Endocrine - Hypothalamus Development

Introduction

In the adult, large neurosecretory cells of the supraoptic nucleus (SON) and the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) project to the neurohypophysis from the hypothalamus.

In the early embryo, neuroectoderm of the forebrain (prosenecephalon) primary brain vesicle divides to form two secondary brain vesicles, telencephalon (endbrain, cortex) and diencephalon. From the diencephalon ventro-lateral wall, intermediate zone proliferation generates the primordial hypothalamus.

Growth hormone (GH) secretion from the pituitary is controlled in many different ways, including positive/negative regulation of synthesis and release by the hypothalamus. Hypothalamic GH releasing hormone (GHRH) activates and somatostatin suppresses growth hormone synthesis and release.

Other key nuclei within the hypothalamus include the sexually dimorphic nucleus (SDN, intermediate nucleus, INAH-1), suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and tuberal lateral nucleus (NTL).

The SDN is twice as large in young male adults as in young females. At birth 20% of the adult SDN cell number is present, from then until 2-4 years of age cell numbers increase equally rapidly in both sexes. After this age cell numbers start to decrease in girls, creating the sex difference.

The SCN is the clock of the brain and shows circadian and seasonal fluctuations in vasopressin-expressing cell numbers. (SDN and SCN text modified from: Swaab, 1995)

The tuberal lateral nucleus (NTL) is involved in feeding behavior and energy metabolism.

Hormones - Thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH), Corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH), Arginine vasopressin (AVP), Gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH), Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH), Somatostatin, Prolactin relasing factor (PRF), Dopamine

Historic Embryology - Endocrine
1903 Islets of Langerhans \| 1903 Pig Adrenal \| 1904 interstitial Cells \| 1908 Pancreas Different Species \| 1908 Pituitary \| 1908 Pituitary histology \| 1911 Rathke's pouch \| 1912 Suprarenal Bodies \| 1914 Suprarenal Organs \| 1915 Pharynx \| 1916 Thyroid \| 1918 Rabbit Hypophysis \| 1920 Adrenal \| 1935 Mammalian Hypophysis \| 1926 Human Hypophysis \| 1927 Adrenal \| 1927 Hypophyseal fossa \| 1930 Adrenal \| 1932 Pineal Gland and Cysts \| 1935 Hypophysis \| 1935 Pineal \| 1937 Pineal \| 1935 Parathyroid \| 1940 Adrenal \| 1941 Thyroid \| 1950 Thyroid Parathyroid Thymus \| 1957 Adrenal

| Lecture - Early Neural Development | Lecture - Late Neural Development | Lecture - Head Development | original page

Hypothalamus Development

Neuroectoderm - prosenecephalon then diencephalon
ventro-lateral wall intermediate zone proliferation
Mamillary bodies - form pea-sized swellings ventral wall of hypothalamus

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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, April 30) Embryology Endocrine - Hypothalamus Development. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Endocrine_-_Hypothalamus_Development

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