Neural Crest - Melanocyte Development: Difference between revisions
mNo edit summary |
mNo edit summary |
||
(5 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown) | |||
Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{Header}} | {{Header}} | ||
==Introduction== | ==Introduction== | ||
[[File:Mouse melanoblast distribution 01.jpg|thumb|300px|Mouse melanoblast distribution (E12.5 - E16.5) | [[File:Mouse melanoblast distribution 01.jpg|thumb|300px|Mouse melanoblast distribution (E12.5 - E16.5){{#pmid:18454205|PMID18454205}}]] | ||
Melanocytes are located on the surface of the body in the skin and also associated with internal structures, such as the inner ear and eye. Melanocytes in the skin synthesise the pigment melanin that is then transferred to keratinocytes. | Melanocytes are located on the surface of the body in the skin and also associated with internal structures, such as the inner ear and eye. Melanocytes in the skin synthesise the pigment melanin that is then transferred to keratinocytes. | ||
Line 18: | Line 18: | ||
|-bgcolor="F5FAFF" | |-bgcolor="F5FAFF" | ||
| | | | ||
* '''The exon junction complex (EJC) component Magoh regulates proliferation and expansion of neural crest-derived melanocytes.''' | * '''The exon junction complex (EJC) component Magoh regulates proliferation and expansion of neural crest-derived melanocytes.'''{{#pmid:23333945|PMID23333945}} "Defective melanoblast development and function underlies many disorders including Waardenburg syndrome and melanoma. Understanding the genetic regulation of melanoblast development will help elucidate the etiology of these and other neurocristopathies. Here we demonstrate that Magoh, a component of the exon junction complex, is required for normal melanoblast development. Magoh haploinsufficient mice are hypopigmented and exhibit robust genetic interactions with the transcription factor, Sox10. These phenotypes are caused by a marked reduction in melanoblast number beginning at mid-embryogenesis." | ||
* '''Generation of human melanocytes from induced pluripotent stem cells''' | |||
* '''Schwann cell precursors from nerve innervation are a cellular origin of melanocytes in skin''' | * '''Generation of human melanocytes from induced pluripotent stem cells'''{{#pmid:21249204|PMID21249204}} "We generated iPS cell lines from human dermal fibroblasts using the Yamanaka factors (SOX2, OCT3/4, and KLF4, with or without c-MYC). These iPS cell lines were subsequently used to form embryoid bodies (EBs) and then differentiated into melanocytes via culture supplementation with Wnt3a, SCF, and ET-3. Seven weeks after inducing differentiation, pigmented cells expressing melanocyte markers such as MITF, tyrosinase, SILV, and TYRP1, were detected. Melanosomes were identified in these pigmented cells by electron microscopy, and global gene expression profiling of the pigmented cells showed a high similarity to that of human primary foreskin-derived melanocytes" | ||
* '''Schwann cell precursors from nerve innervation are a cellular origin of melanocytes in skin'''{{#pmid:19837037|PMID19837037}} "Current opinion holds that pigment cells, melanocytes, are derived from neural crest cells produced at the dorsal neural tube and that migrate under the epidermis to populate all parts of the skin. Here, we identify growing nerves projecting throughout the body as a stem/progenitor niche containing Schwann cell precursors (SCPs) from which large numbers of skin melanocytes originate. SCPs arise as a result of lack of neuronal specification by Hmx1 homeobox gene function in the neural crest ventral migratory pathway. Schwann cell and melanocyte development share signaling molecules with both the glial and melanocyte cell fates intimately linked to nerve contact and regulated in an opposing manner by Neuregulin and soluble signals including insulin-like growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor. These results reveal SCPs as a cellular origin of melanocytes, and have broad implications on the molecular mechanisms regulating skin pigmentation during development, in health and pigmentation disorders." | |||
|} | |} | ||
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" | {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" | ||
Line 35: | Line 37: | ||
[[File:Melanocyte development cartoon.jpg|600px]] | [[File:Melanocyte development cartoon.jpg|600px]] | ||
Overview of Melanocyte Development in Mammals and Zebrafish | Overview of Melanocyte Development in Mammals and Zebrafish{{#pmid:25670789|PMID25670789}} | ||
==Skin Pigmentation== | ==Skin Pigmentation== | ||
Line 54: | Line 55: | ||
==Mouse Melanocytes== | ==Mouse Melanocytes== | ||
Developing mouse ((bt9J/bt9J) melanoblast distribution in whole mount and trunk detail (green - β-galactosidase stained). | Developing mouse ((bt9J/bt9J) melanoblast distribution in whole mount and trunk detail (green - β-galactosidase stained).{{#pmid:18454205|PMID18454205}} | ||
<gallery> | <gallery> | ||
Mouse_melanoblast_distribution_02.jpg|E12.5 | Mouse_melanoblast_distribution_02.jpg|E12.5 | ||
Line 68: | Line 69: | ||
|} | |} | ||
See also Modeling melanoblast development | See also Modeling melanoblast development{{#pmid:22915137|PMID22915137}} | ||
:'''Links:''' [[Neural Crest Development]] | :'''Links:''' [[Neural Crest Development]] | ||
Line 76: | Line 77: | ||
[[File:Zebrafish melanocyte development model.jpg]] | [[File:Zebrafish melanocyte development model.jpg]] | ||
Erbb3b gene is required to establish melanocyte stem cells in the embryo that are responsible for regenerating melanocytes after melanocytes are ablated in the larval zebrafish. Because this adult stem cell is not required for the development of embryonic melanocytes, we conclude that adult melanocyte stem cells develop in parallel to the embryonic tissues that they regulate. | Erbb3b gene is required to establish melanocyte stem cells in the embryo that are responsible for regenerating melanocytes after melanocytes are ablated in the larval zebrafish. Because this adult stem cell is not required for the development of embryonic melanocytes, we conclude that adult melanocyte stem cells develop in parallel to the embryonic tissues that they regulate.{{#pmid:19578401|PMID19578401}} | ||
==Inner Ear Melanocytes== | ==Inner Ear Melanocytes== | ||
[[File:Mouse organ of corti 04.jpg|thumb|Mouse stria vascularis]] | [[File:Mouse organ of corti 04.jpg|thumb|Mouse stria vascularis]] | ||
Melanocytes have been identified within the inner ear within the modiolus, vestibular and stria vascularis (intermediate cells).{{#pmid:2612372|PMID2612372}} ((see review {{#pmid:3070525|PMID3070525}}) | |||
Melanocytes have been identified within the inner ear within the modiolus, vestibular and stria vascularis.{{#pmid:2612372|PMID2612372}} ((see review {{#pmid:3070525|PMID3070525}}) | |||
The stria vascularis, in addition to blood vessels, consists of 3 main cell types: | The stria vascularis, in addition to blood vessels, consists of 3 main cell types: | ||
# '''Marginal cells''' - epithelial origin - line the lumen of the cochlear duct | # '''Marginal cells''' - epithelial origin - line the lumen of the cochlear duct | ||
# '''Basal cells''' - mesoderm origin - form a continuous layer | # '''Basal cells''' - mesoderm origin - form a continuous layer | ||
# '''Intermediate cells''' - scattered between the marginal (interdigitated with the marginal cells) and basal cell layers - melanocyte-like cells derived from neural crest | # '''Intermediate cells''' - neural crest origin - scattered between the marginal (interdigitated with the marginal cells) and basal cell layers - melanocyte-like cells derived from neural crest | ||
Line 97: | Line 96: | ||
See also the recent paper on development of the stria vascularis and potassium regulation in the human fetal cochlea.{{#pmid:25663387|PMID25663387}} | See also the recent paper on development of the stria vascularis and potassium regulation in the human fetal cochlea.{{#pmid:25663387|PMID25663387}} | ||
Note that in dogs, abnormal development of neural crest intermediate cells in the stria vascularis has also been shown to be associated with [[Dog_Development#Canine_Congenital_Sensorineural_Deafness|Canine Congenital Sensorineural Deafness (CCSD)]]. | |||
Line 104: | Line 106: | ||
===Reviews=== | ===Reviews=== | ||
{{#pmid:20444197}} | {{#pmid:20444197}} | ||
Line 110: | Line 111: | ||
{{#pmid:20211169}} | {{#pmid:20211169}} | ||
{{#pmid:18935965}} | |||
===Articles=== | |||
{{#pmid:18703590}} | |||
{{#pmid:16899407}} | |||
===Search PubMed=== | ===Search PubMed=== |
Latest revision as of 22:31, 14 February 2018
Embryology - 17 Jun 2024 ![]() ![]() ![]() |
---|
Google Translate - select your language from the list shown below (this will open a new external page) |
العربية | català | 中文 | 中國傳統的 | français | Deutsche | עִברִית | हिंदी | bahasa Indonesia | italiano | 日本語 | 한국어 | မြန်မာ | Pilipino | Polskie | português | ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਦੇ | Română | русский | Español | Swahili | Svensk | ไทย | Türkçe | اردو | ייִדיש | Tiếng Việt These external translations are automated and may not be accurate. (More? About Translations) |
Introduction
![](/embryology/images/thumb/3/3b/Mouse_melanoblast_distribution_01.jpg/300px-Mouse_melanoblast_distribution_01.jpg)
Melanocytes are located on the surface of the body in the skin and also associated with internal structures, such as the inner ear and eye. Melanocytes in the skin synthesise the pigment melanin that is then transferred to keratinocytes.
These cells are neural crest in origin and recent research suggests that skin melaocytes are derived from the same population that Schwann cells are derived. Schwann cells wrap around nerve axon processes outside of the central nervous system. These cells in development originate from neural crest cells migrating out along the developing nerve fibers and these cells differentiate to form myelin sheaths that surround the mature nerve. The cells are named after their original discoverer a German physiologist Theodor Schwann (1810 - 1882).
In mammals, these pigmented cells can also be found in other tissues such as the: eyes, ears, heart, and central nervous system meninges. Melanocyte cells are a key topic in medical research as they are the cell transformed in melanoma.
See Integumentary System Development
Neural Crest Links: neural crest | Lecture - Early Neural | Lecture - Neural Crest Development | Lecture Movie | Schwann cell | adrenal | melanocyte | peripheral nervous system | enteric nervous system | cornea | cranial nerve neural crest | head | skull | cardiac neural crest | Nicole Le Douarin | Neural Crest Movies | neural crest abnormalities | Category:Neural Crest | |||
|
Some Recent Findings
|
More recent papers |
---|
This table allows an automated computer search of the external PubMed database using the listed "Search term" text link.
More? References | Discussion Page | Journal Searches | 2019 References | 2020 References Search term: Melanocyte Development <pubmed limit=5>Melanocyte Development</pubmed> |
Overview of Melanocyte Development in Mammals and Zebrafish[5]
Skin Pigmentation
Ephilis (freckle)
(pl., ephilides; freckle) Clinical term describing a "freckle", that is a small brown or tan mark on the skin. These inherited features result from a copy of variant Melanocortin 1 Receptor (MC1R) gene and are common on fair skinned Celtic children. Melanocytes produce locally more melanin, this can also increase following exposure to ultraviolet radiation in sunlight.
- Links: OMIM MC1R
Cafe-au-lait spots
(French, cafe-au-lait = coffee with milk; café-au-lait macule; birthmark) describes the characteristic colour of the hyperpigmented skin patch. The common name (birthmark) reflects the presence at birth (congenital) or appearing in early infancy. The pigment is produced locally by melanocytes, that produce all skin pigmentation.
Appear commonly as a solitary feature, multiple café-au-lait macules are associated with various genetic syndromes including Neurofibromatosis type 1 and 2.
- Links: OMIM - NF1
Mouse Melanocytes
Developing mouse ((bt9J/bt9J) melanoblast distribution in whole mount and trunk detail (green - β-galactosidase stained).[1]
Mouse Melanoblast Migration
![]() |
|
See also Modeling melanoblast development[6]
- Links: Neural Crest Development
Zebrafish Melanocytes
Erbb3b gene is required to establish melanocyte stem cells in the embryo that are responsible for regenerating melanocytes after melanocytes are ablated in the larval zebrafish. Because this adult stem cell is not required for the development of embryonic melanocytes, we conclude that adult melanocyte stem cells develop in parallel to the embryonic tissues that they regulate.[7]
Inner Ear Melanocytes
Melanocytes have been identified within the inner ear within the modiolus, vestibular and stria vascularis (intermediate cells).[8] ((see review [9])
The stria vascularis, in addition to blood vessels, consists of 3 main cell types:
- Marginal cells - epithelial origin - line the lumen of the cochlear duct
- Basal cells - mesoderm origin - form a continuous layer
- Intermediate cells - neural crest origin - scattered between the marginal (interdigitated with the marginal cells) and basal cell layers - melanocyte-like cells derived from neural crest
In addition to their role in stria vascularis development, these melanocytes have several suggested adult roles:[9]
- biological reservoir for divalent ions and as an ion exchanger
- intracellular buffering system for calcium.
- binding ototoxic drugs
See also the recent paper on development of the stria vascularis and potassium regulation in the human fetal cochlea.[10]
Note that in dogs, abnormal development of neural crest intermediate cells in the stria vascularis has also been shown to be associated with Canine Congenital Sensorineural Deafness (CCSD).
- Links: Stria Vascularis | Inner Ear Development
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Silver DL, Hou L, Somerville R, Young ME, Apte SS & Pavan WJ. (2008). The secreted metalloprotease ADAMTS20 is required for melanoblast survival. PLoS Genet. , 4, e1000003. PMID: 18454205 DOI.
- ↑ Silver DL, Leeds KE, Hwang HW, Miller EE & Pavan WJ. (2013). The EJC component Magoh regulates proliferation and expansion of neural crest-derived melanocytes. Dev. Biol. , 375, 172-81. PMID: 23333945 DOI.
- ↑ Ohta S, Imaizumi Y, Okada Y, Akamatsu W, Kuwahara R, Ohyama M, Amagai M, Matsuzaki Y, Yamanaka S, Okano H & Kawakami Y. (2011). Generation of human melanocytes from induced pluripotent stem cells. PLoS ONE , 6, e16182. PMID: 21249204 DOI.
- ↑ Adameyko I, Lallemend F, Aquino JB, Pereira JA, Topilko P, Müller T, Fritz N, Beljajeva A, Mochii M, Liste I, Usoskin D, Suter U, Birchmeier C & Ernfors P. (2009). Schwann cell precursors from nerve innervation are a cellular origin of melanocytes in skin. Cell , 139, 366-79. PMID: 19837037 DOI.
- ↑ Mort RL, Jackson IJ & Patton EE. (2015). The melanocyte lineage in development and disease. Development , 142, 620-32. PMID: 25670789 DOI.
- ↑ Larue L, de Vuyst F & Delmas V. (2013). Modeling melanoblast development. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. , 70, 1067-79. PMID: 22915137 DOI.
- ↑ Hultman KA, Budi EH, Teasley DC, Gottlieb AY, Parichy DM & Johnson SL. (2009). Defects in ErbB-dependent establishment of adult melanocyte stem cells reveal independent origins for embryonic and regeneration melanocytes. PLoS Genet. , 5, e1000544. PMID: 19578401 DOI.
- ↑ Steel KP & Barkway C. (1989). Another role for melanocytes: their importance for normal stria vascularis development in the mammalian inner ear. Development , 107, 453-63. PMID: 2612372
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Meyer zum Gottesberge AM. (1988). Physiology and pathophysiology of inner ear melanin. Pigment Cell Res. , 1, 238-49. PMID: 3070525
- ↑ Locher H, de Groot JC, van Iperen L, Huisman MA, Frijns JH & Chuva de Sousa Lopes SM. (2015). Development of the stria vascularis and potassium regulation in the human fetal cochlea: Insights into hereditary sensorineural hearing loss. Dev Neurobiol , 75, 1219-40. PMID: 25663387 DOI.
Reviews
Harris ML, Baxter LL, Loftus SK & Pavan WJ. (2010). Sox proteins in melanocyte development and melanoma. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res , 23, 496-513. PMID: 20444197 DOI.
Ernfors P. (2010). Cellular origin and developmental mechanisms during the formation of skin melanocytes. Exp. Cell Res. , 316, 1397-407. PMID: 20211169 DOI.
Cooper CD & Raible DW. (2009). Mechanisms for reaching the differentiated state: Insights from neural crest-derived melanocytes. Semin. Cell Dev. Biol. , 20, 105-10. PMID: 18935965 DOI.
Articles
Stolt CC, Lommes P, Hillgärtner S & Wegner M. (2008). The transcription factor Sox5 modulates Sox10 function during melanocyte development. Nucleic Acids Res. , 36, 5427-40. PMID: 18703590 DOI.
Levy C, Khaled M & Fisher DE. (2006). MITF: master regulator of melanocyte development and melanoma oncogene. Trends Mol Med , 12, 406-14. PMID: 16899407 DOI.
Search PubMed
Search Dec 2010 "Melanocyte Development" All (2294) Review (443) Free Full Text (704)
Search Pubmed: Melanocyte Development
Terms
Integumentary Terms | ||
---|---|---|
Integumentary Development
| ||
|
External Links
External Links Notice - The dynamic nature of the internet may mean that some of these listed links may no longer function. If the link no longer works search the web with the link text or name. Links to any external commercial sites are provided for information purposes only and should never be considered an endorsement. UNSW Embryology is provided as an educational resource with no clinical information or commercial affiliation.
- Bennett-Sviderskaya Laboratory
- The Wistar Institute - Melanoma Research
- Hoerter Research Lab - Zebrafish Model for Melanoma
Glossary Links
- Glossary: A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | Numbers | Symbols | Term Link
Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, June 17) Embryology Neural Crest - Melanocyte Development. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Neural_Crest_-_Melanocyte_Development
- © Dr Mark Hill 2024, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G