Fertilization: Difference between revisions
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| [[Development_Animation_-_Pronuclear_Fusion|Flash]] | [[Quicktime_Development_Animation_-_Pronuclear_Fusion|Quicktime]] | | [[Development_Animation_-_Pronuclear_Fusion|Flash]] | [[Quicktime_Development_Animation_-_Pronuclear_Fusion|Quicktime]] |
Revision as of 16:44, 14 October 2010
Introduction
Fertilization is the fusion of haploid gametes, egg and sperm, to form the diploid zygote. Note though there can be subtle differences in the fertilization process which occurs naturally within the body or through reproductive technologies outside the body, the overall product in both cases is a diplod zygote. In fertilization research, after humans the mouse is the most studied species followed by domestic and farm animals. The process of fertilization involves components of, and signaling between, both sperm and egg.
| Morula | Blastocyst | original page
Some Recent Findings
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Objectives
- Understand the mechanisms of gamete formation.
- Understand the mechanisms of cell division.
- Describe the differences between mitosis and meiosis.
- Understand the mechanisms of fertilization, both in vivo and in vitro.
- Describe the cleavage of the zygote.
- Have a preliminary understanding of the role and process in male sex determination and X inactivation.
- Understand the abnormalities that occur during this period of development.
Movies
Fertilization | Fertilization in Mouse | Pronuclear Fusion |
Flash | Quicktime | Flash | Quicktime | Flash | Quicktime |
Fertilization Preparation
Prior to the fertilization process commencing both the gametes oocyte (egg) and spermatozoa (sperm) require completion of a number of biological processes.
- Oocyte Meiosis - completes Meiosis 1 and commences Meiosis 2 (arrests at Metaphase II).
- Spermatozoa Capacitation - following release (ejaculation) and mixing with other glandular secretions, activates motility and acrosome preparation.
- Migration - both Oocyte and Spermatozoa.
- oocyte ovulation and release with associated cells, from ovary into fimbria then into uterine tube (oviduct, uterine horn, fallopian tube) and epithelial cilia mediated movement.
- spermatozoa ejaculation, deposited in vagina, movement of tail to "swim" in uterine secretions through cervix, uterine body and into uterine tube, have approximately 24-72h to fertilize oocyte.
Endocrinology - Diagram of the comparative anatomy of the male and female reproductive tracts
Oogenesis
- Process of oogonia mature into oocytes (ova, ovum, egg)
- all oogonia form primary oocytes before birth, therefore a maturation of preexisting cells in the female gonad, ovary
- humans usually only 1 ovum released every menstrual cycle (IVF- superovulation)
- oocyte and its surrounding cells = follicle
- primary -> secondary -> ovulation releases
Ovary- Histology - whole transverse section (cortex, medulla)
Menstrual Cycle
- Primary Oocyte - arrested at early Meiosis 1
- diploid: 22 chromosome pairs + 1 pair X chromosomes (46, XX)
- autosomes and sex chromosome
- Oogenesis- pre-antral then antral follicle (Graafian follicle is mature antral follicle released)
- Secondary oocyte
- 1 Day before ovulation completes (stim by LH) Meiosis 1
- haploid: 22 chromosomes + 1 X chromosome (23, X)
- nondisjunction- abnormal chromosome segregation
- begins Meiosis 2 and arrests at metaphase
- note no interphase replication of DNA, only fertilization will complete Meiosis 2
Ovulation (HPG Axis)
- Hypothalmus releases gonadotropin releasing hormone (GRH, luteinizing hormone–releasing hormone, LHRH) -> Pituitary releases follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and lutenizing hormone (LH) -> ovary follicle development and ovulation.
- release of the secondary oocyte and formation of corpus luteum
- secondary oocyte encased in zona pellucida and corona radiata
- Ovulation associated with follicle rupture and ampulla movement.
Zona Pellucida
MBoC - Figure 20-21. The zona pellucida
- glycoprotein shell ZP1, ZP2, ZP3
- mechanical protection of egg
- involved in the fertilization process
- sperm binding
- adhesion of sperm to egg
- acrosome reaction
- releases enzymes to locally breakdown
- block of polyspermy
- altered to prevent more than 1 sperm penetrating
- may also have a role in development of the blastocyst
Corona Radiata
- granulosa cells and extracellular matrix
- protective and nutritional role for cells during transport
- cells are also lost during transport along oviduct
Gamete formation- Spermatogenesis
- process of spermatagonia mature into spermatazoa (sperm)
- continuously throughout life occurs in the seminiferous tubules in the male gonad- testis (plural testes)
- at puberty spermatagonia activate and proliferate (mitosis)
- primary spermatocyte -> secondary spermatocyte-> spermatid->sperm
- Seminiferous Tubule is site of maturation involving meiosis and spermiogenesis
- Spermatogenesis- Meiosis
- meiosis is reductive cell division
- 1 spermatagonia (diploid) 46, XY (also written 44+XY) = 4 sperm (haploid); 23, X 23, X 23, Y 23, Y
Spermiogenesis
- morphological (shape) change from round spermatids to elongated sperm
- loose cytoplasm
- Transform golgi apparatus into acrosome (in head)
- Organize microtubules for motility (in tail, flagellum)
- Segregate mitochondria for energy (in tail)
Ejaculate
- By volume <10 % sperm and accessory glands contribute majority of volume (60 % seminal vesicle, 10 % bulbourethral, 30 % prostate)
- 3.5 ml, 200-600 million sperm
- Capacitation is the removal of glycoprotein coat and seminal proteins and alteration of sperm mitochondria
- Infertility can be due to Oligospermia, Azoospermia, Immotile Cilia Syndrome
- Oligospermia (Low Sperm Count) - less than 20 million sperm after 72 hour abstinence from sex
- Azoospermia (Absent Sperm) - blockage of duct network
- Immotile Cilia Syndrome - lack of sperm motility
Fertilization Site
- Fertilization usually occurs in first 1/3 of oviduct
- Fertilization can also occur outside oviduct, associated with In Vitro Fertilization (IVF, GIFT, ZIFT...) and ectopic pregnancy
- The majority of fertilized eggs do not go on to form an embryo
Fertilization - Spermatozoa
- Sperm Binding - zona pellucida protein ZP3 acts as receptor for sperm
- Acrosome Reaction - exyocytosis of acrosome contents (Calcium mediated) MBoC - Figure 20-31. The acrosome reaction that occurs when a mammalian sperm fertilizes an egg
- enzymes to digest the zona pellucida
- exposes sperm surface proteins to bind ZP2
- Membrane Fusion - between sperm and egg, allows sperm nuclei passage into egg cytoplasm
Fertilization- Oocyte
- Membrane Depolarization - caused by sperm membrane fusion, primary block to polyspermy
- Cortical Reaction - IP3 pathway elevates intracellular Calcium, exocytosis of cortical granules MBoC - Figure 20-32. How the cortical reaction in a mouse egg is thought to prevent additional sperm from entering the egg
- enzyme alters ZP3 so it will no longer bind sperm plasma membrane
- Meiosis 2 - completion of 2nd meiotic division
- forms second polar body (a third polar body may be formed by meiotic division of the first polar body)
Sperm-Oocye Interaction
- Contact between sperm and oocyte egg coat (zona pellucida [ZP]) glycoproteins triggers increases in intracellular calcium ion (iCa2+) concentration in sperm[2]
- CATSPER channels on the distal portion of sperm (the principal piece) are required for the ZP-induced iCa2+ increases
- iCa2+ increase starts from the sperm tail and propagates toward the head
- Store depletion-activated Ca(2+) entry is thought to mediate the sustained phase
Formation of the Zygote
- Pronuclei - Male and Female haploid nuclei approach each other and nuclear membranes break down
- chromosomal pairing, DNA replicates, first mitotic division
- Sperm contributes - centriole which organizes mitotic spindle
- Oocyte contributes - mitochondria (maternally inherited)
Sex Determination
- based upon whether an X or Y carrying sperm has fertilized the egg, should be 1.0 sex ratio.
- actually 1.05, 105 males for every 100 females, some studies show more males 2+ days after ovulation.
- cell totipotent (equivalent to a stem cell, can form any tissue of the body)
Men - Y Chromosome
- Y Chromosome carries Sry gene, protein product activates pathway for male gonad (covered in genital development)
Women - X Chromosome
- Gene dosage, one X chromosome in each female embryo cell has to be inactivated
- process is apparently random and therefore 50% of cells have father's X, 50% have mother's X
- Note that because men only have 1 X chromosome, if abnormal, this leads to X-linked diseases more common in male that female where bothe X's need to be abnormal.
External Links
Original Embryology Links - Week 1 Notes | Week 1 - In Vivo Fertilization | Week 1 - In Vitro Fertilization | Movie - Fertilization | Animation - Fertilization | Week 1 - Abnormalities | Embryology for K12 Students - Week 1
References
Textbooks
- Human Embryology (2nd ed.) Larson Ch1 p1-32
- The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology (6th ed.) Moore and Persaud
- Before we Are Born (5th ed.) Moore and Persaud Ch 2 p14-33
- Essentials of Human Embryology Larson Ch1 p1-16
- Human Embryology Fitzgerald and Fitzgerald Ch2 p8-14
Search NCBI Bookshelf fertilization | fertilisation
Reviews
Articles
Search Pubmed
April 2010
- fertilization - All (51803) Review (5928) Free Full Text (11715)
Search Pubmed Now: fertilization | fertilisation | zona pellucida | zygote
Glossary Links
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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, May 21) Embryology Fertilization. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Fertilization
- © Dr Mark Hill 2024, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G