northern Territory
** 25.2 years was the average age of these women who gave birth
* '''3.1%''' women received ART treatment (see also below [[#Assisted Reproduction Technology|Assisted Reproduction Technology]])
====Smoking during pregnancy====
* '''16.6%''' of women smoked during pregnancy (similar proportion over the previous five years)
====Multiple pregnancy====
[[Image:Aus_multiple_birth_graph.png|thumb|Australian multiple birth data]]
[[Image:Aus_multiple_birth_graph.png|thumb|Australian multiple birth data]]
* '''4,634''' multiple pregnancies (1.6% of all mothers) increasing due to the increased use of ART
** 4,558 twin pregnancies, 76 triplet pregnancies and no quadruplet pregnancies


====Method of birth====
[[Image:Birth caesarean.jpg|thumb|Birth caesarean]]
[[Image:Birth caesarean.jpg|thumb|Birth caesarean]]
* Presentation at birth - 94.6% cephalic (any part vertex, face, or brow of the fetal head) 4.0% breech (buttocks or feet)
 
[[Image:Galletti1770_breech_01.jpg|thumb|Breech presentation (Galletti, 1770)]]
[[Image:Galletti1770_breech_01.jpg|thumb|Breech presentation (Galletti, 1770)]]


* '''57.9%''' vaginal births
[[Image:Perinatal mortality rate NSW 1992-2002.png|thumb|Perinatal mortality rate NSW 1992-2002]]
** 11.2% had an instrumental vaginal delivery (forceps or vacuum extraction)
 
* '''30.9%''' caesarean section births
In 2009 in Australia, a total 294,540 women gave birth to 299,220 babies. There were 296,791 live births and 2,341 fetal deaths. There was a 0.8% increase in the total number of births compared with 2008, but there was a fall in the rate of females aged 15-44 years in the whole population who gave birth (from 64.4 per 1,000 in 2008 to 63.6 per 1,000 in 2009).
** 21.1% in 1998, 30.8% in 2006, rate recently stable
** 83.3% of these were repeat caesarean sections


====Pre-existing and pregnancy-related medical conditions====
* '''2009''' - 296,791 live births and 2,341 fetal deaths
* maternal epilepsy, diabetes mellitus and hypertension, antepartum haemorrhage, gestational diabetes, cord prolapse and retained placenta, pregnancy-induced hypertension, fetal distress in labour and post-partum haemorrhage rates
* '''2008''' - 294,737 live births and 2,188 fetal deaths
* '''2007''' - 292,027 live births and 2,177 fetal deaths


===Babies===
===Mothers===
*  '''292,027''' live births and '''2,177''' fetal deaths
**  stillbirth rate of 7.4 per 1,000 births
* most births occurred in March, August and October
* '''105.6''' sex ratio (number of male per 100 female liveborn babies)


====Gestational age====
* Average maternal age in 2009 was '''30.0 years''' compared with 29.0 years in 2000.
* Approximately 41.6% of women were having their first baby.
** Average age for first time mothers was 27.9 in 2009 which was 0.3 years younger than for 2008.
** Of all first-time mothers, 13.7% were aged 35 years or older in 2009, compared with 10.3% in 2000.
* ART was used by 3.6% of women who gave birth. (from available data on assisted reproductive technology (ART) where available)


* '''90.9%''' term (37–41 weeks gestation)
===Antenatal factors===
*  '''8.1%''' were preterm and '''33.2 weeks''' was the mean gestational age for all preterm births
** Preterm births were classified groups of 20–27 weeks, 28–31 weeks and 32–36 weeks


====Birthweight====
Smoking while pregnant was reported by 14.5% of all mothers and by 37.0% of teenage mothers. In the 4 jurisdictions where data on the number of antenatal visits were available, 97.3% of women who gave birth at 32 weeks or more gestation attended at least one antenatal visit, with 91.9% attending 5 or more.
* '''92.1%''' of liveborn babies had a birthweight in the range 2,500–4,499 grams
** average birthweight was 3,374 grams
* 17,976 (6.2%) low birthweight (weighing less than 2,500 grams)
* 2,956 (1.0%) very low birthweight (weighing less than 1,500 grams)
* 1,288 (0.4%) extremely low birthweight (weighing less than 1,000 grams)
Apgar scores - '''1.4%''' of liveborn babies had a low Apgar score (between 0 and 6) at 5 minutes (More? [[Apgar_test|Apgar test]])


===Perinatal mortality===
===Indigenous mothers===
[[Image:Perinatal mortality rate NSW 1992-2002.png|thumb|Perinatal mortality rate NSW 1992-2002]]
* 2,177 fetal deaths (7.4 per 1,000 births)
** fetal deaths are if the birthweight is at least 400 grams or the gestational age is 20 weeks or more
*  846 neonatal deaths (2.9 per 1,000 live births)
** neonatal deaths are those occurring in live births up to 28 completed days after birth


* 3,024 Australian perinatal deaths
Of women who gave birth during 2008, 3.8% identified as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander. The average age of Indigenous mothers was 25.1 years, compared with 30.1 years for non-Indigenous mothers. Over half of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander mothers reported smoking during pregnancy (50.9%), compared with 14.4% of non-Indigenous women who gave birth.
** perinatal death includes birthweight of at least 400 grams or, where birthweight is unknown, a gestational age of at least 20 weeks
* 23.5% congenital abnormalities (anomalies)
* 13.8% maternal conditions
* 12.6% unexplained antepartum death


=== Assisted Reproduction Technology  ===
===Labour and delivery===
[[File:IVF-Louise Brown.jpg|thumb|Louise Brown, the first IVF baby as an adult.]]
Assisted Reproduction Technology (ART) may include more techniques than, but is sometimes also used to identify, In vitro Fertilization (IVF).


* '''51,017 treatment cycles''' reported to ANZARD in Australia and New Zealand in 2005.  
About 3.8% of women who gave birth during 2009 identified as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander. Indigenous mothers are younger than non-Indigenous mothers; their average age was 25.3 years, compared with 30.2 years for non-Indigenous mothers. Smoking during pregnancy was reported by half (49.6%) of Indigenous mothers. Of Indigenous mothers who gave birth at 32 weeks or more gestation, 76.8% attended 5 or more antenatal visits.
** 91.1% were from Australian fertility and 8.9% from New Zealand centres (an increase of 13.7% of ART treatment cycles from 2004).  
* '''35.5''' years average age of women (35.2 years in 2002).  
* Women aged older than 40 years has increased from 14.3% in 2002 to 15.3% in 2005.  


===Baby outcomes===


(Reference: AIHW National Perinatal Statistics Unit - Assisted Reproduction Technology in Australia and New Zealand 2005)
In 2009, 8.2% of babies were born preterm (before 37 completed weeks of gestation) and 0.9% post-term (42 weeks gestation or more). Overall, 6.2% of liveborn babies were of low birthweight (less than 2,500 grams) and this nearly doubled (10.8%) among mothers who smoking during pregnancy. Less than 1.5% of liveborn babies had a low Apgar score (measure of the baby’s condition at birth). The perinatal death rate was 9.8 per 1,000 births in 2009, which comprised fetal and neonatal death rates of 7.8 per 1,000 births and 3.0 per 1,000 live births respectively.
===Assisted Reproduction Technology===
[[Assisted Reproduction Technology|Assisted Reproduction Technology]]
[[File:IVF-Louise Brown.jpg|thumb|Louise Brown, the first IVF baby as an adult.]]
==References==
<references/>


==Australian Developmental Abnormalities==
==Australian Developmental Abnormalities==

Revision as of 09:54, 24 July 2012

A Course Introduction

From this Early zygote.jpg to this Newborn.jpg in 9 months
Dr Mark Hill This first lecture will be a general introduction to the course and the subject of Embryology.
Firstly, an introduction to the course, its content and assessment and an opportunity to ask questions.
Secondly, some historic background to the subject and related current Australian trends.


MH - I do not expect you to remember specific historic dates or statistical data, this is provided as an introduction to the topic.

Objectives

  1. Understand the course objectives and assessment.
  2. Brief understanding of Australian statistical data.
  3. Broad overview of Human Development.

ANAT2341 Course Background 2012

I will spend the first half going through the current course design, online support and assessment criteria. This is an opportunity to ask the course coordinator questions about the course.

Human Carnegie stage 1-23.jpg

The first 8 weeks of human development.

Links: Course Homepage

Textbooks

Either of the textbooks listed below are recommended for this course and page references to both are given in each lecture. Both textbooks available at campus bookshop. There are additional embryology textbooks that can also be used, consult course organizer. See also Embryology Textbooks

The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology (8th ed.)

The Developing Human, 9th edn.jpg Keith L. Moore, T.V.N. Persaud, Mark G. Torchia. (2011). The Developing Human: clinically oriented embryology (9th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders. Description: xix, 540 p. p. : ill., ports. Publisher: Philadelphia, PA : Saunders/Elsevier, c2013. ISBN: 9781437720020 (pbk.) NLM Unique ID: 101561564

The following chapter links only work with a UNSW connection.

Larsen’s Human Embryology (4th ed.)

Larsen's human embryology 4th edn.jpg Schoenwolf, G.C., Bleyl, S.B., Brauer, P.R. and Francis-West, P.H. (2009). Larsen’s Human Embryology (4th ed.). New York; Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone.


The following chapter links only work with a UNSW connection and can also be accessed through this UNSW Library connection.

Publisher Links: The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology | Larsen’s Human Embryology

Recent History

1965 - Neural Crest Research Nicole Le Douarin.

1977 - Thalidomide and its affects on development. Thalidomide

1978 - First IVF baby born. In Vitro Fertilization

1996 - "Dolly the sheep" First adult somatic cell cloning using the process of nuclear transfer.

Nobel Prizes

Much of the modern history of Medicine/Embryology is documented in the Nobel Prizes for Medicine. Remember that these award dates reflect findings that have proven to be scientific key breakthroughs from earlier dates.

21st Century

"An international team designed and built the nanocomposite tracheal scaffold and produced a specifically designed bioreactor used to seed the scaffold with the patient´s own stem cells. The cells were grown on the scaffold inside the bioreactor for two days before transplantation to the patient. Because the cells used to regenerate the trachea were the patient's own, there has been no rejection of the transplant and the patient is not taking immunosuppressive drugs."
Birth MRI icon.jpg
 ‎‎Human Birth MRI
Quicktime | Flash


Links: Embryology History

Applied Embryology

The information is based upon data from the publication "Australia's mothers and babies 2009"[1] and is provided for educational purposes only. The original full publication is available online from AIHW Perinatal statistics series no. 25.

More births

Australian Births by Year
Australian multiple birth data
Birth caesarean
Breech presentation (Galletti, 1770)
Perinatal mortality rate NSW 1992-2002

In 2009 in Australia, a total 294,540 women gave birth to 299,220 babies. There were 296,791 live births and 2,341 fetal deaths. There was a 0.8% increase in the total number of births compared with 2008, but there was a fall in the rate of females aged 15-44 years in the whole population who gave birth (from 64.4 per 1,000 in 2008 to 63.6 per 1,000 in 2009).

  • 2009 - 296,791 live births and 2,341 fetal deaths
  • 2008 - 294,737 live births and 2,188 fetal deaths
  • 2007 - 292,027 live births and 2,177 fetal deaths

Mothers

  • Average maternal age in 2009 was 30.0 years compared with 29.0 years in 2000.
  • Approximately 41.6% of women were having their first baby.
    • Average age for first time mothers was 27.9 in 2009 which was 0.3 years younger than for 2008.
    • Of all first-time mothers, 13.7% were aged 35 years or older in 2009, compared with 10.3% in 2000.
  • ART was used by 3.6% of women who gave birth. (from available data on assisted reproductive technology (ART) where available)

Antenatal factors

Smoking while pregnant was reported by 14.5% of all mothers and by 37.0% of teenage mothers. In the 4 jurisdictions where data on the number of antenatal visits were available, 97.3% of women who gave birth at 32 weeks or more gestation attended at least one antenatal visit, with 91.9% attending 5 or more.

Indigenous mothers

Of women who gave birth during 2008, 3.8% identified as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander. The average age of Indigenous mothers was 25.1 years, compared with 30.1 years for non-Indigenous mothers. Over half of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander mothers reported smoking during pregnancy (50.9%), compared with 14.4% of non-Indigenous women who gave birth.

Labour and delivery

About 3.8% of women who gave birth during 2009 identified as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander. Indigenous mothers are younger than non-Indigenous mothers; their average age was 25.3 years, compared with 30.2 years for non-Indigenous mothers. Smoking during pregnancy was reported by half (49.6%) of Indigenous mothers. Of Indigenous mothers who gave birth at 32 weeks or more gestation, 76.8% attended 5 or more antenatal visits.

Baby outcomes

In 2009, 8.2% of babies were born preterm (before 37 completed weeks of gestation) and 0.9% post-term (42 weeks gestation or more). Overall, 6.2% of liveborn babies were of low birthweight (less than 2,500 grams) and this nearly doubled (10.8%) among mothers who smoking during pregnancy. Less than 1.5% of liveborn babies had a low Apgar score (measure of the baby’s condition at birth). The perinatal death rate was 9.8 per 1,000 births in 2009, which comprised fetal and neonatal death rates of 7.8 per 1,000 births and 3.0 per 1,000 live births respectively.

Assisted Reproduction Technology

Assisted Reproduction Technology

Louise Brown, the first IVF baby as an adult.

References

  1. ↑ Li Z, McNally L, Hilder L & Sullivan EA 2011. Australia’s mothers and babies 2009. Perinatal statistics series no. 25. Cat. no. PER 52. Sydney: AIHW National Perinatal Epidemiology and Statistics Unit. Viewed 3 January 2012 <http://www.aihw.gov.au/publication-detail/?id=10737420870>

Australian Developmental Abnormalities

Australian Data 1981-92

The ten most frequently reported birth defects in Victoria between 2003-2004

  1. Hypospadias
  2. Obstructive Defects of the Renal Pelvis or Obstructive Genitourinary Defects
  3. Ventricular Septal Defect
  4. Congenital Dislocated Hip
  5. Trisomy 21 or Down syndrome
  6. Hydrocephalus
  7. Cleft Palate
  8. Trisomy 18 or Edward Syndrome - multiple abnormalities of the heart, diaphragm, lungs, kidneys, ureters and palate 86% discontinued.
  9. Renal Agenesis/Dysgenesis - reduction in neonatal death and stillbirth since 1993 may be due to the more severe cases being identified in utero and being represented amongst the increased proportion of terminations (approximately 31%).
  10. Cleft Lip and Palate - occur with another defect in 33.7% of cases.
  • Hypospadia

    Hypospadia

  • Obstructive Defect of the Renal Pelvis

    Obstructive Defect of the Renal Pelvis

  • Ventricular Septal Defect

    Ventricular Septal Defect

  • Congenital dislocation hip

    Congenital dislocation hip

  • Trisomy 21 male

    Trisomy 21 male

  • Hydrocephalus

    Hydrocephalus

  • Cleft palate

    Cleft palate

  • Trisomy 18 male

    Trisomy 18 male

  • Bilateral cleft palate

    Bilateral cleft palate


Teratology

Teratology is the study of abnormalities of development.

Rubella

<pubmed>1879476</pubmed>

Thalidomide

<pubmed>331548</pubmed>


Links: Human Abnormal Development | Thalidomide | TORCH Infections | History of Teratology | eMJA - Gregg's congenital rubella

Human Development Timeline

Human development timeline graph 02.jpg <Flowplayer height="225" width="180" autoplay="true">Human development 001.flv</Flowplayer>


Lecture 2 - Fertilization

External Links

External Links Notice - The dynamic nature of the internet may mean that some of these listed links may no longer function. If the link no longer works search the web with the link text or name. Links to any external commercial sites are provided for information purposes only and should never be considered an endorsement. UNSW Embryology is provided as an educational resource with no clinical information or commercial affiliation.


2012 Course: Week 1 Lecture 1 Lecture 2 Lab 1 | Week 2 Lecture 3 Lecture 4 Lab 2 | Week 3 Lecture 5 Lecture 6 Lab 3 | Week 4 Lecture 7 Lecture 8 Lab 4 | Week 5 Lecture 9 Lecture 10 Lab 5 | Week 6 Lecture 11 Lecture 12 Lab 6 | Week 7 Lecture 13 Lecture 14 | Lab 7 | Week 8 Lecture 15 Lecture 16 Lab 8 | Week 9 Lecture 17 Lecture 18 Lab 9 | Week 10 Lecture 19 Lecture 20 Lab 10 | Week 11 Lecture 21 Lecture 22 Lab 11 | Week 12 Lecture 23 Lecture 24 Lab 12


Glossary Links

Glossary: A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | Numbers | Symbols | Term Link

Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, June 2) Embryology Lecture - 2012 Course Introduction. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Lecture_-_2012_Course_Introduction

What Links Here?
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