Molecular Development - microRNA
Embryology - 26 Apr 2024 Expand to Translate |
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Introduction
Micro RNA (miRNA) are 22 nucleotide non-coding RNAs that regulate about 30% of mammalian genes.
The original "RNA family" consisted of just 3 main members; transfer RNA (tRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and messenger RNAs (mRNA).
These small pieces of RNA have been identified as important negative regulators in both development and adult cell processes involving gene expression. The repressive effects are typically relatively mild, with parallel regulatory mechanisms, the phenotype may require a stress condition or tissue injury for their expression.
miRNAs are initially transcribed by RNA polymerase II as part of capped and polyadenylated primary transcripts (pri-miRNAs) that can be either protein-coding or non-coding. The primary transcript is cleaved by the Drosha ribonuclease III enzyme to produce an approximately 70-nt stem-loop precursor miRNA (pre-miRNA), which is further cleaved by the cytoplasmic Dicer ribonuclease to generate the mature ~22 (20-24 nt) nucleotide miRNA and antisense miRNA star (miRNA*) products.
The miRNAs then bind (by imperfectly complementation) usually to 3′ untranslated region of target mRNAs, resulting in mRNA degradation and/or translational inhibition.
Some Recent Findings
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More recent papers |
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This table allows an automated computer search of the external PubMed database using the listed "Search term" text link.
More? References | Discussion Page | Journal Searches | 2019 References | 2020 References Search term: microRNA Embryology <pubmed limit=5>microRNA Embryology</pubmed> |
Pathway
- Primary miRNA precursors are transcribed in the nucleus
- Processed into 19-22 nt mature miRNAs by
- nuclear RNase III enzyme Drosha and its co-factor Dgcr8
- cytoplasmic RNase III enzyme Dicer
- miRNAs then loaded into the miRNA-induced silencing complex (miRISC)
Some miRNA subclasses are either Drosha- or Dicer-independent.
miRNA-Induced Silencing Complex
(miRISC) components include the argonaute proteins (Ago1–4), Ago2 is the only protein with the slicer activity.
Functional miRNA Grouping
The following identifies microRNAs that have been identified with specific developmental processes, based upon a commercial collation of basic research data.
- Pluripotency
- let-7a, let-7b, let-7c, let-7d, let-7e, let-7g, miR-101, miR-106b, miR-125b, miR-130a, miR-133b, miR-141, miR-15a, miR-17, miR-182, miR-183, miR-18a, miR-18b, miR-205, miR-20a, miR-20b, miR-21, miR-214, miR-22, miR-222, miR-23b, miR-24, miR-302a, miR-302c, miR-345, miR-424, miR-498, miR-518b, miR-520g.
- miR-10 - microRNA precursor part of an RNA gene family which contains miR-10, miR-51, miR-57, miR-99 and miR-100. miR-10, miR-99 and miR-100 have been confirmed in a wide range of species.
Nomenclature
arm the mature sequence
- left (-5p)
- right (-3p)
Early Development
- Embryoid Bodies
- miR-132, miR-181a, miR-9.
- Definitive Endoderm
- miR-205, miR-375.
Ectoderm
- Neural Development
- let-7b, miR-103a, miR-106b, miR-10b, miR-124, miR-125b, miR-130a, miR-132, miR-134, miR-137, miR-16, miR-181a, miR-182, miR-183, miR-20a, miR-210, miR-219-5p, miR-22, miR-23b, miR-24, miR-26a, miR-302a, miR-302c, miR-7, miR-9, miR-96.
- Neural Tube - miRNA-430 organises cell division (planes) for neural tube morphogenesis. PMID 26658217
- Eye Development
- miR-130a, miR-196a, miR-219-5p, miR-23b, miR-96.
- Epidermal Differentiation
- let-7b, miR-205, miR-210, miR-23b, miR-26a.
- Inner Ear Development
- miR-182, miR-183, miR-96.
- Integumentary Development
- 70 miRNAs are expressed in embryonic skin.
- miR-205 in epithelia and promotes keratinocyte migration in vitro
- miR-203 in suprabasal epidermal cells
Mesoderm
- Haematopoiesis
- let-7e, miR-125a-5p, miR-142-3p, miR-223.
- T Cell Development
- let-7a, let-7f, miR-106b, miR-142-5p, miR-146b-5p, miR-150, miR-15a, miR-15b, miR-16, miR-181a, miR-20a, miR-222, miR-26a.
- Erythropoiesis
- let-7a, let-7b, let-7c, let-7d, let-7f, let-7g, let-7i, miR-126, miR-128a, miR-137, miR-155, miR-15b, miR-16, miR-17, miR-181a, miR-182, miR-185, miR-206, miR-21, miR-22, miR-222, miR-24, miR-26a, miR-96.
- Lymphopoiesis
- let-7b, miR-125b, miR-128a, miR-16, miR-181a, miR-21, miR-24.
- Megakaryopoiesis
- miR-106b, miR-10a, miR-10b, miR-122, miR-126, miR-127-5p, miR-129-5p, miR-134, miR-146a, miR-150, miR-155, miR-17, miR-18a, miR-192, miR-20a, miR-20b, miR-21, miR-22, miR-301a, miR-33a, miR-378, miR-92a, miR-93.
- Monocyte Differentiation
- miR-155, miR-222, miR-424.
- Myelopoiesis
- miR-103a, miR-128a, miR-17, miR-181a, miR-24.
- Angiogenesis
- miR-126, miR-130a, miR-218, miR-222, miR-92a.
- Myogenesis
- miR-1, miR-125b, miR-206, miR-26a.
- Osteogenesis
- miR-141, miR-15b, miR-424.
- Adipogenesis
- let-7b, let-7c, let-7e, miR-100, miR-101, miR-103a, miR-10b, miR-146b-5p, miR-155, miR-182, miR-192, miR-194, miR-196a, miR-21, miR-210, miR-214, miR-22, miR-24, miR-498, miR-96, miR-99a.
- Chondrogenesis: let-7f, miR-1, miR-132, miR-181a, miR-196a, miR-96, miR-99a.
- Heart Development: miR-1, miR-208, miR-488.
Endoderm
- Liver Development
- let-7a, let-7b, let-7c, miR-10a, miR-122, miR-125b, miR-192, miR-21, miR-22, miR-23b, miR-92a, miR-99a.
- Pancreatic Development
- miR-15a, miR-15b, miR-16, miR-195, miR-214, miR-375, miR-7, miR-9.
- Intestinal Development
- let-7d, let-7e, miR-103a, miR-106b, miR-125b, miR-126, miR-130a, miR-141, miR-146b-5p, miR-17, miR-192, miR-194, miR-21, miR-215, miR-301a, miR-424.
- Data: SABiosciences Cell Differentiation & Development miRNA PCR Array
Nucleolus
Five miRNAs show highest nucleolar concentration in myoblasts using the microarray assay, miR-340-5p, miR-351, miR-494, miR-664, or let-7e, are thought to be skeletal muscle-specific miRNAs (i.e., miR-1, miR-133, and miR-206 and perhaps miR-95, miR-128a, and miR-499).[6]
Other RNAs
The original "RNA family" consisted of just 3 main members; transfer RNA (tRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and messenger RNAs (mRNA). MicroRNA (miRNA) is a member of other newly identified classes of RNA have been suggested to have many different roles in signalling, protein processing and differentiation.
- long non-coding RNA - (lncRNA) A class of RNA greater than 200bp in length that do not encode a protein product. PMID 26430155
- small nuclear RNA - (snRNA)
- small nucleolar RNA - (snoRNA)
- short regulatory RNA (piwi-associated RNA (piRNA)
- endogenous short-interfering RNA - (endo-siRNA)
- microRNA - (miRNA)
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 <pubmed>24682221</pubmed>| PLoS One. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>
tag; name 'PMID24682221' defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid<ref>
tag; name 'PMID24682221' defined multiple times with different content - ↑ <pubmed>28592665</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>26999121</pubmed>| Int J Mol Sci.
- ↑ <pubmed>21989093</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>26311337</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>19628621</pubmed>
Reviews
<pubmed>21850044</pubmed> <pubmed>21742789</pubmed> <pubmed>21576351</pubmed> <pubmed>21504869</pubmed> <pubmed>21486922</pubmed> <pubmed>19148191</pubmed>
Articles
<pubmed></pubmed> <pubmed></pubmed> <pubmed>23617334</pubmed> <pubmed>20520778</pubmed> <pubmed>18029362</pubmed>| Nucleic Acids Res. <pubmed></pubmed>
Search Pubmed
Search Pubmed Now: microRNA
External Links
External Links Notice - The dynamic nature of the internet may mean that some of these listed links may no longer function. If the link no longer works search the web with the link text or name. Links to any external commercial sites are provided for information purposes only and should never be considered an endorsement. UNSW Embryology is provided as an educational resource with no clinical information or commercial affiliation.
- miRBase - http://www.mirbase.org
- miRIAD - http://www.bioinfo.mochsl.org.br/miriad/miRNA/hsa-mir-1180/ is a web search tool designed to help users to access integrated information concerning intragenic microRNAs and their host genes
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center - microRNA.org - Targets and Expression
- SABiosciences - Cell Differentiation & Development miRNA PCR Array
- Sigma-Aldrich - miRNA Introduction
- miRNAMap - http://mirnamap.mbc.nctu.edu.tw/
Glossary Links
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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, April 26) Embryology Molecular Development - microRNA. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Molecular_Development_-_microRNA
- © Dr Mark Hill 2024, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G