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PMID 4515833 | |||
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Revision as of 15:54, 10 September 2015
Lab Attendance
--Z3460352 (talk) 13:45, 7 August 2015 (AEST)
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Week 1 Lab Assessment
Chromosomal Development in relation to Blastocyst Morphology
Figueira, Setti, Braga, Laconelli and Borges aimed to decipher the link between embryo morphology and chromosomal development in the early days of fertilisation. Specifically, the study focused on the structure of chromosomes within the embryo at day three of development.
For the purpose of the experiment, Intra-Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) cycles were run 106 times, before a genetic screening test was completed (PGS, Pre-Implantation Genetic aneuploidy Screening). This presented 596 embryos for use. Embryonic growth was monitored closely and the genetic composition of each cell was analysed. Fluorescent In Situ Hybridisation (FISH) was used to analyse the complementary sequences of DNA within the embryos; 200 of the 564 tagged had developed into blastocysts.
Approximately 59% of the blastocysts were euploid (having an even set of chromosomes), whereas a lesser proportion of embryos that had not become blastocysts were euploid (41.2%). Furthermore, abnormalities in blastocyst development were observed, finding that if an embryo was an euploid, it would most likely have a normal inner cell mass (ICM). In contrast, aneuploid embryos (those with an abnormal set of chromosomes, generally 45 or 47) were found to be those with abnormal ICMs. A similar conclusion was found in the observation of trophectoderm morphology in that euploid embryos had a ‘normal’ cell distribution, whereas aneuploids did not.
Based on these findings, the study concluded that embryo development is not hindered by genetic abnormalities in the early stages of development. However, ICM morphology presents a stronger link to chromosomal abnormalities as the majority of aneuploidy embryos had irregular ICMs. Although this study presented clear links between embryonic development and genetic abnormalities, further studies could be conducted to strengthen these connections.
PMID 26246880
Reference [1]
In Vitro Fertilisation in women with, and without Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome
This study, completed by Siristatidis, Sergentanis, Vogiatzi, Kanavidis, Chrelias, Papantonious and Psaltopoulou, was aimed at evaluating the outcomes of In Vitro Maturation (IVM) in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) versus women without PCOS, undergoing In Vitro Fertilisation (IVF). Past studies were utilised by the researchers for comparison, and were kept strictly to human experiments (not animals). Possible IVF outcomes across these studies were compared, including implantation, clinical pregnancy, cycle cancellation, oocyte maturation, oocyte fertilisation, live birth or miscarriage, in both PCOS and non-PCOS individuals. A large emphasis was placed on the number of successful births per patient, per cycle.
Due to the fact that the sources collected in this study were qualitative in nature, the researchers employed the Newcastle Ottawa Quality scale. This is a nine item scale used to analyse the experiments of interest, and to organise them into order of reliability. Additionally, confidence interval and statistical analysis schemes (using 95% confidence intervals and STATA Software, respectively) were developed to further evaluate the pattern of live births and clinical pregnancies. A total of eleven studies were examined; 268 PCOS (328 cyles), 100 PCO (110 cycles) and 440 control (480) women were involved.
It was found that when PCOS patients were administered with both follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and hCG, a higher rate of clinical pregnancies was observed. In the absence of hCG, the birth rates did not differ across the three groups. The experiments were organised into two groups; a cycle study and a women's study. In the cycle study, live birth rates did not differ greatly between the PCOS and non-PCOS groups, whereas in the women’s experiment, the birth rate for PCOS patients was slightly higher. When comparing the cycle and women’s experiment, once again PCOS patients presented greater birth and implantation rates. PCOS patients only presented lower rates than non-PCOS individuals in the fertilisation and cancellation studies. In terms of miscarriages, the rates were consistent across all three groups.
This study is significant in that drew upon the work of numerous researchers from various years, comparing their reliability and conclusions. Generally, it was found that more recent studies were of greater reliability, and therefore presented a higher score on the Newcastle Ottawa Quality scale. Siristatidis et al. came to the conclusion that IVM has a positive impact on the birth rate of PCOS women, in comparison to non-PCOS patients.
PMID 26241855
Reference [2]
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--Mark Hill (talk) 19:21, 27 August 2015 (AEST) these are good summaries of these papers. You could try and format the pubmed reference correctly by having ll on the same line. (5/5)
Week 2 Lab Assessment
Uploading Images in 5 Easy Steps | ||
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First Read the help page Images and Copyright Tutorial.
Students cannot delete images once uploaded. You will need to email me with the full image name and request deletion, that I am happy to do with no penalty if done before I assess. Non-Table version of this page
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<pubmed>24983465</pubmed>|PLoS Biol.
--Mark Hill (talk) 19:21, 27 August 2015 (AEST) Image uploaded correctly with all required information. Note when added to your own page you require <ref></ref> tags outside the PubMed ref to have it appear correctly. You had also left the 2 off the PMID, I have added it here, so the correct reference now appears, check the reference matches and number next time. (5/5)
Week 3 Lab Assessment
--Mark Hill (talk) 19:21, 27 August 2015 (AEST) These references relate to your group project. (5/5)
TREATMENT OF FEMALE INFERTILITY (Group 3)
The Effect of a Complex Multi-modality Ayurvedic Treatment in a Case of Unknown Female Infertility
This article documented a 38 year old woman's journey to giving birth, after she was advised that she was infertile (of unknown cause). The researchers detail the various modern day medical treatments she underwent to become pregnant, all of which were unsuccessful. She then decided to try holistic medicine in the form of Ayurvedic treatment, which consisted of meditation, a controlled diet and yoga. To the researchers' surprise, she became pregnant soon after, and gave birth to a healthy baby boy in 2012. The study comes to the conclusion that Ayurvedic medicine and successful birth rates do not show a strong correlation, and thus should not be favoured over standard medical treatments. However, they did state that holistic medicine could improve the overall wellbeing of the mother (in terms of stress and diet), which in turn increases the chances of becoming pregnant.
<pubmed>26278074</pubmed>
* * *
Pregnancy Rate after Controlled Ovarian Hyperstimulation and Intrauterine Insemination for the Treatment of Endometriosis following Surgery
This study investigated various treatments available for women with endometriosis, and the rate of successful pregnancies and births in patients following their treatment. The researchers came to the conclusion that a woman's chances of becoming pregnant increased following laparoscopic surgery, particularly in the first six months following the procedure. If pregnancy does not occur, controlled ovarian hyperstimulation and intrauterine insemination (COH-IU) should be the next option, due to its success rates.
<pubmed>26247014</pubmed>
* * *
Time-limited Hydrotubation Combined with Clomiphene Citrate Treatment for Unexplained Infertility
In this experiment, 80 random patients with "unexplained inferility" were selected and treated with hydotrubation and clomiphene citrate (CC). Of the 80 patients, 15 became pregnant, with the researchers concluding that combined hydrotubation and CC treatment increased a woman's chance of becoming pregnant to a greater degree than just CC alone. Further tests need to be completed to strengthen the correlation between the treatment and outcome.
<pubmed>26152000</pubmed>
* * *
Frequency and Outcome of Treatment in Polycystic Ovaries Related Infertility
This study examined treatments available to women with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS). It came to the conclusion that in overweight women with PCOS, weight loss, exercise and better lifestyle choices are the best treatments as they significantly increases pregnancy rates. Furthermore, clomiphene citrate (CC) and metformine combined treatments are highly effective in PCOS women, and should be one of the first options offered to a patient.
<pubmed>26150870</pubmed>
Week 4 Lab Assessment - Quiz
Week 5 Lab Assessment
What is the difference between gastroschisis and omphalocele?
Gastroschisis is a defect characterised by an extra-umbilical herniation of the bowel, with the absence of a sac covering anteriorly. The condition is due to amniotic damage that may arise from exposure to a particular toxin or from poor vascular supply to the abdominal wall (on the right). Conversely, mesenteric injury can also give rise to the condition, which appears once in every 600 births.
In contrast, omphalocele occurs much less frequently; 1 in every 3,000-10,000 births. The condition results from an umbilical ring defect ventrally, causing abdominal viscera herniation. Herniation is persistent in the midgut, causing umbilical vessels to insert onto the sac and circle it. Characteristics of omphalocele include the absence of skin, fascia and abdominal muscles because of the incorrect fusion of parts of the abdominal wall.
Gastroschisis can occur at the 6-7 week point of development, whereas omphalocele arises at the 9 week mark. The former can be treated surgically, with normal bowel motility being restored once the child is born. Conversely, endoscopy and pH monitoring are the primary forms of treatment used for omphalocele, with constant medical check ups if the condition persists.
<pubmed>4515833</pubmed>
<pubmed>3024424</pubmed>
PMID 4515833 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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