Lecture - Mesoderm Development: Difference between revisions
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==Somite Formation== | |||
[[Image:Stage 9 SEM1.jpg|thumb|Carnegie stage 9 scanning electron microscope image showing somite formation]] | |||
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| [[File:Somitogenesis_01 icon.jpg|90px|link=Movie_-_Somitogenesis_01]] | |||
|- | |||
| [[Movie_-_Somitogenesis_01|Early somite induction signals in the mouse]] | |||
|} | |||
[[Image:Somite cartoon1.png]] [[Image:Somite cartoon2.png]] [[Image:Somite cartoon3.png]] [[Image:Somite cartoon4.png]] [[Image:Somite cartoon5.png]] | |||
* ball forms through epithelialization and interactions (cell-cell, cell-extracellular matrix, ECM) fibronectin, laminin | |||
* has 2 populations of cells - peripheral columnar and central mesenchymal | |||
* early somite has cavity- somitocoel, cavity is lost during growth | |||
* somite enclosed by ECM connected to nearby tissues | |||
===Somite Specification === | |||
* Different segmental level somites have to generate different segmental body structures? | |||
* somite has to form different tissues? | |||
* Somite Differentiation | |||
* Compartmentalization accompanied by altered patterns of expression of Pax genes within the somite | |||
Somite initially forms 2 main components | |||
** ventromedial- '''sclerotome''' forms vertebral body and intervertebral disc | |||
** dorsolateral - '''dermomyotome''' forms dermis and skeletal muscle | |||
===Somite Axial Specification=== | |||
* rostro-caudal axis appears regulated by Pax/Hox expression, family of DNA binding transcription factors | |||
* Movie: Somite Development | |||
===Sclerotome === | |||
* sclerotome later becomes subdivided | |||
* rostral and caudal halves separated laterally by von Ebner's fissure | |||
** half somites contribute to a single vertebral level body | |||
** other half intervertebral disc | |||
* therefore final vertebral segmentation ‚"shifts" | |||
===Dermomyotome=== | |||
* later divides into dorsal '''dermatome''' and ventral '''myotome''' | |||
** ('''MH''' - This topic of muscle and skeleton development will be covered in 2 later lectures [[2010_Lecture_13|Musculoskeletal Development]] and [[2010_Lecture_14|Limb Development]]) | |||
* lateral myotome edge migrates at level of limbs | |||
* upper limb first then lower | |||
* mixes with somatic mesoderm | |||
* dermotome continues to contribute cells to myotome | |||
===Myotome=== | |||
* Myotome component of Somite | |||
** epaxial myotome (dorsomedial quarter) forms the dorsal epimere (erector spinae) | |||
** hypaxial myotome (dorsolateral quarter) forms the ventral hypomere, 3 primary muscle layers which are different at neck, thorax and abdomen | |||
[[Image:Stage14 somites limbbuds.png|thumb|Stage 14 Embryo showing somites and limb buds (Week 5)]] | |||
Muscle | |||
* Myoblast determining transcription factor MyoD is first expressed in the dorsomedial quadrant of the still epithelial somite whose cells are not yet definitely committed | |||
** basic Helix Loop Helix | |||
** from myotome | |||
===Muscle Development Abnormalities=== | |||
* Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy | |||
** Embryonic muscle development normal and changes occur postnatally | |||
** X-linked dystrophy, large gene encoding cytoskeletal protein - Dystrophin | |||
** progressive wasting of muscle, die late teens | |||
* Becker Muscular Dystrophy, milder form, adult onset | |||
Axial Segmentation - Somite Specification Signals | |||
== Intermediate Mesoderm== | == Intermediate Mesoderm== |
Revision as of 11:52, 8 August 2011
Objectives
- Understanding of events during the third week of development
- Understanding the process of early somite development
- Understanding the process of body cavity formation
- Brief understanding of the future fate of mesoderm components
- Brief understanding of early heart formation
Notochord (Axial mesoderm)
Mesoderm
- generated from epiblast cells migrating through the primitive streak
- epiblast cells expressing fibroblast growth factor (FGF2)
- forms a layer between ectoderm and endoderm with notochord down midline
- present before neural tube formation
- divides initially into 3 components
- Paraxial mesoderm - somites - musculoskeletal structures
- Intermediate mesoderm - kidney
- Lateral plate mesoderm - body wall structures
Mesoderm Development
The four images below beginning at week 3 show cross-sections of the trilaminar embryo and the sequence of mesoderm development.
Mesenchyme
- Embryonic connective tissue, describes the cell morphology (Histology is not epithelial organization)
- epithelial to mesenchymal transitions
- mesenchymal to epithelial transitions
Paraxial Mesoderm
- lies adjacent to notochord and forms 2 components
- Head - unsegmented paraxial mesoderm
- Body - segmented paraxial mesoderm
- Generates trunk muscles, skeleton, dermis of skin, blood vessels, connective tissue
- Segmented Paraxial Mesoderm
- segments called somites
- first pair of somites (day 20)
- segmentation imposes a pattern on nerves, vasculature, vertebra....
- somites appear in ordered sequence cranial to caudal
- appearance so regular used to stage the embryo (Hamburger & Hamilton 1951- chicken)
- thought to be generated by a "clock" (1 pair every 90 minutes)
- neural tube begins to close at 4th somite level, 44 pairs of somites
Somite Formation
Early somite induction signals in the mouse |
- ball forms through epithelialization and interactions (cell-cell, cell-extracellular matrix, ECM) fibronectin, laminin
- has 2 populations of cells - peripheral columnar and central mesenchymal
- early somite has cavity- somitocoel, cavity is lost during growth
- somite enclosed by ECM connected to nearby tissues
Somite Specification
- Different segmental level somites have to generate different segmental body structures?
- somite has to form different tissues?
- Somite Differentiation
- Compartmentalization accompanied by altered patterns of expression of Pax genes within the somite
Somite initially forms 2 main components
- ventromedial- sclerotome forms vertebral body and intervertebral disc
- dorsolateral - dermomyotome forms dermis and skeletal muscle
Somite Axial Specification
- rostro-caudal axis appears regulated by Pax/Hox expression, family of DNA binding transcription factors
- Movie: Somite Development
Sclerotome
- sclerotome later becomes subdivided
- rostral and caudal halves separated laterally by von Ebner's fissure
- half somites contribute to a single vertebral level body
- other half intervertebral disc
- therefore final vertebral segmentation ‚"shifts"
Dermomyotome
- later divides into dorsal dermatome and ventral myotome
- (MH - This topic of muscle and skeleton development will be covered in 2 later lectures Musculoskeletal Development and Limb Development)
- lateral myotome edge migrates at level of limbs
- upper limb first then lower
- mixes with somatic mesoderm
- dermotome continues to contribute cells to myotome
Myotome
- Myotome component of Somite
- epaxial myotome (dorsomedial quarter) forms the dorsal epimere (erector spinae)
- hypaxial myotome (dorsolateral quarter) forms the ventral hypomere, 3 primary muscle layers which are different at neck, thorax and abdomen
Muscle
- Myoblast determining transcription factor MyoD is first expressed in the dorsomedial quadrant of the still epithelial somite whose cells are not yet definitely committed
- basic Helix Loop Helix
- from myotome
Muscle Development Abnormalities
- Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
- Embryonic muscle development normal and changes occur postnatally
- X-linked dystrophy, large gene encoding cytoskeletal protein - Dystrophin
- progressive wasting of muscle, die late teens
- Becker Muscular Dystrophy, milder form, adult onset
Axial Segmentation - Somite Specification Signals
Intermediate Mesoderm
- lies between paraxial and lateral mesoderm
- generates urogenital system
- Wolffian duct, kidney
- MH - covered in Kidney Development Lecture/Laboratory
Lateral Plate Development
- lying at the surrounding edge of he embryonic disc
- a cavity begins in this week to form within the mesoderm itself
Intraembryonic Coelom
- small spaces (vacuoles) begin appearing within the lateral plate mesoderm
- small spaces enlarge forming a single cavity within the lateral plate mesoderm
- divides lateral plate mesoderm into 2 parts at about day 18-19
- this cavity is called the Intraembryonic Coelom
- coelom is a general term for a "cavity" and can lie within the embryo (intraembryonic) and outside the embryo (extraembryonic)
- later anatomical spaces within the embryo and fetus can also be described as coeloms
- when the embryonic disc folds the intraembryonic coelom will form all 3 major body cavities:
- Pericardial
- Pleural
- Peritoneal
Somatic Mesoderm
The intraembryonic coelom divides the lateral plate into 2 portions
- closest to ectoderm
- body wall osteogenic, chrondrogenic and fibrogenic
- except ribs and scapula
Splanchnic Mesoderm
- closest to endoderm
- heart, smooth muscle of GIT and blood vessels
Co-ordinator Note
Dr Mark Hill |
ANAT2341 Embryology S2 2011
|
Course Content 2011
2011 Timetable: | Embryology Introduction | Fertilization | Cell Division/Fertilization | Week 1 and 2 Development | Week 3 Development | Week 1 to 3 | Mesoderm Development | Ectoderm, Early Neural, Neural Crest | Trilaminar Embryo to Early Embryo | Early Vascular Development | Placenta | Vascular and Placenta | Endoderm, Early Gastrointestinal | Respiratory Development | Endoderm and Respiratory | Head Development | Neural Crest Development | Head and Neural Crest | Musculoskeletal Development | Limb Development | Musculoskeletal | Renal Development | Genital | Kidney and Genital | Sensory | Stem Cells | Stem Cells | Endocrine Development | Endocrine | Heart | Integumentary Development | Heart and Integumentary | Fetal | Birth and Revision | Fetal
Glossary Links
- Glossary: A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | Numbers | Symbols | Term Link
Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, June 2) Embryology Lecture - Mesoderm Development. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Lecture_-_Mesoderm_Development
- © Dr Mark Hill 2024, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G