Template:Endocrine embryo table: Difference between revisions
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! Human Embryonic Endocrine | ! Human Embryonic Endocrine | ||
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| | | [[Endocrine - Pineal Development|Pineal]] (Epiphysis) | [[Endocrine - Pituitary Development|Pituitary]] (Hypophysis) | [[Endocrine - Thyroid Development|Thyroid]] | [[Endocrine - Parathyroid Development|Parathyroid]] | [[Endocrine - Thymus Development|Thymus]] | [[Endocrine - Pancreas Development|Pancreas]] | [[Endocrine - Adrenal Development|Adrenal]] (Suprarenal) | ||
Data based on data from O'Rahilly (1983).<ref name=O'Rahilly1983a>{{Ref-O'Rahilly1983a}}</ref> | |||
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| Stage 13 | | [[Carnegie stage 13|'''Stage 13''']] (week 4) | ||
* [[Endocrine - Pituitary Development|Hypophysis]] - basement membranes of the craniopharyngeal pouch and the brain are clearly in contact (O'Rahilly 1973). | * [[Endocrine - Pituitary Development|Hypophysis]] - basement membranes of the craniopharyngeal pouch and the brain are clearly in contact (O'Rahilly 1973). | ||
* Thymus - Weller (1933)<ref name=Weller1933>{{Ref-Weller1933}}</ref> recognized already a thymic primordium "of considerable size" on the ventral part of the third pharyngeal pouch, whereas Norris (1938) considered this stage to be "preprimordial" | * Thymus - Weller (1933)<ref name=Weller1933>{{Ref-Weller1933}}</ref> recognized already a thymic primordium "of considerable size" on the ventral part of the third pharyngeal pouch, whereas Norris (1938) considered this stage to be "preprimordial" | ||
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* Pancreas - ventral pancreas may perhaps be distinguishable (Politzer 1952). | * Pancreas - ventral pancreas may perhaps be distinguishable (Politzer 1952). | ||
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| Stage 14 | | [[Carnegie stage 14|'''Stage 14''']] (week 5) | ||
* [[Endocrine - Pituitary Development|Hypophysis]] - craniopharyngeal pouch is prominent (Streeter 1945) and the notochord appears to be inserted into its dorsal wall. The craniopharyngeal pouch has become elongated and blood vessels are beginning to grow in between the basement membranes of the pouch and brain (O'Rahilly 1973a). | * [[Endocrine - Pituitary Development|Hypophysis]] - craniopharyngeal pouch is prominent (Streeter 1945) and the notochord appears to be inserted into its dorsal wall. The craniopharyngeal pouch has become elongated and blood vessels are beginning to grow in between the basement membranes of the pouch and brain (O'Rahilly 1973a). | ||
* [[Endocrine - Pineal Development|Epiphysis]] - a slight irregularity in the surface outline of the intact head corresponds to the future pineal body (O'Rahilly et al. 1982). Thymus. Weller's (1933)<ref name=Weller1933>{{Ref-Weller1933}}</ref> "thymus" (the third pharyngeal pouch) becomes elongated. | * [[Endocrine - Pineal Development|Epiphysis]] - a slight irregularity in the surface outline of the intact head corresponds to the future pineal body (O'Rahilly et al. 1982). Thymus. Weller's (1933)<ref name=Weller1933>{{Ref-Weller1933}}</ref> "thymus" (the third pharyngeal pouch) becomes elongated. | ||
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* Pancreas - ventral pancreas (which may perhaps be distinguishable as early as stage 13) appears as an evagination from the bile duct at stages 14 (Blechschmidt 1973) and 15 (Streeter 1948). It is generally described as unpaired but, at least in some cases, may perhaps be bilobed<ref name=Odgers1930>{{Ref-Odgers1930}}</ref> or even multiple (Delmas 1939). | * Pancreas - ventral pancreas (which may perhaps be distinguishable as early as stage 13) appears as an evagination from the bile duct at stages 14 (Blechschmidt 1973) and 15 (Streeter 1948). It is generally described as unpaired but, at least in some cases, may perhaps be bilobed<ref name=Odgers1930>{{Ref-Odgers1930}}</ref> or even multiple (Delmas 1939). | ||
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| Stage 15 | | [[Carnegie stage 15|'''Stage 15''']] | ||
* [[Endocrine - Pineal Development|Epiphysis]] - pineal body is detectable in the roof of the diencephalon (Stadium I of Turkewitsch 1933) (O'Rahilly 1968). | * [[Endocrine - Pineal Development|Epiphysis]] - pineal body is detectable in the roof of the diencephalon (Stadium I of Turkewitsch 1933) (O'Rahilly 1968). | ||
* [[Endocrine - Thyroid Development|Thyroid]] - thyroid primordium may be detached from the pharyngeal epithelium in some instances. "At about the time" when the thyroglossal duct "becomes broken it loses its lumen" (Grosser 1912). | * [[Endocrine - Thyroid Development|Thyroid]] - thyroid primordium may be detached from the pharyngeal epithelium in some instances. "At about the time" when the thyroglossal duct "becomes broken it loses its lumen" (Grosser 1912). | ||
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* Adrenal Medulla - all types of cells (M1, M2, and M3) increase in number. From stage 15 to stage 18, the suprarenal primordium is cigar-shaped and extends from segment T6 to segment L1, lateral to the aorta and mesogastrium.<ref name=Crowder1957>{{Ref-Crowder1957}}</ref> | * Adrenal Medulla - all types of cells (M1, M2, and M3) increase in number. From stage 15 to stage 18, the suprarenal primordium is cigar-shaped and extends from segment T6 to segment L1, lateral to the aorta and mesogastrium.<ref name=Crowder1957>{{Ref-Crowder1957}}</ref> | ||
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| Stage 16 | | [[Carnegie stage 16|'''Stage 16''']] (week 6) | ||
* [[Endocrine - Pituitary Development|Hypophysis]] - slight indication of the infundibular recess may be seen in some embryos (O'Rahilly 1973 a). | * [[Endocrine - Pituitary Development|Hypophysis]] - slight indication of the infundibular recess may be seen in some embryos (O'Rahilly 1973 a). | ||
* [[Endocrine - Pineal Development|Epiphysis]] - cellular migration in an external direction occurs in the pineal body during stages 16 and 17 (Stadium 2 of Turkewitsch 1933) (O'Rahilly 1968). | * [[Endocrine - Pineal Development|Epiphysis]] - cellular migration in an external direction occurs in the pineal body during stages 16 and 17 (Stadium 2 of Turkewitsch 1933) (O'Rahilly 1968). | ||
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* Pancreas - dorsal pancreas and the ventral pancreas are contiguous.<ref name=Blechschmidt1973>{{Ref-Blechschmidt1973}}</ref> | * Pancreas - dorsal pancreas and the ventral pancreas are contiguous.<ref name=Blechschmidt1973>{{Ref-Blechschmidt1973}}</ref> | ||
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| Stage 17 | | [[Carnegie stage 17|'''Stage 17''']] | ||
* [[Endocrine - Pituitary Development|Hypophysis]] - juxtacerebral wall of the craniopharyngeal pouch is the thicker. The lateral lobes (future infundibular, or tuberal, part) and the anterior chamber (Vorraum) are clearly visible (O'Rahilly 1973 a). The infundibular recess displays a characteristically folded wall, namely the neurohypophysis (O'Rahilly 1973 a). | * [[Endocrine - Pituitary Development|Hypophysis]] - juxtacerebral wall of the craniopharyngeal pouch is the thicker. The lateral lobes (future infundibular, or tuberal, part) and the anterior chamber (Vorraum) are clearly visible (O'Rahilly 1973 a). The infundibular recess displays a characteristically folded wall, namely the neurohypophysis (O'Rahilly 1973 a). | ||
* Thymus - connection of the thymus with the pharynx has been severed (Weller 1933). The thymus is intimately approximated to the cervical duct (ibid.) According to Norris (1937), both third and fourth pouches make contact with the ectoderm, although only the third "receives an increment from the ectoderm". | * Thymus - connection of the thymus with the pharynx has been severed (Weller 1933). The thymus is intimately approximated to the cervical duct (ibid.) According to Norris (1937), both third and fourth pouches make contact with the ectoderm, although only the third "receives an increment from the ectoderm". | ||
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* Pancreas - ventral pancreas has now fused with dorsal (Streeter 1948). Perhaps the ventral and dorsal ducts have begun to blend (Russu and Vaida 1959). | * Pancreas - ventral pancreas has now fused with dorsal (Streeter 1948). Perhaps the ventral and dorsal ducts have begun to blend (Russu and Vaida 1959). | ||
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| Stage 18 | | [[Carnegie stage 18|'''Stage 18''']] (week 7) | ||
* [[Endocrine - Pineal Development|Epiphysis]] - cellular migration in the pineal body forms a distinct "anterior lobe" in which follicles appear (Stadium 3 of Turkewitsch 1933) (O'Rahilly 1973 a). | * [[Endocrine - Pineal Development|Epiphysis]] - cellular migration in the pineal body forms a distinct "anterior lobe" in which follicles appear (Stadium 3 of Turkewitsch 1933) (O'Rahilly 1973 a). | ||
* Thymus- thymus makes contact with the thyroid gland and contains a series of canals internally (Weller 1933). | * Thymus- thymus makes contact with the thyroid gland and contains a series of canals internally (Weller 1933). | ||
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* Adrenal Cortex - gland becomes reorganized. The C1, 2, and 3 cells form cords as sinusoids develop. Cells divide at or near the surface, where new cells are added.<ref name=Crowder1957>{{Ref-Crowder1957}}</ref> | * Adrenal Cortex - gland becomes reorganized. The C1, 2, and 3 cells form cords as sinusoids develop. Cells divide at or near the surface, where new cells are added.<ref name=Crowder1957>{{Ref-Crowder1957}}</ref> | ||
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| Stage 19 | | [[Carnegie stage 19|'''Stage 19''']] | ||
* [[Endocrine - Pituitary Development|Hypophysis]] - the caudal part of the craniopharyngeal pouch is reduced to a closed epithelial stem (Andersen et al. 1971). | * [[Endocrine - Pituitary Development|Hypophysis]] - the caudal part of the craniopharyngeal pouch is reduced to a closed epithelial stem (Andersen et al. 1971). | ||
* [[Endocrine - Pineal Development|Epiphysis]] - the "anterior lobe" of the pineal body shows a characteristic step and wedge appearance (Stadium 4 of Turkewitsch 1933) (O'Rahilly 1968). | * [[Endocrine - Pineal Development|Epiphysis]] - the "anterior lobe" of the pineal body shows a characteristic step and wedge appearance (Stadium 4 of Turkewitsch 1933) (O'Rahilly 1968). | ||
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* Adrenal Medulla - Sympathicoblasts penetrate the cortex at stages 19 and 20, and form scattered islets of medullary tissue throughout the cortex (Jirfisek 1980). | * Adrenal Medulla - Sympathicoblasts penetrate the cortex at stages 19 and 20, and form scattered islets of medullary tissue throughout the cortex (Jirfisek 1980). | ||
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| Stage 20 | | [[Carnegie stage 20|'''Stage 20''']] | ||
* [[Endocrine - Pituitary Development|Hypophysis]] - the adenohypophysial epithelium adjacent to the neurohy- pophysis constitutes the beginning pars intermedia (O'Rahilly 1973 a). The walls of the craniopharyngeal pouch bud into the mesenchyme (Andersen et al. 1971 ; Jirfisek 1980). | * [[Endocrine - Pituitary Development|Hypophysis]] - the adenohypophysial epithelium adjacent to the neurohy- pophysis constitutes the beginning pars intermedia (O'Rahilly 1973 a). The walls of the craniopharyngeal pouch bud into the mesenchyme (Andersen et al. 1971 ; Jirfisek 1980). | ||
* Thymus - the right and left components are in contact with each other<ref name=Weller1933>{{Ref-Weller1933}}</ref> but are "never completely fused" (Norris 1938, Siegler 1969). Thymic cortex appears (in stages 20-22) as a result, according to Norris | * Thymus - the right and left components are in contact with each other<ref name=Weller1933>{{Ref-Weller1933}}</ref> but are "never completely fused" (Norris 1938, Siegler 1969). Thymic cortex appears (in stages 20-22) as a result, according to Norris | ||
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* [[Endocrine - Thyroid Development|Thyroid]] - the "annectent bars" of the thyroid are more compact then previously.<ref name=Weller1933>{{Ref-Weller1933}}</ref> The thyroid now exhibits its definitive external form. | * [[Endocrine - Thyroid Development|Thyroid]] - the "annectent bars" of the thyroid are more compact then previously.<ref name=Weller1933>{{Ref-Weller1933}}</ref> The thyroid now exhibits its definitive external form. | ||
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| Stage 21 | | [[Carnegie stage 21|'''Stage 21''']] | ||
* [[Endocrine - Pituitary Development|Hypophysis]] - the pharyngeal stalk becomes fragmented (Jirfisek 1980). | * [[Endocrine - Pituitary Development|Hypophysis]] - the pharyngeal stalk becomes fragmented (Jirfisek 1980). | ||
* Adrenal Cortex - the cellular "capsule" becomes covered by a layer of fibrous tissue.<ref name=Crowder1957>{{Ref-Crowder1957}}</ref> | * Adrenal Cortex - the cellular "capsule" becomes covered by a layer of fibrous tissue.<ref name=Crowder1957>{{Ref-Crowder1957}}</ref> | ||
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| Stage 22 | | [[Carnegie stage 22|'''Stage 22''']] | ||
* [[Endocrine - Parathyroid Development|Parathyroids]] - Parathyroids 4 become detached from the pharyngeal endoderm (Jirfisek 1980). | * [[Endocrine - Parathyroid Development|Parathyroids]] - Parathyroids 4 become detached from the pharyngeal endoderm (Jirfisek 1980). | ||
* Adrenal Cortex - the C2 cells have changed and resemble fibrocytes.<ref name=Crowder1957>{{Ref-Crowder1957}}</ref> | * Adrenal Cortex - the C2 cells have changed and resemble fibrocytes.<ref name=Crowder1957>{{Ref-Crowder1957}}</ref> | ||
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| Stage 23 | | [[Carnegie stage 23|'''Stage 23''']] | ||
* Pituitary - adenohypophysis loss of the stalk and lobules of epithelium project into the mesodermal component of the gland, and oriented epithelial follicles are present (Streeter, 1951, plate 2). Abundant angioblasts and capillaries are found. | * Pituitary - adenohypophysis loss of the stalk and lobules of epithelium project into the mesodermal component of the gland, and oriented epithelial follicles are present (Streeter, 1951, plate 2). Abundant angioblasts and capillaries are found. | ||
* [[Endocrine - Pineal Development|Epiphysis]] - The pineal body has reached Stadium 5 of Turkewitsch (1933).<ref name=O'Rahilly1968>{{Ref-O'Rahilly1968}}</ref> | * [[Endocrine - Pineal Development|Epiphysis]] - The pineal body has reached Stadium 5 of Turkewitsch (1933).<ref name=O'Rahilly1968>{{Ref-O'Rahilly1968}}</ref> |
Revision as of 13:37, 1 November 2016
Human Embryonic Endocrine |
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Pineal (Epiphysis) | Pituitary (Hypophysis) | Thyroid | Parathyroid | Thymus | Pancreas | Adrenal (Suprarenal)
Data based on data from O'Rahilly (1983).[1] |
Stage 13 (week 4)
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Stage 14 (week 5)
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Stage 15
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Stage 16 (week 6)
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Stage 17
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Stage 18 (week 7)
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Stage 19
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Stage 20
(1938), of migration of and covering by "cells derived from the cervical sinus".
Weller (1933, Fig. 23) showed parathyroid 3 still rostral to parathyroid 4 at 23 mm, whereas (presumably due to variation in the "descent" of the thymus) Norris (1937, Fig. 4) showed parathyroid 3 rostral to, level with, and caudal to parathyroid 4 in embryos of 16-17 mm. |
Stage 21
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Stage 22
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Stage 23
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References
<reference/> |
- ↑ O'Rahilly R. The timing and sequence of events in the development of the human endocrine system during the embryonic period proper. (1983) Anat. Embryol., 166: 439-451. PMID 6869855
- ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 Weller GL. Development of the thyroid, parathyroid and thymus glands in man. (1933) Contrib. Embryol., Carnegie Inst. Wash. 24: 93-139.
- ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 Crowder RE. The development of the adrenal gland in man, with special reference to origin and ultimate location of cell types and evidence in favor of the "cell migration" theory. (1957) Contrib. Embryol., Carnegie Inst. Wash. 36, 193-210.
- ↑ Odgers PN. Some observations on the development of the ventral pancreas in man. (1930) J. Anat., 65(1): 1-7. PMID 17104298
- ↑ Blechschmidt E. Die prdnatalen Organsysteme des Menschen. (1973) Hippokrates, Stuttgart.
- ↑ O'Rahilly R. The development of the epiphysis cerebri and the subcommissural complex in staged human embryos. (1968) Anat. Rec., 160: 488-489.