Birth Weight: Difference between revisions
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* ''' | * '''Association between Vitamin Intake during Pregnancy and Risk of Small for Gestational Age'''{{#pmid:29168736|PMID29168736}} "Pregnancy increases the requirements of certain nutrients, such as vitamins, to provide nutrition for the newborn. The aim was to analyze the association between dietary intake of vitamins during pregnancy and risk of having a small for gestational age (SGA) newborn. A matched case-control study was conducted (518 cases and 518 controls of pregnant women) in Spain. ... A protective association was observed between maternal dietary intake of vitamins A and D and SGA. For vitamin B3 and B6, the observed protective effect was maintained after adjusting for potential confounding factors. For vitamin B9, we found only an effect in quintiles 3 and 4. Protective effect for vitamin B12 was observed in 4th and 5th quintiles. No associations were detected between dietary intake of vitamins B2, E and C intake and SGA." {{nutrition}} | ||
* ''' | * '''Birthweight and Childhood Cancer:''' - Preliminary Findings from the International Childhood Cancer Cohort Consortium (I4C){{#pmid:25989709|PMID25989709}} "Evidence relating childhood cancer to high birthweight is derived primarily from registry and case-control studies. We aimed to investigate this association, exploring the potential modifying roles of age at diagnosis and maternal anthropometrics, using prospectively collected data from the International Childhood Cancer Cohort Consortium. We pooled data on infant and parental characteristics and cancer incidence from six geographically and temporally diverse member cohorts [the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (UK), the [[USA_Statistics#National_Collaborative_Perinatal_Project|Collaborative Perinatal Project]] (USA), the [Europe_Statistics#Danish_National_Birth_CohortDanish National Birth Cohort] (Denmark), the Jerusalem Perinatal Study (Israel), the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (Norway), and the Tasmanian Infant Health Survey (Australia)]. Birthweight metrics included a continuous measure, deciles, and categories (≥4.0 vs. <4.0 kilogram). Childhood cancer (377 cases diagnosed prior to age 15 years) risk was analysed by type (all sites, leukaemia, acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, and non-leukaemia) and age at diagnosis. We estimated hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) from Cox proportional hazards models stratified by cohort. A linear relationship was noted for each kilogram increment in birthweight adjusted for gender and gestational age for all cancers. Similar trends were observed for leukaemia. There were no significant interactions with maternal pre-pregnancy overweight or pregnancy weight gain. Birthweight ≥4.0 kg was associated with non-leukaemia cancer among children diagnosed at age ≥3 years, but not at younger ages. Childhood cancer incidence rises with increasing birthweight. In older children, cancers other than leukaemia are particularly related to high birthweight. Maternal adiposity, currently widespread, was not demonstrated to substantially modify these associations." | ||
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* '''Outcomes of neonates with birth weight⩽500 g: a 20-year experience'''{{#pmid:25950920|PMID25950920}} "Ethical dilemmas continue regarding resuscitation versus comfort care in extremely preterm infants. Counseling parents and making decisions regarding the care of these neonates should be based on reliable, unbiased and representative data drawn from geographically defined populations. ...About a third of neonates admitted to NICU with ⩽500 g BW survived, with 33% of those surviving, demonstrating age-appropriate development at a 24-month follow-up visit." | |||
* '''Australian Institute of Health and Welfare - Birthweight of babies born to Indigenous mothers'''<ref name=AIHW-IndigenousBirthweight2014>{{AIHW-IndigenousBirthweight2014}}</ref> "Birthweight of babies born to Indigenous mothers provides an overview of the birthweight of babies born to Indigenous mothers, including recent trends and information on factors associated with birthweight variation. According to data from the National Perinatal Data Collection, 3.9% of all births in 2011 were to Indigenous mothers. Excluding multiple births, 11.2% of liveborn singleton babies born to Indigenous mothers were of low birthweight—2.5 times the rate for non-Indigenous mothers (4.6%). Between 2000 and 2011, there was a statistically significant decline in the low birthweight rate among Indigenous mothers, and the gap in birthweight between babies born to Indigenous and non-Indigenous mothers declined significantly over this period." | |||
* '''Birthweight percentiles by gestational age for births following assisted reproductive technology in Australia and New Zealand, 2002-2010'''{{#pmid:24908671|PMID24908671}} "The comparison of birthweight percentile charts for ART births and general population births provide evidence that the proportion of SGA births following ART treatment was comparable to the general population for SET fresh cycles and significantly lower for thaw cycles. Both fresh and thaw cycles showed better outcomes for singleton births following SET compared with DET. Policies to promote single embryo transfer should be considered in order to minimize the adverse perinatal outcomes associated with ART treatment." [[Australian Statistics]] | [[Assisted Reproductive Technology]] | * '''Birthweight percentiles by gestational age for births following assisted reproductive technology in Australia and New Zealand, 2002-2010'''{{#pmid:24908671|PMID24908671}} "The comparison of birthweight percentile charts for ART births and general population births provide evidence that the proportion of SGA births following ART treatment was comparable to the general population for SET fresh cycles and significantly lower for thaw cycles. Both fresh and thaw cycles showed better outcomes for singleton births following SET compared with DET. Policies to promote single embryo transfer should be considered in order to minimize the adverse perinatal outcomes associated with ART treatment." [[Australian Statistics]] | [[Assisted Reproductive Technology]] | ||
Revision as of 15:17, 1 November 2018
Embryology - 20 Jun 2024 Expand to Translate |
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Introduction
There are a variety of prenatal techniques for estimating approximate birth weight that are relevant for preterm, term and prolonged pregnancy. Ultrasound two- and three-dimensional scanning methods are the basis of most current techniques. There are also standard autopsy weight curves that have been developed from second and third trimester fetal and also neonatal autopsy. Low birth weight is accurately defined as a statistical indicator for development. High birthweight definition on the other hand varies in the literature and between countries with a lower cut-off above 4000 gm or 4500 gm.
At birth, infants are generally weighed as soon as possible and may also be monitored during the neonatal period. In Australia, the average birthweight for all babies born: (1991) 3,350 grams, (2004 3,370 grams and (2015)[1] 3,327 grams. Also in 2015 6.5% (19,852) of liveborn babies were of low birthweight.[1]
- Links: ultrasound | DOHAD | maternal diabetes | macrosomia
Some Recent Findings
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More recent papers |
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This table allows an automated computer search of the external PubMed database using the listed "Search term" text link.
More? References | Discussion Page | Journal Searches | 2019 References | 2020 References Search term: Birth Weight <pubmed limit=5>Birth Weight</pubmed> |
Older papers |
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These papers originally appeared in the Some Recent Findings table, but as that list grew in length have now been shuffled down to this collapsible table.
See also the Discussion Page for other references listed by year and References on this current page.
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Birth Weight Classifications
The primary causes of VLBW are premature birth (born <37 weeks gestation, and often <30 weeks) and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), usually due to problems with placenta, maternal health, or to birth defects. Many VLBW babies with IUGR are preterm and thus are both physically small and physiologically immature.
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Birth weight (grams) | less 500 | 500 – 999 | 1,000 – 1,499 | 1,500 – 1,999 | 2,000 – 2,499 | 2,500 – 2,999 | 3,000 – 3,499 | 3,500 – 3,999 | 4,000 – 4,499 | 4,500 – 4,999 | 5,000 or more |
Classification |
Extremely Low Birth Weight
- Less than 500 grams (1 lb 1 oz or less)
- 500 – 999 grams (1 lb 2 oz – 2 lb 3 oz)
Very Low Birth Weight
- 1,000 – 1,499 grams (2 lb 4 oz – 3 lb 4 oz)
Low Birth Weight
- 1,500–1,999 grams (3 lb 5 oz – 4 lb 6 oz)
- 2,000–2,499 grams (4 lb 7 oz – 5 lb 8 oz)
Normal Birth Weight
- 2,500–2,999 grams (5 lb 9 oz – 6 lb 9 oz)
- 3,000–3,499 grams (6 lb 10 oz – 7 lb 11 oz)
- 3,500–3,999 grams (7 lb 12 oz – 8 lb 13 oz)
High Birth Weight
- 4,000–4,499 grams (8 lb 14 oz – 9 lb 14 oz)
- 4,500–4,999 grams (9 lb 15 oz – 11 lb 0 oz)
- 5,000 grams or more (11 lb 1 oz or more)
- see also macrosomia
No Background Version
Birth weight (grams) | less 500 | 500 – 999 | 1,000 – 1,499 | 1,500 – 1,999 | 2,000 – 2,499 | 2,500 – 2,999 | 3,000 – 3,499 | 3,500 – 3,999 | 4,000 – 4,499 | 4,500 – 4,999 | 5,000 or more |
Classification |
Small for Gestational Age
Small for gestational age (SGA) is a term used for infants as having a birth weight more than 2 standard deviations (SD) below the mean or less than the 10th percentile for the gestational age (GA). WHO birthweight definitions are low birthweight as less than 2,500 grams, very low birthweight is less than 1,500 grams and extremely low birthweight: less than 1,000 grams. Growth restriction can be symmetrical (slow development with limited brain growth) or asymmetrical (head circumference and length are preserved and brain growth is relatively spared).
- Symmetric SGA (Weight, head circumference and length all below the 10th percentile) can be due to chromosomal abnormalities, intrauterine infection, severe placental insufficiency and or a constitutionally small infant.
- Asymmetric SGA (Weight below the 10th percentile) can be due to interference with placental function and or interference with maternal health in 3rd trimester.
There are a large number of known relationships between low birth weight and both maternal and fatal abnormalities, a few examples are shown below.
Fetal Gastroschisis
Gastroschisis patients are commonly small for gestational age (SGA, birth weight < 10th centile). Frequency line graphs of the birth weight distribution.[9]
The abnormality is usually situated to the right of the umbilicus and abdominal contents, mainly gastrointestinal, are found outside the anterior body wall. Can occur in isolation and also in association with other gastrointestinal anomalies (intestinal atresia, perforation, necrosis or volvulus). Defects in other organ systems have been reported in up to 35% of children.
Maternal Elevated Testosterone
Maternal elevated testosterone levels is associated with low birth weight in humans. Hyperandrogenism associated with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) and pre-eclampsia have a higher prevalence of small-for-gestational age newborns. A rat model study suggests that maternal testosterone does not cross the placenta, to directly suppress fetal growth, but affects nutrient delivery to the fetus by down-regulating specific amino acid transporter activity.[10]
High Altitude
Altitude affects growth patterns measured in a a recent Peruvian study of 63,620 healthy infants born at low (150 m) and high (3000-4400 m) altitude were compared.[11] They found that in the third trimester "Mean and median birth weight differences between those born at low and high altitudes reached statistical significance after 35 and 33 weeks, respectively."
Canada
Definition: Live births with a birth weight of 4,500 grams or more, expressed as a percentage of all live births with known birth weight.
High birth weight can result in complications for the infant and mother during birth and may be associated with an increased risk of diabetes.
- Links: Canada Statistics | Statistics Canada, Vital Statistics, Birth Database.
Australia - Indigenous
Australian low birth weight (2008–2009)[12]
Data in graphs below from AIHW 2014 Report, Birthweight of babies born to Indigenous mothers.[5]
Birthweight distribution | Average Birthweight (2000-2011) |
Preterm Birth | Smoking in Pregnancy |
- Links: Australian Statistics | Preterm Birth | SmokingBirth weight reference percentiles for Chinese===
China
Birth weight reference percentiles for Chinese[7] "There have been moderate increases in birth weight percentiles for Chinese infants of both sexes and most gestational ages since 1980s, suggesting the importance of utilizing an updated national reference for both clinical and research purposes."
- Links: China Statistics
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 2017. Australia’s mothers and babies 2015—in brief. Perinatal statistics series no. 33. Cat no. PER 91. Canberra: AIHW.
- ↑ Salcedo-Bellido I, Martínez-Galiano JM, Olmedo-Requena R, Mozas-Moreno J, Bueno-Cavanillas A, Jimenez-Moleon JJ & Delgado-Rodríguez M. (2017). Association between Vitamin Intake during Pregnancy and Risk of Small for Gestational Age. Nutrients , 9, . PMID: 29168736 DOI.
- ↑ Paltiel O, Tikellis G, Linet M, Golding J, Lemeshow S, Phillips G, Lamb K, Stoltenberg C, Håberg SE, Strøm M, Granstrøm C, Northstone K, Klebanoff M, Ponsonby AL, Milne E, Pedersen M, Kogevinas M, Ha E & Dwyer T. (2015). Birthweight and Childhood Cancer: Preliminary Findings from the International Childhood Cancer Cohort Consortium (I4C). Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol , 29, 335-45. PMID: 25989709 DOI.
- ↑ Upadhyay K, Pourcyrous M, Dhanireddy R & Talati AJ. (2015). Outcomes of neonates with birth weight⩽500 g: a 20-year experience. J Perinatol , 35, 768-72. PMID: 25950920 DOI.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 AIHW 2014. Birthweight of babies born to Indigenous mothers. Cat. no. IHW 138. Canberra: AIHW. Viewed 5 August 2014 http://www.aihw.gov.au/publication-detail/?id=60129548202
- ↑ Li Z, Wang YA, Ledger W & Sullivan EA. (2014). Birthweight percentiles by gestational age for births following assisted reproductive technology in Australia and New Zealand, 2002-2010. Hum. Reprod. , 29, 1787-800. PMID: 24908671 DOI.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Ye J, Zhang L, Chen Y, Fang F, Luo Z & Zhang J. (2014). Searching for the definition of macrosomia through an outcome-based approach. PLoS ONE , 9, e100192. PMID: 24941024 DOI.
- ↑ Adams-Chapman I, Hansen NI, Shankaran S, Bell EF, Boghossian NS, Murray JC, Laptook AR, Walsh MC, Carlo WA, Sánchez PJ, Van Meurs KP, Das A, Hale EC, Newman NS, Ball MB, Higgins RD & Stoll BJ. (2013). Ten-year review of major birth defects in VLBW infants. Pediatrics , 132, 49-61. PMID: 23733791 DOI.
- ↑ Payne NR, Simonton SC, Olsen S, Arnesen MA & Pfleghaar KM. (2011). Growth restriction in gastroschisis: quantification of its severity and exploration of a placental cause. BMC Pediatr , 11, 90. PMID: 22004141 DOI.
- ↑ Sathishkumar K, Elkins R, Chinnathambi V, Gao H, Hankins GD & Yallampalli C. (2011). Prenatal testosterone-induced fetal growth restriction is associated with down-regulation of rat placental amino acid transport. Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol. , 9, 110. PMID: 21812961 DOI.
- ↑ Gonzales GF & Tapia V. (2009). Birth weight charts for gestational age in 63,620 healthy infants born in Peruvian public hospitals at low and at high altitude. Acta Paediatr. , 98, 454-8. PMID: 19038011 DOI.
- ↑ AIHW 2014. Health indicators for Remote Service Delivery communities: a summary report. Cat. no. IHW 142. Canberra: AIHW. Viewed 5 November 2014 http://www.aihw.gov.au/publication-detail/?id=60129548650.
Reviews
Articles
Hemming K, Hutton JL & Bonellie S. (2009). A comparison of customized and population-based birth-weight standards: the influence of gestational age. Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. , 146, 41-5. PMID: 19581044 DOI.
Search Pubmed
Search Pubmed: Low Birth Weight | small for gestational age
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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, June 20) Embryology Birth Weight. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Birth_Weight
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