Foundations Lecture - Introduction to Human Development
Embryology - 21 May 2024 Expand to Translate |
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Introduction
Human development is one of the most exciting topics to study not only as a medical student, but also for our fundamental understanding of the human body. Of all health issues in Medicine, fertility and reproduction is a topic that will affect everyone. This lecture is going to take you briefly through key biological concepts in human development, these will later be explored in more detail through the BGD course. I will be using simplified terms in the lecture slides (with developmental term in brackets).
Lecture being updated for 2016.
- Australian Statistics 28 January 2015 at 02:13:44 PM (Canberra time), the resident population of Australia is projected to be: 23,725,729.
The lecture will be followed by a practical class introducing online resources for independent study and working through similar embryology concepts.
- Links: Printable Lecture Page | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | 2012 | PDF version (1.3 MB, 19 pages)
Other Foundations links |
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The following lecture, practical and practical support pages for Foundations can be found on this current site.
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Aims
Lecture Concepts: Embryology Education Support, Human Reproductive Cycle, First Trimester, Second and Third Trimester, Postnatal Development, Abnormal Development
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<mediaplayer width='320' height='260' image="http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/images/a/ad/Found2014part1.jpg">File:Found2014part1.mp4</mediaplayer> |
Four Basic Tissue Types
Tissues and organs of the body consist of combinations of 4 basic tissue organisations:
- Epithelial
- Connective
- Muscular
- Nervous
- Where do they come from?
- How do they develop?
Human Development Timeline
Last Menstrual Period (LMP)first day was today -> Birth Date - January 26, 2016 |
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Gestation Calculation
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Embryology Education Support
UNSW Embryology Online
<html5media height="384" width="352">File:Human development 001.mp4</html5media> |
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Using these resources (online navigation, organization and printing) will be covered in the introduction to the associated Practical class.
Glossary Links
- A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | Numbers | Symbols
Textbooks
- There are many different excellent embryology textbooks
- I have included below The Developing Human textbook accessible online through the UNSW Library that cover the clinical topics as well. More Textbooks?
The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology (10th edn) |
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UNSW Students have online access to the current 10th edn. through the UNSW Library subscription (with student Zpass log-in).
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- Links: More Embryology Textbooks
Human Reproductive Cycle
- Meiosis in gonad produces haploid gametes
- testis the sperm (spermatozoa)
- ovary the egg (oocyte)
- there are several differences in when and how gametes are formed in the male and female gonad.
Female
- Menstrual Cycle a regular cycle of reproduction (28 days)
- begins at puberty
- release of 1 egg (oocyte) every cycle
- Endocrine controlled (HPG axis)
- Hypothalamus
- Pituitary
- Gonad
Male
- begins at puberty
- continuous production of sperm (spermatozoa, human male 2,000/second)
- release millions of spermatozoa (require activation, capacitation)
Ovary
- Paired organs
- lying in the peritoneal cavity
Ovulation
- ovulation is the release of the egg (oocyte) at about the middle of the menstrual cycle
Human ovulation
Trimesters
- Divide the pregnancy into 3 "blocks" of about 3 months (trimesters)
- First Trimester - embryonic period (organogenesis)
- Second and Trimester - fetal period (growth)
First Trimester
- Embryonic Period - Week 1 to 8 (first trimester)
- Establish the basic structure of organs and tissues (Organogenesis)
- development and growth of the placenta (Placentation)
Fertilization
- the process of the 2 haploid gametes (egg and sperm) fusing and combining genetic material.
- conceptus - the entire product of fertilization
Week 1
- occurs freely floating in uterus
- occurs during week 1 following fertilization
- last menstrual period (LMP) week 3
- mitosis to form solid ball of cells (morula), then hollow ball (blastocyst)
Week 2
- Implantation - initial attachment to uterine wall, and then invasion of the uterine wall.
Normal Implantation
- Uterine body
- posterior, anterior, superior, lateral (most common posterior)
- inferior implantation - placenta overlies internal os of uterus Placenta Previa
Abnormal Implantation
- Ectopic Sites
- external surface of uterus, ovary, bowel, gastrointestinal tract, mesentery, peritoneal wall
- If not spontaneous then, embryo has to be removed surgically
- Uterine - tubal pregnancy (most common ectopic)
Detect Pregnancy
- Clinically can be detected following implantation (week 2)
- Last Menstrual Period (LMP) - today ? ....... Birth Date - January 30, 2014
Week 3
- 3 Key processes commence
1. Gastrulation
- the formation of the 3 layer embryo (trilaminar embryo)
- All tissues of the body are formed from these 3 embryonic tissue layers (germ layers)
- Ectoderm (epithelium) - forms the central and peripheral nervous system and epithelium of the skin
- Mesoderm (connective tissue) - forms the body connective tissues: blood, bone, muscle, connective tissue skin, gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts
- Endoderm (epithelium) - forms gastrointestinal tract organs and the epithelium of the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts
2. Somitogenesis
- segmentation of the mesoderm into somites
- forms the axial body plan
3. Neuralation
- segmentation of the ectoderm
- separates the neural tissue from the skin (epidermis)
Week 4
- heart formation (cardiogenesis)
- first functioning organ
Week 4-8
- early development of the other organs, tissues and limbs
Week 5 | Week 8 | ||||||
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Placenta
- Materno/fetal organ
- No exchange of blood
- Many different roles
- can be "sampled" as part of a prenatal diagnostic test
- interaction between implanting conceptus and uterine wall (endometrium)
- The uterine lining following implantation (Decidua)
- forms 3 distinct regions, at approx 3 weeks
- Decidua Basalis - implantation site
- Decidua Capsularis - enclosing the conceptus
- Decidua Parietalis - remainder of uterus
- uterine cavity is lost by 12 weeks
Second and Third Trimester
- Week 9 to 37 - Fetal Development
- Continuing growth and differentiation of organs formed in embryonic period
- some organs have a later development - neural, genital, respiratory, bones
- some continue to develop after birth - neural, genital, respiratory, bones
- growth in size, length (Second Trimester)
- growth in weight (Third Trimester)
Postnatal Development
Birth
- birth (parturition) is a complex physiological process between the fetus and mother
- thought to be initiated by the fetus
Maternal Birth Stages
- Dilatation
- Expulsion
- Placental
- Recovery
Australian Birth Rate 1998-2007
Newborn
Newborn (perinatal) needs to activate many systems and establish independent regulation (homeostasis)
- Lung function - Fluid drainage, Gas exchange, muscular activity
- Circulatory changes - Closure of 3 vascular shunts
- Thermoregulation - metabolic rate, fat metabolism
- Nutrition - gastrointestinal tract function, peristalsis
- Waste - kidney function
- Endocrine function - loss of placenta, maternal hormones
Abnormal Development
Critical Periods of Development
Three main causes:
- Genetic
- Environmental
- Unknown
- First trimester most critical
- Different effect depending on time of insult (teratogen)
Diagnosis
- Prenatal diagnosis - number of different techniques (non-invasive, invasive) for determining normal development
- Neonatal diagnosis (APGAR test, Guthrie test)
- Maternal diagnosis - often pregnancy will expose maternal health problems
- Gutherie card icon.jpg
Gutherie card
Additional Information
Additional Information - Content shown under this heading is not part of the material covered in this class. It is provided for those students who would like to know about some concepts or current research in topics related to the current class page. |
Revision Notes
- You don't need to know everything today, this is an introduction.
- Use the glossary to help understand new terms.
- Don't confuse "germ cell layers" (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm) with "germ cells" (egg, spermatazoa).
- Remember the difference between "clinical weeks" (last menstral period) and "embryonic weeks" (from ovulation/fertilisation, 2 weeks later).
- With abnormalities
- think about the types of prenatal dianostic techniques that are now available
- the 2 major types (genetic and environmental)
- the effect of maternal age/health/lifestyle.
Textbooks
Hill, M.A. (2013) UNSW Embryology (13th ed.). Sydney:UNSW.
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Citation: Moore, K.L., Persaud, T.V.N. & Torchia, M.G. (2015). The developing human: clinically oriented embryology (10th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders.
UNSW Students have online access to the current 10th edn. through the UNSW Library subscription. Links: UNSW Library | NLM ID: 101649439 Chapter 1 - Introduction to the Developing Human | |
Keith L. Moore, T.V.N. Persaud, Mark G. Torchia. (2011). The Developing Human: clinically oriented embryology (9th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders. |
Foundations Practical - Introduction to Human Development
Glossary Links
- Glossary: A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | Numbers | Symbols | Term Link
Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, May 21) Embryology Foundations Lecture - Introduction to Human Development. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Foundations_Lecture_-_Introduction_to_Human_Development
- © Dr Mark Hill 2024, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G