Foundations Practical - Neonatal: Difference between revisions
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==Newborn Infant== | ==Newborn Infant== | ||
[[File:Newborn.jpg|thumb|Newborn]] | [[File:Newborn.jpg|thumb|Newborn]] | ||
:''Some essential systems come online, others continue to develop.'' | :''Some essential systems come online, others continue to develop.'' | ||
The neonatal period is about the transition from an interuterine placenta and maternally supported life to life to relatively independent life in the external environment. | The neonatal period is about the transition from an interuterine placenta and maternally supported life to life to relatively independent life in the external environment. | ||
In developing a broad understanding of the neonatal period you need to think about the two different environments and the effects of loss of placental support. | In developing a broad understanding of the neonatal period you need to think about the two different environments and the effects of loss of placental support. Remember that substantial postnatal development still has to occur in many systems. Identify these systems and the associated changes that occur. | ||
==Birth== | ==Birth== | ||
{| | |||
| [[File:Galletti1770_birth.jpg|Historic model of birth]] | |||
| <html5media height="500" width="400">File:Birth MRI.mp4</html5media> | |||
[[ | [[Media:Birth MRI.mp4|'''Click Here''' to play on mobile device]] | ||
|- | |||
|} | |||
The median duration of gestation for first births from assumed ovulation to delivery was '''274''' days (just over 39 weeks). For multiple births, the median duration of pregnancy was '''269 '''days (38.4 weeks). | The median duration of gestation for first births from assumed ovulation to delivery was '''274''' days (just over 39 weeks). For multiple births, the median duration of pregnancy was '''269 '''days (38.4 weeks). | ||
==Birth Weight== | |||
The primary causes of VLBW are premature birth (born <37 weeks gestation, and often <30 weeks) and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), usually due to problems with placenta, maternal health, or to birth defects. Many VLBW babies with IUGR are preterm and thus are both physically small and physiologically immature. See also {{DOHAD}}. | |||
{{Birth-Weight Table}} | |||
== Newborn Homoeostasis== | == Newborn Homoeostasis== | ||
[[File:Newborn.jpg|Newborn]] | [[File:Guthrie_card.jpg|thumb|link=Guthrie test|Guthrie card]] | ||
{| | |||
The newborn has to establish: | | [[File:Newborn.jpg|300px|Newborn]] | ||
| The newborn has to establish: | |||
* lung function | * lung function | ||
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* waste | * waste | ||
* kidney function | * kidney function | ||
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<br><br> | |||
==Australian Birth== | ==Australian Birth== | ||
[[File:Australian- | Now briefly consider the current Australian trends in birth and the new reproductive technologies available. | ||
{| | |||
| [[File:Australian-births_2011.jpg|400px]] | |||
[[Australia’s mothers and babies 2016]] | |||
* 310,247 women gave {{birth}} in Australia (an increase of 12% since 2006, 77,440 women). | |||
* 62 per 1,000 women of reproductive age (15–44 years) giving birth (fluctuated between 2006 and 2016). | |||
* 30.5 years of age, average age of all women who gave birth (continues to rise, 29.8 in 2006). | |||
* 73% of mothers lived in major cities (most were themselves born in Australia). | |||
* 66% of mothers (205,364) had a vaginal birth and 34% (104,839) had a {{caesarean}} section. | |||
* Obesity in pregnancy contributes to increased risks of illness and death for both mother and baby. | |||
* Maternal death most frequent causes were non-obstetric haemorrhage. | |||
| [[File:Australia's_mothers_and_babies_2016.jpg|thumb|link=Australia’s mothers and babies 2016|alt=Australia’s mothers and babies (2016)|Australia’s mothers and babies (2016)]] | |||
|} | |||
===Assisted reproductive technology in Australia and New Zealand=== | |||
{| | |||
| [[File:Assisted reproductive technology in Australia and New Zealand 2015.jpg|thumb|Assisted reproductive technology in Australia and New Zealand 2015]] | |||
| Assisted reproductive technology (ART) is a group of procedures that involve the in vitro (outside of body) handling of human oocytes (eggs) and sperm or embryos for the purposes of establishing a pregnancy. | |||
Assisted Reproduction Technology (ART) is also used to identify ''in vitro fertilization'' (IVF), but now includes many new fertility techniques. Each ART treatment involves a number of stages and is generally referred to as an '''ART treatment cycle'''. The embryos transferred to a women can either originate from the cycle in which they were created (fresh cycle) or be frozen and thawed before transfer (thaw cycle). | |||
* 77,721 ART treatment cycles reported from Australian and New Zealand clinics in 2015. | |||
* 5.6% increase in Australia and 6.0% increase in New Zealand on 2014. | |||
* 14.4 cycles per 1,000 women of reproductive age (15–44 years) in Australia. | |||
* 94.5% of treatments used their own oocytes or embryos (autologous cycles). | |||
* 37.4% of autologous cycles used embryos that had been frozen and thawed. | |||
(More? [[Assisted Reproductive Technology]]) | |||
|} | |||
==Maternal Changes== | |||
* '''Puerperium''' - six weeks following birth, maternal reproductive organs and physiology return to pre-pregnancy state. | |||
* '''Involution''' - process of tissue catabolism of uterus. | |||
* '''Lochia''' - uterine (placental) discharge, blood plus mucous, continues for about 4 weeks. | |||
* '''Mammary''' - glandular development and function. | |||
==Development does not finish at Birth== | |||
Many systems continue to grow and differentiate after birth, in particular neural, sensory, respiratory, renal, endocrine and genital. | |||
{| | |||
| width=400px|[[File:Brainweight.jpg|400px|Postnatal brain weight increase]] | |||
| [[File:Postnatal alveoli number.jpg|500px|Postnatal alveoli number]] | |||
|- | |||
| Newborn Brain Changes - Complex and ongoing processes of neurological development continue postnatally. This can be seen at the very basic level by simply measuring the increase in overall brain weight. | |||
| Postnatal lung growth - At birth about 15% of adult alveoli number have formed. | |||
|} | |||
See also {{DOHAD}}. | |||
<references/> | |||
==Additional Information== | |||
{{Med Prac additional Information}} | |||
===Neonatal=== | |||
{{Birth Links}} | |||
<br> | |||
{{Neonatal Diagnosis links}} | |||
<br> | |||
{{Postnatal Links}} | |||
<br> | |||
==Terms== | |||
{{Medicine terms list disclaimer}} | |||
{{Birth Terms}} | |||
{{Neonatal terms}} | |||
{{ | {{FoundationLab}} |
Latest revision as of 09:50, 1 April 2019
Foundations Practical: Introduction | Week 1 and 2 | Week 3 and 4 | Week 1 to 8 | Week 9 to 36 | Neonatal | Critical Periods | Additional Resources | Quiz
Newborn Infant
- Some essential systems come online, others continue to develop.
The neonatal period is about the transition from an interuterine placenta and maternally supported life to life to relatively independent life in the external environment.
In developing a broad understanding of the neonatal period you need to think about the two different environments and the effects of loss of placental support. Remember that substantial postnatal development still has to occur in many systems. Identify these systems and the associated changes that occur.
Birth
<html5media height="500" width="400">File:Birth MRI.mp4</html5media> |
The median duration of gestation for first births from assumed ovulation to delivery was 274 days (just over 39 weeks). For multiple births, the median duration of pregnancy was 269 days (38.4 weeks).
Birth Weight
The primary causes of VLBW are premature birth (born <37 weeks gestation, and often <30 weeks) and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), usually due to problems with placenta, maternal health, or to birth defects. Many VLBW babies with IUGR are preterm and thus are both physically small and physiologically immature. See also DOHAD.
no colour | |||||||||||
Birth weight (grams) | less 500 | 500 – 999 | 1,000 – 1,499 | 1,500 – 1,999 | 2,000 – 2,499 | 2,500 – 2,999 | 3,000 – 3,499 | 3,500 – 3,999 | 4,000 – 4,499 | 4,500 – 4,999 | 5,000 or more |
Classification |
Newborn Homoeostasis
The newborn has to establish:
|
Australian Birth
Now briefly consider the current Australian trends in birth and the new reproductive technologies available.
Australia’s mothers and babies 2016
|
Assisted reproductive technology in Australia and New Zealand
Assisted reproductive technology (ART) is a group of procedures that involve the in vitro (outside of body) handling of human oocytes (eggs) and sperm or embryos for the purposes of establishing a pregnancy.
Assisted Reproduction Technology (ART) is also used to identify in vitro fertilization (IVF), but now includes many new fertility techniques. Each ART treatment involves a number of stages and is generally referred to as an ART treatment cycle. The embryos transferred to a women can either originate from the cycle in which they were created (fresh cycle) or be frozen and thawed before transfer (thaw cycle).
(More? Assisted Reproductive Technology) |
Maternal Changes
- Puerperium - six weeks following birth, maternal reproductive organs and physiology return to pre-pregnancy state.
- Involution - process of tissue catabolism of uterus.
- Lochia - uterine (placental) discharge, blood plus mucous, continues for about 4 weeks.
- Mammary - glandular development and function.
Development does not finish at Birth
Many systems continue to grow and differentiate after birth, in particular neural, sensory, respiratory, renal, endocrine and genital.
See also DOHAD.
Additional Information
Additional Information - Content shown under this heading is not part of the material covered in this class. It is provided for those students who would like to know about some concepts or current research in topics related to the current class page. |
Neonatal
Neonatal Diagnosis Links: neonatal diagnosis | Apgar test | Guthrie test | hearing test | Electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG) | X-ray | Tandem mass spectrometry | Classification of Diseases |
Postnatal Links: birth | neonatal | neonatal diagnosis | milk | Nutrition | growth charts | Disease School Exclusion | vaccination | puberty | genital |
Terms
Note - linked terms in the list below are external resources to the current class content.
Birth Terms | ||
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| ||
|
Neonatal Terms | ||
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Foundations Practical: Introduction | Week 1 and 2 | Week 3 and 4 | Week 1 to 8 | Week 9 to 36 | Neonatal | Critical Periods | Additional Resources | Quiz
Glossary: A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | Numbers
Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, May 21) Embryology Foundations Practical - Neonatal. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Foundations_Practical_-_Neonatal
- © Dr Mark Hill 2024, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G