Talk:BGD Lecture - Endocrine Development

Endocrine Development Interactive Component

Attempt the Quiz - Endocrine Development

Here are a few simple Quiz questions that relate to Endocrine development and abnormalities from the lecture. Some questions may require some additional research. 1 Which of the following originates from surface ectoderm?   neurohypophysis   adenohypophysis   adrenal cortex   thyroid   parathyroid 2 Which of the following arise from the endoderm?   the pancreatic acinous cells   B-cells   a-cells   pancreatic duct cells   all of the above 3 The neural crest cells from the sympathetic ganglia migrate to form the:   pars nervosa of the pituitary gland   medulla of the adrenal gland   follicular cells of the thyroid gland   inferior parathyroids   pars intermedia of the pituitary gland 4 During fetal life the parathyroid glands:   contain oxyphil cells that degenerate before birth   contain parafollicular cells that secrete hormones to regulate   develop in situ from cervical somites   migrate cephalically from the thymus to reach the cervical region 5 The parafollicular cells of the thyroid originate from the:   ectoderm   mesoderm   endoderm   neuroepithelium   neural crest 6 Congenital suprarenal hyperplasia:   causes an increase in adrenal cortical hormones   inhibits release of ACTH by the pituitary   causes masculinisation of external genitalia in female fetuses   may lead to adrenal cortical insufficiency, although there is an   overproduction of adrenal cortical hormones 7 Pituitary hypoplasia may result in:   achondroplasia   maldevelopment of the adrenal cortex   maldevelopment of the thyroid gland   hypoplastic gonads   all of the above 8 In congenital adrenal hypoplasia due to unresponsiveness to ACTH:   the aldosterone levels are normal   the skin is hyperpigmented   the ACTH level is increased   all of the above are correct 9 Which of the following is the most correct statement concerning the thyroid pyramidal lobe:   is a failure of thyroid descent   is a persistance of thyroglossal duct   occurs in about 1 in 3000 births   is associated with neurological abnormalities   occurs in about 50% of people 10 Endocrine disruptors are exogenous chemicals that interfere with the function of hormones. Which of the following best describes the endocrine action of "Diethylstilbestrol (DES)"?   Mimics to replicate the effects of natural hormones by binding receptors   Blocks to inhibit the binding of a hormone to receptor or hormone synthesis   Interferes to compromise with the hormone transport or elimination Additional Information: endocrine | BGD Lecture | Science Lecture | Lecture Movie | pineal | hypothalamus‎ | pituitary | thyroid | parathyroid | thymus | pancreas | adrenal | endocrine gonad‎ | endocrine placenta | other tissues | Stage 22 | endocrine abnormalities | Hormones | Category:Endocrine

• --Mark Hill (talk) 10:24, 26 May 2015 (AEST) This page has been accessed 21,567 times.

Introduction

| original Endocrine page

2009 Lecture | 2009 Lecture slides PDF

Endocrinology Textbook TOC

Endocrinology - An Integrated Approach Stephen Nussey and Saffron Whitehead. St. George's Hospital Medical School, London, UK Oxford: BIOS Scientific Publishers; 2001. ISBN-10: 1-85996-252-1 Chapter 1. Principles of endocrinology Chapter 2. The endocrine pancreas Chapter 3. The thyroid gland Chapter 4. The adrenal gland Chapter 5. The parathyroid glands and vitamin D Chapter 6. The gonad Chapter 7. The pituitary gland Chapter 8. Cardiovascular and renal endocrinology

Endocrinology - An Integrated Approach

Stephen Nussey and Saffron Whitehead. St. George's Hospital Medical School, London, UK Oxford: BIOS Scientific Publishers; 2001. ISBN-10: 1-85996-252-1 Copyright © 2001, BIOS Scientific Publishers Limited. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22/

Preface

Chapter 1. Principles of endocrinology

Chapter 1. Principles of endocrinology

• Functions of hormones and their regulation
• Chemical signalling - endocrine, paracrine, autocrine and intracrine mechanisms
• Chemical classification of hormones and their synthesis
• Hormone synthesis
• Transport of hormones in the circulation and their half-lives
• Hormone receptors - cell surface
• Hormone receptors - intracellular
• Hormones and gene transcription
• Hormone receptor regulation
• Neuroendocrine interactions
• Hormones and the immune system
• Hormones, growth promotion and malignancy
• Genes, mutations and endocrine function
• Clinical evaluation of endocrine disorders

Chapter 2. The endocrine pancreas

Chapter 2. The endocrine pancreas

• Glucose turnover
• Anabolic and catabolic phases of glucose metabolism
• Actions of insulin and glucagon
• Lipid metabolism - insulinopenia and diabetic ketosis
• Protein metabolism and the anabolic actions of insulin
• Definition and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus
• Etiology of type 1 DM
• Prevention of type 1 DM
• Structure, synthesis and metabolism of insulin and glucagon
• Anatomical features of pancreatic islets in relation to hormone secretion and its control
• Control of insulin and glucagon secretion
• Type 2 DM
• Causes of DM
• Genetic disorders of β-cell function
• Counter-regulatory hormones and DM
• Complications of DM
• Macrovascular circulatory changes
• Microvascular changes - diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy
• Diabetes and the neuropathic foot
• Diabetes and insulin resistance of pregnancy
• Development of the pancreas: effects of DM on organogenesis
• Treatment of DM - rationale and practical considerations
• Hypoglycemia
• Physiological responses to hypoglycemia and its treatment
• Hypoglycemia and insulinoma
• Hypoglycemia in infancy
• Disorders of the α, γ and PP cells of the islets
• Clinical case questions

Chapter 3. The thyroid gland

Chapter 3. The thyroid gland

• Iodine intake
• Anatomical features of the thyroid gland
• Iodine trapping and thyroid function
• Synthesis of thyroid hormones
• Actions of thyroid hormones
• Control of thyroid hormone synthesis and secretion
• Hyperthyroidism — Graves' disease
• Surgical anatomy and embryology of the thyroid gland
• Primary hypothyroidism — Hashimoto's disease and myxedema
• Secondary hypothyroidism
• Hypothyroidism in infancy and childhood
• Thyroid hormone resistance
• Non-thyroid illness (‘sick euthyroid’ syndrome)
• Transport and metabolism of thyroid hormones
• Biochemical measurements of thyroid hormone status
• Thyroid growth
• Nodular thyroid disease
• Thyroid cancer
• Clinical case questions

Chapter 4. The adrenal gland

Chapter 4. The adrenal gland

• Specificity of the biological effects of adrenal steroid hormones
• Cholesterol and steroid synthesis in the adrenal cortex
• Anatomical and functional zonation in the adrenal cortex
• Glucocorticoid receptors
• Actions of glucocorticoids and clinical features of Cushing's syndrome
• Adrenal cortical androgens
• Hypothalamic control of adrenocortical steroid synthesis - CRH and vasopressin
• Pituitary control of adrenocortical steroids - ACTH
• Feedback control of glucocorticoids
• Excess glucocorticoids: biochemical investigation of Cushing's syndrome
• Measurements of cortisol in blood, urine and saliva
• Dynamic tests of endocrine function
• Imaging the adrenal gland
• Treatment of Cushing's syndrome
• Nelson's syndrome
• Excess adrenal androgens - congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)
• Deficiency of adrenocortical secretions - Addison's disease
• Aldosterone and the control of salt and water balance
• Transport and metabolism of adrenocortical steroids
• Selective mineralocorticoid excess and deficiency
• The adrenal medulla and pheochromocytoma
• Catecholamine synthesis and secretion
• Diagnosis and treatment of pheochromocytomas
• Clinical case questions

Chapter 5. The parathyroid glands and vitamin D

Chapter 5. The parathyroid glands and vitamin D

• Calcium and phosphate in serum and its measurement
• Intracellular calcium concentration
• Calcium and phosphate balance
• Hormonal control of serum Ca²⁺ and P_i concentrations
• Sources, metabolism and transport of vitamin D
• Classical actions of vitamin D on intestine and bone
• Parathyroid glands and PTH synthesis
• Control of PTH secretion
• Actions of PTH
• Hypercalcemia and primary hyperparathyroidism
• Hyperparathyroidism and multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN)
• Hypercalcemia and vitamin D excess
• Hypercalcemia and malignancy
• Parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrp)
• Treatment of hypercalcemia
• Mutations of the Ca²⁺ or PTH receptors
• Hypocalcemia and its treatment
• Pseudohypoparathyroidism
• Vitamin D deficiency
• Non-classical actions of vitamin D
• Vitamin D resistance and rickets
• Hormones and the skeleton
• Structure, formation and function of bone
• Osteoporosis
• Paget's disease (osteitis deformans)
• Calcitonin and calcitonin gene-related peptide
• Clinical case questions

Chapter 6. The gonad

Chapter 6. The gonad

• Genetic determination of sexual differentiation
• Sexual differentiation of the gonads and internal reproductive tracts
• Sexual differentiation of the external genitalia
• Control of steroid production in the fetal gonads
• Puberty
• GnRH and the control of gonadotrophin synthesis and secretion
• The gonadotrophins - LH and FSH - and their actions
• Endocrine changes in puberty
• Precocious sexual development
• Delayed puberty
• Premature adrenarche
• Acne, hair growth and hirsutism
• The breast - premature development, hypoplasia and gynecomastia
• Testicular function
• Control of testicular function
• Transport, metabolism and actions of androgens
• Spermatogenesis
• Erection and ejaculation
• Ovarian control and the menstrual cycle
• Transport, metabolism and actions of ovarian steroids
• The ovary - folliculogenesis and oogenesis
• Non-steroidal factors in the control of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis
• Ovulation, menstruation and its problems
• Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
• Contraception
• Infertility
• Ovulation induction and assisted conception
• Ovarian failure, the menopause and andropause
• Hormonal replacement therapy (HRT) and selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMS)
• Clinical case questions

Chapter 7. The pituitary gland

Chapter 7. The pituitary gland

• Anatomical and functional connections of the hypothalamo-pituitary axis
• Embryology of the pituitary gland
• Craniopharyngioma
• Blood supply of the hypothalamo-pituitary axis
• Sheehan's syndrome
• Growth and somatotrophin deficiency
• Growth hormone - secretory patterns and control
• Actions of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factors
• GH replacement therapy
• GH excess - gigantism and acromegaly
• Pituitary adenomas - incidence and treatment
• Prolactinomas
• Prolactin and its control
• Circadian rhythms and the suprachiasmatic nucleus
• The pineal gland and melatonin
• Autonomic functions of the hypothalamus
• Obesity
• The neural lobe of the pituitary gland - AVP and oxytocin
• Clinical case questions

Chapter 8. Cardiovascular and renal endocrinology

Chapter 8. Cardiovascular and renal endocrinology

• Endocrinology of heart failure
• Paracrine and autocrine regulation of blood pressure: the endocrinology of sepsis
• Hormones and blood cell production - erythropoietin
• Carcinoid
• Clinical case questions

Endotext De Groot LJ, Beck-Peccoz P, Chrousos G, et al., editors. Endotext [Internet]. South Dartmouth (MA): MDText.com, Inc.; 2000-. Bookshelf Link Endotext (Endotext.org) is an online resource on endocrine disease written by physicians and directed toward physicians around the world caring for patients with these problems. It is organized by Leslie J De Groot, MD, twelve section editors, and nearly 400 authors. It is comprehensive, authoritative, constantly updated, and unbiased. Endotext, covering the broad area of Clinical Endocrinology, emphasizes clinical endocrine practice and includes the most current information on the manifestations of endocrine disease, diagnosis, and treatment.

References

Effects of environmental endocrine disruptors on pubertal development

J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol. 2011 Mar;3(1):1-6. Epub 2011 Feb 23.

Ozen S, Darcan S.

Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Mersin Children Hospital, Mersin, Turkey. Abstract The onset and course of puberty are under the control of the neuroendocrine system. Factors affecting the timing and regulation of the functions of this system may alter the onset and course of puberty. Several environmental endocrine disruptors (EDs) with significant influences on the normal course of puberty have been identified. Numerous animal and human studies concerning EDs have been conducted showing that these substances may extensively affect human health; nevertheless, there are still several issues that remain to be clarified. In this paper, the available evidence from animal and human studies on the effects of environmental EDs with the potential to cause precocious or delayed puberty was reviewed.Conflict of interest:None declared.

PMID 21448326

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3065309

External Links

• Endotext.org