X-ray

Embryology - 2 Dec 2023 Expand to Translate
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Educational Use Only - Embryology is an educational resource for learning concepts in embryological development, no clinical information is provided and content should not be used for any other purpose.

Introduction

X-ray showing congenital hip dislocation in the newborn infant.

There are a number of different neonatal screening (newborn screening) programs in different countries testing for various "common" congenital abnormalities and infections. Perinatally the infant is tested physically for hip displasia and may have an x-ray to establish the extent of musculoskeletal abnormality. There are also a number of other systems (renal, cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, endocrine and genital) that can be assessed postnatally by x-ray alone or in combination with tracers or contrast agents.

Radiation is a known teratogen and can affect development, but there is ongoing discussion as to the associated fetal risk and that to maternal health of a range of conditions that are detected or analysed using x-radiation.^[1]

neonatal diagnosis

Diagnosis Categories

Prenatal diagnosis - number of different techniques (non-invasive, invasive) for determining normal development
Neonatal diagnosis (APGAR test, Guthrie test, Hearing test)
Maternal diagnosis - often pregnancy will expose maternal health problems

Some Recent Findings

Radiodiagnostic imaging in pregnancy and the risk of childhood malignancy: raising the bar^[2] "Determining carcinogenic risk following imaging radiation exposure is based mostly on predictive mathematical models developed from empirical data provided by large observational studies..."

Maternal effects and cancer risk in the progeny of mice exposed to X-rays before conception^[3] "To investigate in an animal model whether preconceptual X-ray exposure leads to an altered tumor rate and spectrum in the offspring, a transgeneration carcinogenesis study was carried out. Female mice received X-ray irradiation (2 x 2 Gray) 2 weeks prior to mating with untreated males. ... Fertility and the lifetime of the maternal mice were reduced by the X-ray irradiation, and their incidence of lung and liver tumors was increased as compared to non-irradiated mice. The descendants of all groups revealed comparable body weights and mortality rates. The incidence of hematopoietic/lymphoreticular tissue tumors increased in the female hybrids by 6 months of CsA-treatment. A higher incidence of lung and liver tumors in the sham-treated male progeny of irradiated mothers was detected, pointing to a possible germ cell-transmitted alteration initiated by the preconceptual maternal X-ray exposure."

More recent papers
This table allows an automated computer search of the external PubMed database using the listed "Search term" text link. This search now requires a manual link as the original PubMed extension has been disabled. The displayed list of references do not reflect any editorial selection of material based on content or relevance. References also appear on this list based upon the date of the actual page viewing. References listed on the rest of the content page and the associated discussion page (listed under the publication year sub-headings) do include some editorial selection based upon both relevance and availability. More? References \| Discussion Page \| Journal Searches \| 2019 References \| 2020 References Search term: Fetal X-ray \| Neonatal X-ray

Musculoskeletal Abnormalities

Congenital Hip Dislocation

(>>) right hip dysplasia is shown.

Skeletal Bowing

Fetal bowing and hypoplasia of the femur, tibia and fibula, and talipes equinovarus.^[4]

Arthrogryposis

Renal Abnormalities

Renal Agenesis

Ureteral Duplication

Links: Renal Abnormalities | Renal Development

Gastrointestinal Tract Abnormalities

Duodenal atresia

Gene Tests

A new site developed by NIH "GeneTests" provides medical genetics information resources available at no cost to all interested persons. It contains educational information, a directory of genetic testing laboratories and links to other databases such as OMIM.

Links: Gene Tests

References

↑ Hodson K, Waugh J & Nelson-Piercy C. (2011). Early life radiation exposure. Withholding imaging in pregnancy may be hazardous. BMJ , 342, d1486. PMID: 21406518
↑ Franco EL & Turgeon GA. (2010). Radiodiagnostic imaging in pregnancy and the risk of childhood malignancy: raising the bar. PLoS Med. , 7, e1000338. PMID: 20838652 DOI.
↑ Dasenbrock C, Tillmann T, Ernst H, Behnke W, Kellner R, Hagemann G, Kaever V, Kohler M, Rittinghausen S, Mohr U & Tomatis L. (2005). Maternal effects and cancer risk in the progeny of mice exposed to X-rays before conception. Exp. Toxicol. Pathol. , 56, 351-60. PMID: 15945274 DOI.
↑ ten Broek CM, Bots J, Varela-Lasheras I, Bugiani M, Galis F & Van Dongen S. (2013). Amniotic fluid deficiency and congenital abnormalities both influence fluctuating asymmetry in developing limbs of human deceased fetuses. PLoS ONE , 8, e81824. PMID: 24312362 DOI.

Reviews

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{#pmid:18528700}}

Articles

{#pmid:16484148}}

{#pmid:14949062}}

{#pmid:14942747}}

{#pmid:15434757}}

Search PubMed

Search PubMed: x-ray neonatal diagnosis | x-ray neonatal screening | maternal x-ray risk

Additional Images

Congenital limb reduction xray

External Links

External Links Notice - The dynamic nature of the internet may mean that some of these listed links may no longer function. If the link no longer works search the web with the link text or name. Links to any external commercial sites are provided for information purposes only and should never be considered an endorsement. UNSW Embryology is provided as an educational resource with no clinical information or commercial affiliation.

NIH PubMed Health Newborn Screening
Nemours Foundation Newborn Screening Tests
The Children's Hospital at Westmead NSW Newborn Screening
Secondary School Resource biotechnology online
PBS How the World Discovered the X-Ray

Glossary Links

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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2023, December 2) Embryology X-ray. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/X-ray

What Links Here?

[PMID21406518-1] Hodson K, Waugh J & Nelson-Piercy C. (2011). Early life radiation exposure. Withholding imaging in pregnancy may be hazardous. BMJ , 342, d1486. PMID: 21406518

[PMID20838652-2] Franco EL & Turgeon GA. (2010). Radiodiagnostic imaging in pregnancy and the risk of childhood malignancy: raising the bar. PLoS Med. , 7, e1000338. PMID: 20838652 DOI.

[PMID15945274-3] Dasenbrock C, Tillmann T, Ernst H, Behnke W, Kellner R, Hagemann G, Kaever V, Kohler M, Rittinghausen S, Mohr U & Tomatis L. (2005). Maternal effects and cancer risk in the progeny of mice exposed to X-rays before conception. Exp. Toxicol. Pathol. , 56, 351-60. PMID: 15945274 DOI.

[PMID24312362-4] ten Broek CM, Bots J, Varela-Lasheras I, Bugiani M, Galis F & Van Dongen S. (2013). Amniotic fluid deficiency and congenital abnormalities both influence fluctuating asymmetry in developing limbs of human deceased fetuses. PLoS ONE , 8, e81824. PMID: 24312362 DOI.

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