Endocrine - Pineal Development: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 18:58, 25 April 2010

Introduction

Adult pineal body

Pineal gland position

The pineal gland (epiphysis cerebri) has an important role in the sleep/wake daily cycle and reproductive development. The gland is thought to evolutionarily to have been positioned as to be exposed to light, and hence remains a regulator of cyclic rhythms associated with day/night and day length. The pineal hormone (melatonin) has targets both in the nervous system and in many different peripheral tissues.

In humans, the postnatal melatonin levels in premature infants is lower and delayed, but not different when calculated from conception date. Other factors such as preeclampsia, growth restriction, and nursery lighting can cause altered rhythm development. The same study has also shown that full-term infants born at home and full-term twins born in the hospital had significantly lower metabolite excretion levels than hospital-born singleton infants at the same ages despite similar body weights. (More? Kennaway DJ, etal, 1996)

In other species, it has been shown that maternal melatonin crosses the placenta into fetal circulation and may provide photoperiodic information during fetal development that influences later postnatal circadian (daily day/night) and seasonal (day length) rhythms.

part of epithalmus - neurons, glia and pinealocytes
pinealocytes secrete melatonin - cyclic nature of activity, melatonin lowest during daylight
- inhibit hypothalamic secretion of GnRH until puberty, pineal gland then rapidly regresses.
other activities - possibly gamete maturation, antioxidant effect, protect neurons?

Historic Embryology - Endocrine
1903 Islets of Langerhans \| 1903 Pig Adrenal \| 1904 interstitial Cells \| 1908 Pancreas Different Species \| 1908 Pituitary \| 1908 Pituitary histology \| 1911 Rathke's pouch \| 1912 Suprarenal Bodies \| 1914 Suprarenal Organs \| 1915 Pharynx \| 1916 Thyroid \| 1918 Rabbit Hypophysis \| 1920 Adrenal \| 1935 Mammalian Hypophysis \| 1926 Human Hypophysis \| 1927 Adrenal \| 1927 Hypophyseal fossa \| 1930 Adrenal \| 1932 Pineal Gland and Cysts \| 1935 Hypophysis \| 1935 Pineal \| 1937 Pineal \| 1935 Parathyroid \| 1940 Adrenal \| 1941 Thyroid \| 1950 Thyroid Parathyroid Thymus \| 1957 Adrenal

Endocrine System Development | Lecture - Endocrine Development | Lecture - Head Development | original page

Development Overview

Neuroectoderm - prosenecephalon then diencephalon
caudal roof, median diverticulum, epiphysis
Initially a hollow diverticulum, cell proliferation to solid, pinealocytes (neuroglia), cone-shaped gland innervated by epithalamus
- epithalamus consists of the pineal gland and habenular nuclei

Melatonin

Melatonin is synthesized from the amino acid tryptophan within the pinealocytes.

Melatonin release is stimulated by darkness and inhibited by light and is said to have neurological "chronobiotic" properties for resynchronization of sleep and circadian rhythms disturbances. In the periphery, melatonin is also involved in the regulation of several complex cycles: seasonal reproduction, body weight and energy balance.

The hormone melatonin acts through receptors (high affinity G protein-coupled) embedded in the cell membrane. Three different receptor subtypes have been identified in mammals: MT1 (Mel 1a) and MT2 (Mel 1b) and a putative binding site called MT3.

Melatonin levels can be monitored by urinary excretion of the melatonin metabolite 6-sulfatoxymelatonin (aMT.6S).

Abnormalities

Pineal Hypoplasia associated with retinal disease.
Pineal Tumours in children are associated with abnormal puberty development.

Molecular Development

DARPP-32 (Dopamine- and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein of 32 kDa) is involved in the retinal pathway transmitting photic information that resets the circadian clock.

References

Online Textbooks

Pineal Gland and Cancer-An Epigenetic Approach to the Control of Malignancy: Evaluation of the Role of Melatonin Eurekah Bioscience Collection -> Neuropharmacology
Endocrine changes in puberty Endocrinology -> The gonad
Second Malignancies Cancer Medicine -> Section 24: The Eye -> 85. Neoplasms of the Eye -> Pediatric Ophthalmic Oncology: Ocular Diseases
The Action of Melatonin on Experimental in-Vivo Tumors Eurekah Bioscience Collection -> Neuropharmacology -> Pineal Gland and Cancer-An Epigenetic Approach to the Control of Malignancy: Evaluation of the Role of Melatonin -> Effect of Melatonin on Tumor Growth
Potential Significance of (Patho)Physiological Changes of Melatonin for the Aetiology of Cancer Eurekah Bioscience Collection -> Neuropharmacology -> Pineal Gland and Cancer-An Epigenetic Approach to the Control of Malignancy: Evaluation of the Role of Melatonin
Effects of Exogenous Melatonin AHRQ Evidence reports and summaries -> AHRQ Evidence Reports, Numbers 61 - 119 -> 108. Mel

Reviews

Weinert D. [See Related Articles] Ontogenetic development of the mammalian circadian system. Chronobiol Int. 2005;22(2):179-205.
Macchi MM, Bruce JN. [See Related Articles] Human pineal physiology and functional significance of melatonin. Front Neuroendocrinol. 2004 Sep-Dec;25(3-4):177-95.
Barrenetxe J, Delagrange P, Martinez JA. [See Related Articles] Physiological and metabolic functions of melatonin. J Physiol Biochem. 2004 Mar;60(1):61-72.
Ekstrom P, Meissl H. [See Related Articles] Evolution of photosensory pineal organs in new light: the fate of neuroendocrine photoreceptors. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2003 Oct 29;358(1438):1679-700.
Thomas L, Drew JE, Abramovich DR, Williams LM. [See Related Articles] The role of melatonin in the human fetus (review). Int J Mol Med. 1998 Mar;1(3):539-43.

Articles

Saito S, Tachibana T, Choi YH, Denbow DM, Furuse M. [See Related Articles] ICV melatonin reduces acute stress responses in neonatal chicks. Behav Brain Res. 2005 Dec 7;165(2):197-203.
Kennaway DJ, Goble FC, Stamp GE. [See Related Articles] Factors influencing the development of melatonin rhythmicity in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996 Apr;81(4):1525-32.

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Additional Images

Adult Histology

Pineal (high power)

Terms

Glossary Links

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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, June 14) Embryology Endocrine - Pineal Development. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Endocrine_-_Pineal_Development

What Links Here?

@@ Line 37: / Line 37: @@
 * '''Pineal Hypoplasia''' associated with retinal disease.
 * '''Pineal Tumours''' in children are associated with abnormal puberty development.
+== Molecular Development ==
+'''DARPP-32''' (Dopamine- and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein of 32 kDa) is involved in the retinal pathway transmitting photic information that resets the circadian clock.
 == References ==
 <references/>
+=== Online Textbooks ===
+* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=eurekah.chapter.22797 Pineal Gland and Cancer-An Epigenetic Approach to the Control of Malignancy: Evaluation of the Role of Melatonin ]Eurekah Bioscience Collection -> Neuropharmacology
+* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=endocrin.section.1098 Endocrine changes in puberty] Endocrinology -> The gonad
+* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=cmed6.section.20082#20113 Second Malignancies] Cancer Medicine -> Section 24: The Eye -> 85. Neoplasms of the Eye -> Pediatric Ophthalmic Oncology: Ocular Diseases
+* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=eurekah.section.22799#22800 The Action of Melatonin on Experimental in-Vivo Tumors] Eurekah Bioscience Collection -> Neuropharmacology -> Pineal Gland and Cancer-An Epigenetic Approach to the Control of Malignancy: Evaluation of the Role of Melatonin -> Effect of Melatonin on Tumor Growth
+* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=eurekah.section.22818 Potential Significance of (Patho)Physiological Changes of Melatonin for the Aetiology of Cancer] Eurekah Bioscience Collection -> Neuropharmacology -> Pineal Gland and Cancer-An Epigenetic Approach to the Control of Malignancy: Evaluation of the Role of Melatonin
+* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=hstat1a.section.74608#74617 Effects of Exogenous Melatonin] AHRQ Evidence reports and summaries -> AHRQ Evidence Reports, Numbers 61 - 119 -> 108. Mel
 ===Reviews===
+* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=16021838&dopt=Abstract Weinert D.] &nbsp;&nbsp; [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Display&dopt=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=16021838&tool=ExternalSearch [See Related Articles]] Ontogenetic development of the mammalian circadian system. Chronobiol Int. 2005;22(2):179-205.
+* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=15589268&dopt=Abstract Macchi MM, Bruce JN.] &nbsp;&nbsp; [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Display&dopt=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=15589268&tool=ExternalSearch [See Related Articles]] Human pineal physiology and functional significance of melatonin. Front Neuroendocrinol. 2004 Sep-Dec;25(3-4):177-95.
+* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=15352385&dopt=Abstract Barrenetxe J, Delagrange P, Martinez JA.] &nbsp;&nbsp; [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Display&dopt=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=15352385&tool=ExternalSearch [See Related Articles]] Physiological and metabolic functions of melatonin. J Physiol Biochem. 2004 Mar;60(1):61-72.
+* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=14561326&dopt=Abstract Ekstrom P, Meissl H.] &nbsp;&nbsp; [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Display&dopt=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=14561326&tool=ExternalSearch [See Related Articles]] Evolution of photosensory pineal organs in new light: the fate of neuroendocrine photoreceptors. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2003 Oct 29;358(1438):1679-700.
+* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9852259&dopt=Abstract Thomas L, Drew JE, Abramovich DR, Williams LM.] &nbsp;&nbsp; [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Display&dopt=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=9852259&tool=ExternalSearch [See Related Articles]] The role of melatonin in the human fetus (review). Int J Mol Med. 1998 Mar;1(3):539-43.
 ===Articles===
+* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=16182388&dopt=Abstract Saito S, Tachibana T, Choi YH, Denbow DM, Furuse M.] &nbsp;&nbsp; [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Display&dopt=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=16182388&tool=ExternalSearch [See Related Articles]] ICV melatonin reduces acute stress responses in neonatal chicks. Behav Brain Res. 2005 Dec 7;165(2):197-203.
+* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8636362&dopt=Abstract Kennaway DJ, Goble FC, Stamp GE.] &nbsp;&nbsp; [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Display&dopt=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=8636362&tool=ExternalSearch [See Related Articles]] Factors influencing the development of melatonin rhythmicity in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996 Apr;81(4):1525-32.
 ===Search PubMed===