User:Z3463310
Welcome to the 2014 Embryology Course!
- Links: Timetable | How to work online | One page Wiki Reference Card | Moodle
- Each week the individual assessment questions will be displayed in the practical class pages and also added here.
- Copy the assessment items to your own page and provide your answer.
- Note - Some guest assessments may require completion of a worksheet that will be handed in in class with your student name and ID.
Individual Lab Assessment |
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Lab 12 - Stem Cell Presentation Assessment | More Info | |
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Group | Comment | Mark (10) |
1/8 |
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7 |
2 |
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7.5 |
3 |
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7.5 |
4 |
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8.5 |
5 |
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8.5 |
6 |
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8.5 |
7 |
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7.5 |
LAB ATTENDANCE
--Z3463310 (talk) 12:45, 6 August 2014 (EST)
--Z3463310 (talk) 11:13, 13 August 2014 (EST)
--Z3463310 (talk) 12:41, 20 August 2014 (EST)
--Z3463310 (talk) 11:08, 27 August 2014 (EST)
--Z3463310 (talk) 11:06, 3 September 2014 (EST)
--Z3463310 (talk) 11:42, 10 September 2014 (EST)
--Z3463310 (talk) 12:58, 17 September 2014 (EST)
--Z3463310 (talk) 11:06, 24 September 2014 (EST)
ASSESSMENTS
Lab 1
influence of stress and anxiety on IVF
Anxiety levels and profiles on personality, level of stress hormones were measured in total of 44 women; 22 of which are undergoing IVF treatment for tubal infertility and the other 22 women (fertile) as a control. Serum prolactin and cortisol were used as stress markers, and STAI questionnaires were used to measure anxiety levels in each of the women. Comparison of profiling of personalities showed the infertile women had significantly higher scores in suspicion (p>0.05), guilt (p>0.05), and hostility (p>0.01), but lower somatic anxiety (0.05) and indirect aggression (0.05) than the fertile women as controls. The infertile women also had significantly higher levels of prolactin and cortisol throughout the menstrual cycle. In this particular study, it was concluded that infertile women when compared with fertile women showed higher stress levels and had different personality profiling results in term of suspicion, guilt, and hostility, perhaps as a result of their infertility.
correlation with IVF implantation rates and high vitamin D levels
Research to find correlation between vitamin D levels and successful implantation / clinical pregnancy rates in infertile women undergoing IVF treatment. Measured levels of vitamin D as determined by serum 25-hydroxy-vitamin D from total 173 women undergoing IVF at Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario. Serum 25-hydroxy-vitamin D samples were collected within 1 week of oocyte retrieval, and they were classified either sufficient or insufficient according to how much was present. (More than 75nmol/L was classified as being sufficient). It was found that 54.9% of the 173 women trialled on had insufficient Serum 25-hydryoxy-vitamin D levels, with only 34.7% successful implantation rate. The remaining 45.1% that had sufficient serum hydroxy-vitamin D had a 52.5% implantation rate. From these results, it was concluded that women with sufficient levels of vitamin D are significantly more likely to achieve clinical pregnancy following IVF. Vitamin D supplementation could provide an easy and cost-effective way of improving pregnancy rates; this merits further investigation.
LAB 2
--Mark Hill (talk) 23:43, 6 October 2014 (EST) This is a commercial image not from a research article.
LAB 3
Urine Formation + Amniotic Sac
limb deformations in oligohydramnio sequence
Polyhydramnios and oligohydramnios
amniotic fluid: not just urine anymore
the urinary excretion of amino acids and sugar in early infancy
LAB 4
1. Stem cells are cells that have the ability to transform and generate mature cells of a particular tissue through cell differentiation. Stem cells exist in the haematopoietic system, allowing researchers to isolate them, and use them to generate specific cells through the manipulation of cell differentiation, to use them in regenerative medicine. Stem cells and cancer cells both have the ability to self-renew themselves; meaning that tumours may potentially arise from transformation of stem cells. Haematopoietic stem cells have been shown to be responsible for regeneration of blood and immune systems, and have been used extensively in therapeutic settings.
It has been found through previous researches that haemopoietic stem cells have the ability to differentiate into non haemopoietic stem cells. Some signalling pathways that regulate stem cell growth and differentiation has been found to also control cancer cell growth; making stem cells a target of transformation for some forms of cancer. The qualities of a stem cell being self-renewal systems and long living, suggests that there is a greater chance for mutations to occur and accumulate in individual stem cells compared to most mature cells found within the body.
Tannishtha. R., Morrison. S. J., Clarke. M. F., Weissman, I. L. Stem cells, cancer, and cancer stem cells. (2001) online: nature.com
2. Ductus Arteriosus connects the pulmonary artery with the descending aortic arch. shunts the right ventricular output away from the lungs.
Ductus Venosus connects the portal sinus with the inferior vena cava. allows blood from the umbilical vein (oxygenated) to reach the liver.
Both shunts are closed post natally. Coceani F, Olley PM. (1988) The control of cardiovascular shunts in the fetal and perinatal period. article
LAB 5
Omphalocele
An omphalocele is a rare birth defect that occurs every 1 in 4000 ~ 7000 live births world wide. [1] [2] [3] Babies with this birth defect are born with their visceral organs (mainly the liver, and intestines) inside a thin membrane sac known as the omphalocele sac external of their abdominal cavity into the base of the umbilical cord. [1] Technically, it is a herniation of the umbilicus. It is an abnormality in the development of the gastrointestinal system at around week 9~12 of fetal development. [2] It occurs when lateral unfolding of the embryo fails for some reason, leading to the formation of a omphalocele. [3] The organs are placed inside the abdominal cavity through surgery, usually within the first half year of the child being born. [4]
Children born with this defect often have other abnormalities, often chromosomal such as a trisomy at pair 13, 18 or 21. It is unknown what causes this birth defect; some studies have found maternal age, multiple pregnancies, and number of births may increase the chance of a child being born with an omphalocele, but there are also many studies against these. [3] [4] It is thought that smoking, consumption of alcohol, and not enough dietary foliate in the mother may contribute to this birth defect. [2] The survival rate for children born with just an omphalocele and do not have any other health problems is 90%. [1]
A woman carrying a fetus with omphalocele often have high levels of alpha-fetoprotein in her body. Blood testing, detailed fetal ultrasound, ultra fast fetal MRI and a fetal echocardiogram can lead to early diagnosis of a omphalocele whilst in the fetal stage, and in many cases where it is legal, the pregnancy is terminated. [2] [4]
[1] Omphalocele | Birth Anomalies | Prognosis & Treatment . 2014. Omphalocele | Birth Anomalies | Prognosis & Treatment . [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/o/omphalocele/.
[2] CDC - Birth Defects, Facts about Omphalocele - NCBDDD. 2014. CDC - Birth Defects, Facts about Omphalocele - NCBDDD. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/omphalocele.html.
[3] Chung DH. Pediatric surgery. In: Townsend CM, Beauchamp RD, Evers BM, Mattox KL, eds. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery. 19th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2012:chap 67.
[4] Islam S. Advances in surgery for abdominal wall defects: Gastroschisis and omphalocele. Clin Perinatol.2012;39:375-386.
LAB 7
1. Identify and write a brief description of the findings of a recent research paper on development of one of the endocrine organs covered in today's practical.
J Patell et al. (2011) show that the processes of embryogenesis, differentiation, and maturation of the thyroid gland is essential for fetal thyroid function. Such processes combined with the HPT axis (hypothalamic-putuitary-thyroid axis) and thyroid hormone metabolism results in the regulation of thyroid hormone production and secretion. Thyroxine (T4) is seen in embryo's as early in week 4 of development, and is essential for neurogenesis. T4 concentrations are highly regulated in order to provide protection to the fetus' neurological sites including the cerebral cortex. Molecular pathways in the cell membrane are thought to regulate thyroid hormone concentrations. Research suggests that mild hypothyroxinemia therefore may lead to fetal abnormalities in neurological developments. (Hypothyroxinemia is a condition where there is limited / not enough Thyroxine hormone circulating the fetal body.)
J Patel1, K Landers,H Li, R H Mortimer1, and K Richard. Thyroid hormones and fetal neurological development(2011). Journal of endocrinology.
2. Identify the embryonic layers and tissues that contribute to the developing teeth.
The ectoderm, mesoderm and neural crest ectomesenchyme contribute to the development of teeth. Ameloblasts, cells differentiated from the ectoderm develop into teeth enamel, and the Odontoblasts, mesenchymal cells differentiated from the neural crest form predentin to further calcify and form dentin. (Ben pansky). Teeth development can be divided into five stages; lamina, placode, bud, cap and bell. (Unsw embryology 2014).
Integumentary system - tooth development. UNSW embryology. 2014. EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT & STEM CELL COMPENDIUM. Ben Pansky. Germ Layers And Their Derivatives.