X Chromosome: Difference between revisions
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{{Header}} | |||
==Introduction== | ==Introduction== | ||
[[File:Human X chromosome.jpg|thumb|300px|Human X chromosome]] | [[File:Human X chromosome.jpg|thumb|300px|Human X chromosome]] | ||
Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes, 22 autosomes and a pair of sex chromosomes. Females have a pair of X chromosomes (46, XX) and males have one X and one Y | Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes, 22 autosomes and a pair of sex chromosomes. Females have a pair of X chromosomes (46, XX) and males have one X and one [[Y_Chromosome|Y Chromosome]] (46, XY). This section of notes introduces the X chromosome and its role in development. | ||
'''Links:''' [[ | There is a separate page discussing {{X Inactivation}} that occurs in all female development with one of the X chromosomes to provide the correct gene dosage. There is a separate page discussing [[Trisomy X]], a genetic disorder where there is an additional copy of the X chromosome. There is a separate page discussing [[Fragile X Syndrome]], a genetic disorder where part of the X chromosome is lost. | ||
* Genes such as [http://omim.org/entry/603490 '''WNT4'''] (Wingless-Type Mmtv Integration Site Family, Member 4), [http://omim.org/entry/300473 '''NR0B1'''] (Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 0, Group B, Member 1; Dax-1) necessary for initiation of female pathway ovary development | |||
* An early discovery (1961) was that in order to have correct levels of X chromosome gene/protein expression (gene dosage), females must "inactivate" a single copy of the X chromosome in each and every cell. The initiator of the X inactivation process was discovered (1991) to be regulated by a region on the inactivating X chromosome encoding an '''X''' '''i'''nactive '''s'''pecific '''t'''ranscript (XIST), that acts as RNA and does not encode a protein. | |||
* The genetic content of the X chromosome has been strongly conserved between species because these genes have become adapted to working as a single dose - Ohno's law | |||
* X inactivation occurs randomly throughout the embryo, generating a mosaic of maternal and paternally derived X chromosome activity in all tissues and organs. This can be seen in the fur colour of tortoiseshell cats. | |||
<br> | |||
{| | |||
| [[File:Nucleus structure cartoon 01.jpg|250px]] | |||
| [[File:Chromatin Structure.png|450px]] | |||
|- | |||
| Chromosome territories (interphase) | |||
| Chromosome (Chromatin) structure (mitosis) | |||
|} | |||
<br> | |||
{{X Chromosome Links}} | |||
[[File:Human_idiogram.jpg|400px]] | |||
Human idiogram | |||
== Some Recent Findings == | |||
[[File:Male XY karyotype.jpg|thumb|X and Y chromosomes]] | |||
{| | |||
|-bgcolor="F5FAFF" | |||
| | |||
* '''Mammalian X Chromosome Dosage Compensation: Perspectives From the Germ Line'''{{#pmid:29756331|PMID29756331}} "Sex chromosomes are advantageous to mammals, allowing them to adopt a genetic rather than environmental sex determination system. However, sex chromosome evolution also carries a burden, because it results in an imbalance in gene dosage between females (XX) and males (XY). This imbalance is resolved by X dosage compensation, which comprises both X chromosome inactivation and X chromosome upregulation. X dosage compensation has been well characterized in the soma, but not in the germ line. Germ cells face a special challenge, because genome wide reprogramming erases epigenetic marks responsible for maintaining the X dosage compensated state. Here we explain how evolution has influenced the gene content and germ line specialization of the mammalian sex chromosomes. We discuss new research uncovering unusual X dosage compensation states in germ cells, which we postulate influence sexual dimorphisms in germ line development and cause infertility in individuals with sex chromosome aneuploidy." | |||
| | |||
|} | |||
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" | |||
! More recent papers | |||
|- | |||
| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg|90px|left]] {{Most_Recent_Refs}} | |||
Search term: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=X+Chromosome ''X Chromosome''] | |||
|} | |||
==X Chromosome Overview== | ==X Chromosome Overview== | ||
Line 16: | Line 55: | ||
** X Inactivation appears to be random in somatic cells. (mosaic pattern) | ** X Inactivation appears to be random in somatic cells. (mosaic pattern) | ||
** The process starts at the "X inactivation centre" and spreads along the chromosome. | ** The process starts at the "X inactivation centre" and spreads along the chromosome. | ||
==Chromosome Statistics== | |||
May 2012 (EST) | |||
{| | |||
| width="300px"| | |||
| width="300px"| | |||
|- | |||
| '''Length (bps)''' | |||
| '''155,270,560''' | |||
|- | |||
| Known Protein-coding Genes | |||
| 812 | |||
|- | |||
| Novel Protein-coding Genes | |||
| 24 | |||
|- | |||
| Pseudogene Genes | |||
| 780 | |||
|- | |||
| miRNA Genes | |||
| 128 | |||
|- | |||
| rRNA Genes | |||
| 22 | |||
|- | |||
| snRNA Genes | |||
| 85 | |||
|- | |||
| snoRNA Genes | |||
| 64 | |||
|- | |||
| Misc RNA Genes | |||
| 52 | |||
|- | |||
| SNPs | |||
| 2,172,609 | |||
|} | |||
==Ohno's law== | |||
Ohno's law is a genetic evolutionary theory that suggests that the mammalian X chromosomes are conserved among species. Named after Susumu Ohno (大野 乾 (1928 – 2000) a Japanese-American geneticist and evolutionary biologist, and seminal researcher in the field of molecular evolution. | |||
:'''Links:''' [https://www.nap.edu/read/10470/chapter/14 Biography] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13730522 PMID 13730522] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=OHNO%20S%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=13730522 PubMed OHNO S] | |||
===Monotremes=== | |||
Contrary to the above theory, the human X chromosome long arm genes are found on the monotreme X chromosome while the short arm genes are found distributed on the autosomes. | |||
:'''Links:''' [[Echidna Development|Echidna]] | [[Platypus Development|Platypus]] | [[Kangaroo Development|Kangaroo]] | [[Koala Development|Koala]] | | |||
==Genetic Inheritance== | |||
The follow cartoons show how genes located on the X chromosome can have different potential inheritance patterns. | |||
{| | |||
| [[File:X-Linked_dominant_(affected_father).jpg|X-Linked dominant (affected father)]] | |||
X-Linked dominant (affected father) | |||
| [[File:X-Linked_dominant_(affected_mother).jpg|X-Linked dominant (affected mother)]] | |||
X-Linked dominant (affected mother) | |||
|- | |||
| [[File:X-Linked_recessive_(affected_father).jpg|X-Linked recessive (affected father)]] | |||
X-Linked recessive (affected father) | |||
| [[File:X-Linked recessive (carrier mother).jpg|X-Linked recessive (carrier mother)]] | |||
X-Linked recessive (carrier mother) | |||
|} | |||
{{GHR Inheritance}} | |||
==Developmental Genes== | |||
===BMP=== | |||
{| | |||
|- | |||
| colspan=5|[[Developmental Signals - Bone Morphogenetic Protein|Table - Human Bmp Family]] | |||
|-bgcolor="CEDFF2" | |||
! width=100px|Approved<br>Symbol | |||
! width=220px|Approved Name | |||
! width=100px|Previous<br>Symbols | |||
! width=100px|Synonyms | |||
! Chromosome | |||
|- | |||
| BMP15 || bone morphogenetic protein 15 || || GDF9B || {{ChrX}}p11.22 | |||
|- | |||
| colspan=5| Links: [[Developmental Signals - Bone Morphogenetic Protein]] | [http://omim.org/entry/112261 OMIM BMP2] | [https://www.genenames.org/cgi-bin/genefamilies/set/455 HGNC] | [[Template:Bmp family table|Bmp Family]] | [[Template:Sox family table|Sox Family]] | [[Template:Tbx family table|Tbx Family]] | |||
|} | |||
{{Bmp family collapsetable}} | |||
===SOX=== | |||
{| | |||
|- | |||
| colspan=5|[[Developmental Signals - Sox|Table - Human Sox Family]] | |||
|-bgcolor="CEDFF2" | |||
! width=100px|Approved<br>Symbol | |||
! width=100px|Approved Name | |||
! Previous Symbols | |||
! Synonyms | |||
! Chromosome | |||
|- | |||
| [https://www.genenames.org/cgi-bin/gene_symbol_report?hgnc_id=11199 SOX3] || SRY-box 3 || PHP || || {{ChrX}}q27.1 | |||
|- | |||
| colspan=5| Links: [[Developmental Signals - Sox]] | [http://omim.org/entry/602148 OMIM] | [https://www.genenames.org/cgi-bin/genefamilies/set/757 HGNC] | [[Template:Tbx family table|Tbx Family]] | |||
|} | |||
{{Sox family collapsetable}} | |||
===TBX=== | |||
{| | |||
|- | |||
| colspan=5|[[Developmental Signals - Tbx|Table - Human Tbx Family]] | |||
|-bgcolor="CEDFF2" | |||
! width=100px|Approved<br>Symbol | |||
! width=100px|Approved Name | |||
! Previous Symbols | |||
! Synonyms | |||
! Chromosome | |||
|- | |||
| TBX22 || T-box 22 || "CPX, CLPA" || || {{ChrX}}q21.1 | |||
|- | |||
| colspan=5| Links: [[Developmental Signals - Tbx]] | [http://omim.org/entry/601621 OMIM Tbx3] | [https://www.genenames.org/cgi-bin/genefamilies/set/757 HGNC] | [[Template:Bmp family table|Bmp Family]] | [[Template:Sox family table|Sox Family]] | [[Template:Tbx family table|Tbx Family]] | |||
|} | |||
{{Tbx family collapsetable}} | |||
==Abnormalities== | |||
===Infertility=== | |||
Primary ovarian insufficiency - depletion or dysfunction of ovarian follicles with cessation of menses before age 40 years. | |||
{| | |||
|+ '''Selected Female Infertility Genes ''' | |||
|-bgcolor="CEDFF2" | |||
! Gene abbreviation | |||
! Name | |||
! Gene Location | |||
! Online Mendelian<br>Inheritance in Man ([https://www.omim.org OMIM]) | |||
! HUGO Gene Nomenclature<br>Committee ([https://www.genenames.org HGNC]) | |||
! GeneCards ([https://www.genecards.org GCID]) | |||
! Diagnosis | |||
|- | |||
| BMP15 || Bone morphogenetic protein 15 || {{ChrX}}p11.22 || [https://www.omim.org/entry/300247 300247] || [https://www.genenames.org/cgi-bin/gene_symbol_report?hgnc_id=HGNC:1068 1068] || [https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=GC0XP050910 GC0XP050910] || Primary ovarian insufficiency | |||
|- | |||
| FMR1 || Fragile X mental retardation 1 || {{ChrX}}q27.3 || [https://www.omim.org/entry/309550 309550] || [https://www.genenames.org/cgi-bin/gene_symbol_report?hgnc_id=HGNC:3775 3775] || [https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=GC0XP147912 GC0XP147912] || Primary ovarian insufficiency | |||
|-bgcolor="F5FFFA" | |||
| Colspan=7| Table data source{{#pmid:29199274|PMID29199274}} (table 1) '''Links:''' {{Fertilization}} | {{oocyte}} | {{ovary}} | | [[Template:Female Infertility Genes table 1|Female Infertility Genes]] | {{spermatozoa}} | {{testis}} | [[Template:Male Infertility Genes table 1|Male Infertility Genes]] | [[Abnormal Development - Genetic|Genetic Abnormalities]] | {{ART}}<br> | |||
|} | |||
{{Female Infertility Genes collapse table 1}} | |||
{| | |||
|+ '''Selected genes in Male Infertility''' | |||
|-bgcolor="CEDFF2" | |||
! Gene abbreviation | |||
! Name | |||
! Gene Location | |||
! Online Mendelian<br>Inheritance in Man ([https://www.omim.org OMIM]) | |||
! HUGO Gene Nomenclature<br>Committee ([https://www.genenames.org HGNC]) | |||
! GeneCards ([https://www.genecards.org GCID]) | |||
! Diagnosis | |||
|- | |||
| MAGEB4 || MAGE family member B4 || {{ChrX}}p21.2 || [https://www.omim.org/entry/300153 300153] || [https://www.genenames.org/cgi-bin/gene_symbol_report?hgnc_id=HGNC:6811 6811] || [https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=GC0XP030260 GC0XP030260] || Azoospermia | |||
|- | |||
| TEX11 || Testis expressed 11 || {{ChrX}}q13.1 || [https://www.omim.org/entry/300311 300311] || [https://www.genenames.org/cgi-bin/gene_symbol_report?hgnc_id=HGNC:11733 11733] || [https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=GC0XM070528 GC0XM070528] || Azoospermia | |||
|-bgcolor="F5FFFA" | |||
| Colspan=7| Table data source{{#pmid:29199274|PMID29199274}} (table 1) '''Links:''' {{Fertilization}} | {{spermatozoa}} | {{testis}} | [[Template:Male Infertility Genes table 1|Male Infertility Genes]] | [[Template:Female Infertility Genes table 1|Female Infertility Genes]] | {{oocyte}} | {{ovary}} | [[Abnormal Development - Genetic|Genetic Abnormalities]] | {{ART}} | |||
|} | |||
{{Male Infertility Genes collapse table 1}} | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
* | <references/> | ||
===Articles=== | |||
{{#pmid:15772651}} | |||
{{#pmid:14739461}} | |||
==External Links== | |||
{{External Links}} | |||
* '''Ensembl''' [http://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/Location/Chromosome?r=X:136953435-137053436 X Chromosome] | |||
{{Glossary}} | |||
{{Human chromosomes}} | |||
[[Category:Female]] [[Category:Genital]][[Category:X Chromosome]] |
Latest revision as of 14:00, 31 March 2019
Embryology - 8 May 2024 Expand to Translate |
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Introduction
Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes, 22 autosomes and a pair of sex chromosomes. Females have a pair of X chromosomes (46, XX) and males have one X and one Y Chromosome (46, XY). This section of notes introduces the X chromosome and its role in development.
There is a separate page discussing X Inactivation that occurs in all female development with one of the X chromosomes to provide the correct gene dosage. There is a separate page discussing Trisomy X, a genetic disorder where there is an additional copy of the X chromosome. There is a separate page discussing Fragile X Syndrome, a genetic disorder where part of the X chromosome is lost.
- Genes such as WNT4 (Wingless-Type Mmtv Integration Site Family, Member 4), NR0B1 (Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 0, Group B, Member 1; Dax-1) necessary for initiation of female pathway ovary development
- An early discovery (1961) was that in order to have correct levels of X chromosome gene/protein expression (gene dosage), females must "inactivate" a single copy of the X chromosome in each and every cell. The initiator of the X inactivation process was discovered (1991) to be regulated by a region on the inactivating X chromosome encoding an X inactive specific transcript (XIST), that acts as RNA and does not encode a protein.
- The genetic content of the X chromosome has been strongly conserved between species because these genes have become adapted to working as a single dose - Ohno's law
- X inactivation occurs randomly throughout the embryo, generating a mosaic of maternal and paternally derived X chromosome activity in all tissues and organs. This can be seen in the fur colour of tortoiseshell cats.
Chromosome territories (interphase) | Chromosome (Chromatin) structure (mitosis) |
Human idiogram
Some Recent Findings
|
More recent papers |
---|
This table allows an automated computer search of the external PubMed database using the listed "Search term" text link.
More? References | Discussion Page | Journal Searches | 2019 References | 2020 References Search term: X Chromosome |
X Chromosome Overview
- 1400+ genes
- 150 million base pairs
- Contains about 5% of the haploid genome.
- Genes encode house-keeping and specialized functions.
- Conserved in gene content between species.
- In females, one of the X-chromosomes is inactivated in each and every cell (known since 1961).
- This inactivation occurs during embryogenesis.
- X Inactivation appears to be random in somatic cells. (mosaic pattern)
- The process starts at the "X inactivation centre" and spreads along the chromosome.
Chromosome Statistics
May 2012 (EST)
Length (bps) | 155,270,560 |
Known Protein-coding Genes | 812 |
Novel Protein-coding Genes | 24 |
Pseudogene Genes | 780 |
miRNA Genes | 128 |
rRNA Genes | 22 |
snRNA Genes | 85 |
snoRNA Genes | 64 |
Misc RNA Genes | 52 |
SNPs | 2,172,609 |
Ohno's law
Ohno's law is a genetic evolutionary theory that suggests that the mammalian X chromosomes are conserved among species. Named after Susumu Ohno (大野 乾 (1928 – 2000) a Japanese-American geneticist and evolutionary biologist, and seminal researcher in the field of molecular evolution.
- Links: Biography | PMID 13730522 | PubMed OHNO S
Monotremes
Contrary to the above theory, the human X chromosome long arm genes are found on the monotreme X chromosome while the short arm genes are found distributed on the autosomes.
Genetic Inheritance
The follow cartoons show how genes located on the X chromosome can have different potential inheritance patterns.
X-Linked dominant (affected father) |
X-Linked dominant (affected mother) |
X-Linked recessive (affected father) |
X-Linked recessive (carrier mother) |
- Inheritance Pattern images: Genetic Abnormalities | autosomal dominant | autosomal recessive | X-linked dominant (affected father) | X-Linked dominant (affected mother) | X-Linked recessive (affected father) | X-Linked recessive (carrier mother) | mitochondrial inheritance | Codominant inheritance | Genogram symbols | Genetics
Developmental Genes
BMP
Table - Human Bmp Family | ||||
Approved Symbol |
Approved Name | Previous Symbols |
Synonyms | Chromosome |
---|---|---|---|---|
BMP15 | bone morphogenetic protein 15 | GDF9B | Xp11.22 | |
Links: Developmental Signals - Bone Morphogenetic Protein | OMIM BMP2 | HGNC | Bmp Family | Sox Family | Tbx Family |
Human BMP Family | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
SOX
Table - Human Sox Family | ||||
Approved Symbol |
Approved Name | Previous Symbols | Synonyms | Chromosome |
---|---|---|---|---|
SOX3 | SRY-box 3 | PHP | Xq27.1 | |
Links: Developmental Signals - Sox | OMIM | HGNC | Tbx Family |
Human SOX Family | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
TBX
Table - Human Tbx Family | ||||
Approved Symbol |
Approved Name | Previous Symbols | Synonyms | Chromosome |
---|---|---|---|---|
TBX22 | T-box 22 | "CPX, CLPA" | Xq21.1 | |
Links: Developmental Signals - Tbx | OMIM Tbx3 | HGNC | Bmp Family | Sox Family | Tbx Family |
Human TBX Family | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Abnormalities
Infertility
Primary ovarian insufficiency - depletion or dysfunction of ovarian follicles with cessation of menses before age 40 years.
Gene abbreviation | Name | Gene Location | Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) |
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC) |
GeneCards (GCID) | Diagnosis |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BMP15 | Bone morphogenetic protein 15 | Xp11.22 | 300247 | 1068 | GC0XP050910 | Primary ovarian insufficiency |
FMR1 | Fragile X mental retardation 1 | Xq27.3 | 309550 | 3775 | GC0XP147912 | Primary ovarian insufficiency |
Table data source[2] (table 1) Links: fertilization | oocyte | ovary | | Female Infertility Genes | spermatozoa | testis | Male Infertility Genes | Genetic Abnormalities | ART |
Female Infertility Genes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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|
Gene abbreviation | Name | Gene Location | Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) |
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC) |
GeneCards (GCID) | Diagnosis |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MAGEB4 | MAGE family member B4 | Xp21.2 | 300153 | 6811 | GC0XP030260 | Azoospermia |
TEX11 | Testis expressed 11 | Xq13.1 | 300311 | 11733 | GC0XM070528 | Azoospermia |
Table data source[2] (table 1) Links: fertilization | spermatozoa | testis | Male Infertility Genes | Female Infertility Genes | oocyte | ovary | Genetic Abnormalities | ART |
Male Infertility Genes | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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|
References
- ↑ Sangrithi MN & Turner JMA. (2018). Mammalian X Chromosome Dosage Compensation: Perspectives From the Germ Line. Bioessays , , . PMID: 29756331 DOI.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Harper JC, Aittomäki K, Borry P, Cornel MC, de Wert G, Dondorp W, Geraedts J, Gianaroli L, Ketterson K, Liebaers I, Lundin K, Mertes H, Morris M, Pennings G, Sermon K, Spits C, Soini S, van Montfoort APA, Veiga A, Vermeesch JR, Viville S & Macek M. (2018). Recent developments in genetics and medically assisted reproduction: from research to clinical applications. Eur. J. Hum. Genet. , 26, 12-33. PMID: 29199274 DOI.
Articles
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- Ensembl X Chromosome
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Idiogram Chromosome Banding - The term refers to the light and dark pattern, seen after staining with a dye, of individual chromosomes identified in metaphase. It is only in meiosis and mitosis during metaphase that chromosomes can be easily identified, during the normal cell life (interphase) the chromosomes are unravelled and distributed within the nucleus in chromosome territories. A band is that part of a chromosome which is clearly distinguishable from nearby regions by appearing darker or brighter with one or more banding techniques. | |
Genetic abnormality locations: 1-4 | 5-8 | 9-12 | 13-16 | 17-20 | 21-XY | sSMC | |
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Links: Genetics | Abnormal Development - Genetic |
Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, May 8) Embryology X Chromosome. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/X_Chromosome
- © Dr Mark Hill 2024, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G