User:Z3330991: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 11:21, 10 September 2014

Welcome to the 2014 Embryology Course!

Links: Timetable | How to work online | One page Wiki Reference Card | Moodle

Each week the individual assessment questions will be displayed in the practical class pages and also added here.
Copy the assessment items to your own page and provide your answer.
Note - Some guest assessments may require completion of a worksheet that will be handed in in class with your student name and ID.

Individual Lab Assessment
Lab 1 Assessment - Fertilization References Lab 2 Assessment - Uploading a Research Image Lab 3 Assessment - Researching your Project Sub-Heading Lab 4 Assessment - Cord Stem Cells Lab 5 Assessment - Abnormalities Lab 6 Assessment - Group Work (As announced in the lecture, No individual assessment item for this Lab, but I do expect you to have added content to your Group project by tomorrow's Lab.) Lab 7 Assessment - Endocrine+Teeth Lab 8 - Genital Lab 9 - Peer Assessment Lab 10 - Sensory Development Lab 11 - Stem Cells Lab 12 - Stem Cells Presentation (see preparation information)

Lab 12 - Stem Cell Presentation Assessment		More Info
Group	Comment	Mark (10)
1/8	Lots of effort to place article in larger context Slide lay out could be improved: lots of empty space, use larger images and talk through them Results presentation a bit convoluted. Try to finish discussion of each experiment with a clear conclusion. Repetition of information towards the end One presenter had an unprofessional style of presentation	7
2	Good well-structured presentation Good introduction Methods discussed separately. Try to avoid this, and incorporate in discussion of experiments. Not sure if technology was understood very well.	7.5
3	Good well-structured presentation Do not discuss methods as a separate section Discussion of results not always very clear, comprehension?	7.5
4	Good well-structured presentation Lots of text on slides, improve talking through images, blow up images Good discussion	8.5
5	Good well-structured presentation, amount of text on slides relatively good. Figures too small, discussion bit convoluted Slightly over time	8.5
6	Good comprehension and well-structured presentation. Too much text on slides Experiments discussed in a lot of detail. Try to be more concise and discuss aim of experiment, approach, summarize results, conclude. No talking through figures	8.5
7	Good well-structured presentation, great introduction, inclusion of images in presentation done relatively well. Methods discussed separately. Incorporate methods in discussion of the experiments in the results section. Try not to depend too much on text on your slides Talking through results images was not very clear, comprehension?	7.5

Lab Attendance

Lab 1 --Z3330991 (talk) 12:46, 6 August 2014 (EST)

Lab 2 --Z3330991 (talk) 11:13, 13 August 2014 (EST)

Lab 3 --Z3330991 (talk) 11:05, 20 August 2014 (EST)

Lab 4 --Z3330991 (talk) 11:31, 27 August 2014 (EST)

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed PubMed PubMed <pubmed>25084016</pubmed>

Online Assessments

Week 1

The article above verifies that women who suffer from moderate to serve asthma with no treatment have a substantial impact on the time taken to get pregnant (TTP) and hence fertility. Some women who had allergies were also tested however women with asthma had more of an impact on the time taken to get pregnant. Asthmatics who were getting treated didn't have a long TTP than those who had no treatment.

It is believed that the nature and extent of the inflammation which distinguishes asthma is important since nonatopic asthma, untreated asthma and moderate to critical asthma had the largest consequence on fertility that amplified the TTP. Further research is need to describe this issue in more detail however some assumptions were made in tho article that can direct these future projects.

It was assumed that women with asthma may have the same inflammation and increased inflammatory cells in the uterus or fallopian tube. It is believed that asthma comprises the production of mucosal surface, other than the bronchi. An additional supposition made was that asthma in the lower airway of the lungs can concurrently originate inflammation in the mucosa in the uterus because of systemic reaction.

Therefore asthma if not treated properly or treated at all can have a negative impact on fertility since the TTP is increased with asthmatic women.

The article above addressed the following issue; Vitamin D may play a role in human reproduction. It can be drawn from this experiment that vitamin D can indeed be a constituent in escalating the possibility of vitro fertilization (IVF) and in turn giving rise to clinical pregnancy.

In Toronto April 2011, this experimentation on the impact of Vitamin D on vitro fertilization included 173 women undergoing IVF. These women had their vitamin D /serum 25-hydroxy-vitamin D (serum 25(OH)D “samples collected before the oocyte was retrieved”(pg; E78). It was from here two classifications were made “sufficient” vitamin D if they owned more than or equal to 75nmol/L or “insufficient” if they possessed less than 75nmol/L of vitamin D. The oocyte was reclaimed at about 36-38 hours trailing an injection of Gonadotrophin. Also “ultrasound guided fresh embryo transfer was performed on day 3-5 after fertilization.” (pg;E78)

The outcome was for a successful clinical pregnancy, which was determined by the intrauterine sac being visible on an ultrasound. In turn the results were consistent in that the women who had sufficient 25(OH)D levels were found to have higher clinical pregnancy rate per IVF, per embryo transfer and implantation rate than those with insufficient 25(OH)D. Therefore the experiment proved that 25(OH)D does have an important role in clinical pregnancy.

Week 2

Incubated fetal white blood cells and the number of MCC41-cal varied inside the cell. [[1]]

Week 3

Airway and blood vessel interaction during lung development.

A retinoic acid–dependent network in the foregut controls formation of the mouse lung primordium.

Lung epithelial branching program antagonizes alveolar differentiation.

Week 4

1

The role of neural precursor cells and self assembling peptides in nerve regeneration.

Central neural cells in the brain and support matrix can be lost due to injury of cranial nerves causing to functional impairment. Neural regeneration is possible owing to the therapeutically targeting cellular substituting and intensifying the structural support. This experiment examines the effects of both neural precursor cells and self assembling peptides on nerve regeneration. It is predicted that the combination of the SAPs and the NPCs treatment may lead to an enhancement in the recovery of the spinal cord injury with the characteristics that both SAPs and NPCs both possess. Bioengineered peptides called Self assembling peptides (SAPs) congregate into nanofibers in situ linking the damaged nerve segments. It is believed that these specific peptides intensify axonal regeneration and functional recovery in an injured spinal cord. Adult neural precursors cells (NPCs) attribute multipotency -meaning able to self-renew and differentiate into specialised cells with specific functions for the spinal cord in this case. The oligodendrocytes extracted from the NPC strengthen myelination of axons and improve functional recuperation.

22 female rats were used in this study. Both the control group and the SAP and the NPC treated group had 11 rats each. Both the SAP and the NPC were delivered rostral and caudal to the injured site. The nerve injury was induced by the compression of the clip of the rats spinal cord. The SAP and NPC treated group had SAP injection straight way and the NPC injection was given 2 weeks after. Analysis was done on the two different groups comparing behaviour. The cavitation volume was also measure by using specific staining LFB-H&E. Assessing of the nerve conduction was done by measuring the Motor evoked potentials and the survival rates were estimated.

The behavioural anaylsis taken out showed that the SAP and the NPC transplantation significantly enhanced locomotor by <0.03 and improved survival by 0.008 in comparison to the control. The nerve conduction velocity was positivly affected by 0.008 however the cavitational volume was no affected.

Since Central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) share great similarities in regards to the molecular and anatomic features, it is conjectured that the therapeutic plan engaged in this study would also be effective in peripheral nerves recovery.

2

Cardiac Physiology

There are three vascular shunts present in an embryo that close postnatally.

DUCTUS ARTERIOSIS- is located off the descending part of the aorta and travels to the left pulmonary artery. It is when the pulmonary oxygen increases there becomes less prostaglandins circulating and so the ductus closes off.

DUCTUS VENOSUS- is located from the umbilical vein and travels to the inferior vena cava in turn bypasses the liver. With time is closes and converts to a ligamentum venosus.

FORAMEN OVALE - located between the interatrial septal walls within the heart. It closes when pressure in the left atrium exceeds the pressure in the right atrium after birth.

Week 5

Cleft of the palate and lip are caused by both environmental and genetic factors. The cleft of the lip is the separation or a narrow opening in the upper lip. Cleft palate is a split or opening in the roof of the mouth and can include both the hard and soft palate. #1

To understand the causes of these clefts we need to understand the formation of a head in the embryo stage. The palatal formation is derived by the cranial neural crest, which is characterised as the mesenchyme and the pharyngeal ectoderm. #2 There are 5 important tissue lobes that grow in the 6 to 8 weeks of the pregnancy, which form the head of the embryo. The first one is the Frontonasal prominence, which is the tissue growth from the top of the head to the upper limb of the embryo. Maxilla prominence includes two tissue lobes from the cheeks that join to the frontonasal prominence to then form the upper lip. Mandibular prominence also includes two lobes that grow from each side that form the chin and lower lip. #3 The formation of the palate is as follows; vertical growth is the first step of the palate formation when the palatal shelves growth downwards along the tongue. Elevation is the next stage and is when the palatal shelves elevate from the tongue to above. Adhesion leads to the palatal shelves adhering to each other in the midline. The last step is fusion when the midline epithelium seam completely degrades and fuses. #2

The causes of a cleft palate include a defective palatal shelve growth or delayed elevation and blocked fusion.The Medial edge cells located on the ends of the palatal shelves may dye off or migrate to other locations such as the oral and nasal epithelium. #2 Cleft lip and palate can be caused by some environmental factors such as the consumption of alcohol during pregnancy or tobacco and anticonvulsants can increase the risk of this abnormality.#1

Reference;

@@ Line 87: / Line 87: @@
 FORAMEN OVALE - located between the interatrial septal walls within the heart. It closes when pressure in the left atrium exceeds the pressure in the right atrium after birth.
+===Week 5===
+Cleft of the palate and lip are caused by both environmental and genetic factors. The cleft of the lip is the separation or a narrow opening in the upper lip. Cleft palate is a split or opening in the roof of the mouth and can include both the hard and soft palate. #1
+To understand the causes of these clefts we need to understand the formation of a head in the embryo stage. The palatal formation is derived by the cranial neural crest, which is characterised as the mesenchyme and the pharyngeal ectoderm. #2
+There are 5 important tissue lobes that grow in the 6 to 8 weeks of the pregnancy, which form the head of the embryo. The first one is the Frontonasal prominence, which is the tissue growth from the top of the head to the upper limb of the embryo. Maxilla prominence includes two tissue lobes from the cheeks that join to the frontonasal prominence to then form the upper lip. Mandibular prominence also includes two lobes that grow from each side that form the chin and lower lip. #3
+The formation of the palate is as follows; vertical growth is the first step of the palate formation when the palatal shelves growth downwards along the tongue. Elevation is the next stage and is when the palatal shelves elevate from the tongue to above. Adhesion leads to the palatal shelves adhering to each other in the midline. The last step is fusion when the midline epithelium seam completely degrades and fuses. #2
+The causes of a cleft palate include a defective palatal shelve growth or delayed elevation and blocked fusion.The Medial edge cells located on the ends of the palatal shelves may dye off or migrate to other locations such as the oral and nasal epithelium. #2 Cleft lip and palate can be caused by some environmental factors such as the consumption of alcohol during pregnancy or tobacco and anticonvulsants can increase the risk of this abnormality.#1
+Reference;
+#1 [http://www.webmd.com/oral-health/guide/cleft-lip-cleft-palate Cleft lip and cleft palate]
+#2 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2825058/ Cleft lip and palate genetics and application in early embryological development]
+#3 [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleft_lip_and_palate Cleft lip and palate]