Endocrine - Gonad Development
Embryology - 15 Jun 2024 Expand to Translate |
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Introduction
The term gonad refers to both the female ovary and the male testis, which have their own topic pages.
This section of notes refers only to the development of the gonad as an endocrine organ. A detailed description of the gonad development is covered in both Ovary Development and Testis Development.
Embryonically, initial endocrine development of the testis is required for development of both the internal genital tract and the external genitalia.
Postnatally, the gonads are part of an integrated Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Gonad (HPG) axis.
Genital Links: genital | Lecture - Medicine | Lecture - Science | Lecture Movie | Medicine - Practical | primordial germ cell | meiosis | endocrine gonad | Genital Movies | genital abnormalities | Assisted Reproductive Technology | puberty | Category:Genital
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Some Recent Findings
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More recent papers |
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This table allows an automated computer search of the external PubMed database using the listed "Search term" text link.
More? References | Discussion Page | Journal Searches | 2019 References | 2020 References Search term: Endocrine Gonad Development <pubmed limit=5>Endocrine Gonad Development</pubmed> |
HPG Axis - Endocrinology - Simplified diagram of the actions of gonadotrophins
Gonad Development
- mesoderm - mesothelium and underlying mesenchyme, primordial germ cells
- Gonadal ridge - mesothelium thickening, medial mesonephros
- Primordial Germ cells - yolk sac, to mesentery of hindgut, to genital ridge of developing kidney
Differentiation
- testis-determining factor (TDF) from Y chromosome: presence (testes), absence (ovaries)
Testis
- 8 Weeks, mesenchyme, interstitial cells (of Leydig) secrete testosterone, androstenedione
- 8 to 12 Weeks - hCG stimulates testosterone production
- Sustentacular cells - produce anti-mullerian hormone to puberty
Ovary
- X chromosome genes regulate ovary development
Male Hormone Levels
Testicular Leydig cells (interstitial cells) are the main source of testosterone in males.
Human Male Testosterone and Anti-Müllerian Hormone (AMH) relative levels[3]
Leydig Cells
Leydig cells stained for LHCGR1[4]
Steroidogenesis
Androgen and Digit ratio (2D:4D)
The ratio of 2nd and 4th finger (D, digit) length. This ratio has been suggested to relate to high fetal testosterone concentration (males have lower 2D:4D than females) and has been shown for several species.[5] Although a study in mice has not shown the same correlation.[6] There have been some suggestions that the ratio may also be an indicator of various neurological abnormalities.
To measure (2D:4D) - using your right hand palm up, measure the index finger (2) and ring finger (4) length from palm to tip. Dividing the index finger by the ring finger gives the 2D:4D ratio, average women ratio is 1, average men is 0.98.
Genital Links: genital | Lecture - Medicine | Lecture - Science | Lecture Movie | Medicine - Practical | primordial germ cell | meiosis | endocrine gonad | Genital Movies | genital abnormalities | Assisted Reproductive Technology | puberty | Category:Genital
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Adult Histology
References
- ↑ Li X, Wang Z, Jiang Z, Guo J, Zhang Y, Li C, Chung J, Folmer J, Liu J, Lian Q, Ge R, Zirkin BR & Chen H. (2016). Regulation of seminiferous tubule-associated stem Leydig cells in adult rat testes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , 113, 2666-71. PMID: 26929346 DOI.
- ↑ Lombardo MV, Ashwin E, Auyeung B, Chakrabarti B, Taylor K, Hackett G, Bullmore ET & Baron-Cohen S. (2012). Fetal testosterone influences sexually dimorphic gray matter in the human brain. J. Neurosci. , 32, 674-80. PMID: 22238103 DOI.
- ↑ Rey R. (2005). Anti-Müllerian hormone in disorders of sex determination and differentiation. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol , 49, 26-36. PMID: 16544032 DOI.
- ↑ Kossack N, Simoni M, Richter-Unruh A, Themmen AP & Gromoll J. (2008). Mutations in a novel, cryptic exon of the luteinizing hormone/chorionic gonadotropin receptor gene cause male pseudohermaphroditism. PLoS Med. , 5, e88. PMID: 18433292 DOI.
- ↑ McIntyre MH. (2006). The use of digit ratios as markers for perinatal androgen action. Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol. , 4, 10. PMID: 16504142 DOI.
- ↑ Yan RH, Bunning M, Wahlsten D & Hurd PL. (2009). Digit ratio (2Dratio4D) differences between 20 strains of inbred mice. PLoS ONE , 4, e5801. PMID: 19495421 DOI.
Reviews
Articles
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Search Pubmed: endocrine gonad development
External Links
External Links Notice - The dynamic nature of the internet may mean that some of these listed links may no longer function. If the link no longer works search the web with the link text or name. Links to any external commercial sites are provided for information purposes only and should never be considered an endorsement. UNSW Embryology is provided as an educational resource with no clinical information or commercial affiliation.
- Andrology Australia - Androgen deficiency PDF | Childhood and adolescence. Examination of male genitals and secondary sexual characteristics PDF
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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, June 15) Embryology Endocrine - Gonad Development. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Endocrine_-_Gonad_Development
- © Dr Mark Hill 2024, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G