BGDB Sexual Differentiation - Early Embryo: Difference between revisions
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==Week 4 to 5== | ==Week 4 to 5== | ||
{| border='0px' | |||
! Colspan=3|Mouse Primordial Germ Cell Migration | |||
|- | |||
| {{Primordial germ cell migration 1}} | |||
| {{Primordial germ cell migration 2}} | |||
| {{Primordial germ cell migration 3}} | |||
|} | |||
{| | {| | ||
| | | width=550px|<html5media height="580" width="550">File:Stage13 GIT3d.mp4</html5media> | ||
[[Media:Stage13 GIT3d.mp4|'''Click Here''' to play on mobile device]] | |||
[[ | [[Gastrointestinal_3D_stage_13_Movie|Week 4-5 embryo (stage 13) Movie]] | ||
| valign="top" | Begin by observing the internal structure of the embryo at the end of week 4 and the beginning of week 5 | | valign="top" | '''Begin by observing the internal structure of the embryo at the end of week 4 and the beginning of week 5.''' | ||
[[File:Stage13_bf1.jpg|160px]] [[File:Stage13_sem1.jpg|160px]] | [[File:Stage13_bf1.jpg|160px]] [[File:Stage13_sem1.jpg|160px]] | ||
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* <font color=saddlebrown>'''Hindgut and Cloaca'''</font> (brown - hindgut and cloaca) | * <font color=saddlebrown>'''Hindgut and Cloaca'''</font> (brown - hindgut and cloaca) | ||
|} | |||
===Mesonephros and Mesonephric Duct=== | |||
[[File:Stage_13_image_099-icon.jpg|thumb|Planes of sections]] | |||
'''Section 29-46''': (E1-G4) Section passes dorsally to the mesonephros. Return to G4 and then follow the caudal route of the mesonephric duct into the sacral region. | |||
{| | |||
! Mesonephric Duct | |||
! Genital Ridge | |||
|- | |||
[[File:Stage 13 image 083.jpg|400px]] | |||
[[File:Stage 13 image 085.jpg|400px]] | |||
|} | |||
<br> | |||
{| | |||
|- | |||
| [[File:Stage 13 image 078.jpg|120px]] | |||
| [[File:Stage 13 image 079.jpg|120px]] | |||
| [[File:Stage 13 image 080.jpg|120px]] | |||
| [[File:Stage 13 image 081.jpg|120px]] | |||
| [[File:Stage 13 image 082.jpg|120px]] | |||
| [[File:Stage 13 image 083.jpg|120px]] | |||
| [[File:Stage 13 image 084.jpg|120px]] | |||
|- | |||
| [[:File:Stage 13 image 078.jpg|29 (E1L)]] | |||
| [[:File:Stage 13 image 079.jpg|30 (E2L)]] | |||
| [[:File:Stage 13 image 080.jpg|31 (E3L)]] | |||
| [[:File:Stage 13 image 081.jpg|32 (E4L)]] | |||
| [[:File:Stage 13 image 082.jpg|33 (E5L)]] | |||
| [[:File:Stage 13 image 083.jpg|34 (E6L)]] | |||
| [[:File:Stage 13 image 084.jpg|35 (E7L)]] | |||
|- | |||
| [[File:Stage 13 image 085.jpg|120px]] | |||
| [[File:Stage 13 image 086.jpg|120px]] | |||
| [[File:Stage 13 image 087.jpg|120px]] | |||
| [[File:Stage 13 image 088.jpg|120px]] | |||
| [[File:Stage 13 image 089.jpg|120px]] | |||
| [[File:Stage 13 image 090.jpg|120px]] | |||
| [[File:Stage 13 image 091.jpg|120px]] | |||
|- | |||
| [[:File:Stage 13 image 085.jpg|36 (F1L)]] | |||
| [[:File:Stage 13 image 086.jpg|37 (F2L)]] | |||
| [[:File:Stage 13 image 087.jpg|38 (F3L)]] | |||
| [[:File:Stage 13 image 088.jpg|39 (F4L)]] | |||
| [[:File:Stage 13 image 089.jpg|40 (F5L)]] | |||
| [[:File:Stage 13 image 090.jpg|41 (F6L)]] | |||
| [[:File:Stage 13 image 091.jpg|42 (F7L)]] | |||
|- | |||
| [[File:Stage 13 image 092.jpg|120px]] | |||
| [[File:Stage 13 image 093.jpg|120px]] | |||
| [[File:Stage 13 image 094.jpg|120px]] | |||
| [[File:Stage 13 image 095.jpg|120px]] | |||
|- | |||
| [[:File:Stage 13 image 092.jpg|43 (G1L)]] | |||
| [[:File:Stage 13 image 093.jpg|44 (G2L)]] | |||
| [[:File:Stage 13 image 094.jpg|45 (G3L)]] | |||
| [[:File:Stage 13 image 095.jpg|46 (G4L)]] | |||
|} | |} | ||
==Kidney and Mesonephric Duct== | ==Kidney and Mesonephric Duct== | ||
{| | {| | ||
| | | width=380px|<html5media height="520" width="360">File:Urogenital_sinus_001.mp4</html5media> | ||
[[Media:Urogenital_sinus_001.mp4|'''Click Here''' to play on mobile device]] | |||
[[Urogenital Sinus Movie]] | |||
| '''Now go back and observe the development of the intermediate mesoderm.''' | | '''Now go back and observe the development of the intermediate mesoderm.''' | ||
* This looped animation shows the 3 stages of kidney development (pink) in relation to the hindgut region between Week 4 and 5. | * This looped animation shows the 3 stages of kidney development (pink) in relation to the hindgut region between Week 4 and 5. | ||
* The earliest stage of kidney development begins up near the pharyngeal arches as the '''pronephros''' (cervical nephrotomes) which quickly degenerate, beside these the mesonephric duct begins to form (purple). | * The earliest stage of kidney development begins up near the pharyngeal arches as the '''pronephros''' (cervical nephrotomes) which quickly degenerate, beside these the mesonephric duct begins to form (purple). | ||
* The next stage is the extensive mesonephros (red) which extends down towards the developing hindgut region (yellow). Associated with the mesonephros is the mesonephric duct. | * The next stage is the extensive '''mesonephros''' (red) which extends down towards the developing hindgut region (yellow). Associated with the mesonephros is the '''mesonephric duct''' (purple). | ||
* The final stage in | * The mesonephric duct gives off a lateral branch forming the '''ureteric bud'''. | ||
* The ureteric bud interacts with the surrounding mesenchyme to begin the final stage in renal development, formation of the metanephros (pink) which will form the adult kidney. | |||
'''Next observe the changes occuring in the hindgut region (yellow) ending in the embryo at the cloaca.''' | '''Next observe the changes occuring in the hindgut region (yellow) ending in the embryo at the cloaca.''' | ||
* The posterior portion (nearest the mesonephros) remains as the gastrointestinal tract. | * The posterior portion (nearest the mesonephros) remains as the gastrointestinal tract hindgut forming the '''rectum'''. | ||
* The anterior portion (extends into the connecting stalk as the allantois) | * The anterior portion (extends into the connecting stalk as the '''allantois''') | ||
** becomes separated from the hindgut and forms the primordia of the urinary bladder | ** becomes separated from the hindgut and forms the '''urogenital sinus''', primordia of the urinary bladder. | ||
** | ** The two '''mesonephric ducts''' initially open into the urogenital sinus. | ||
|} | |} | ||
==Primitive Urogenital Sinus== | ==Primitive Urogenital Sinus== | ||
{| | {| | ||
| | | width=440px|<html5media height="440" width="420">File:Urogenital_septum_001.mp4</html5media> | ||
[[Media:Urogenital_septum_001.mp4|'''Click Here''' to play on mobile device]] | |||
[[Urogenital Septum Movie]] | |||
| '''Stages in septation of the urogenital sinus between Week 4 and 6.''' | | '''Stages in septation of the urogenital sinus between Week 4 and 6.''' | ||
The initial cloaca is divided by the urorectal septum. The posterior portion forms the rectum and the anterior portion forms the primitive urogenital sinus. The superior part of the primitive urogenital sinus forms the urinary bladder, this and the rectum are the same for both sexes. The inferior part of the primitive urogenital sinus forms different structures in males and females. The constricting part forms the prostatic urethra (male) or the membranous urethra (female), beneath this region the expanded space is the definitive urogenital sinus forms the penile urethra (male) or vagina vestibule (female). Note the animation is simplified, as the cloacal membrane appears to break down before the septum can fuse with it. | * The initial cloaca is divided by the urorectal septum. | ||
* The posterior portion forms the rectum and the anterior portion forms the primitive urogenital sinus. | |||
* The superior part of the primitive urogenital sinus forms the urinary bladder, this and the rectum are the same for both sexes. | |||
* The inferior part of the primitive urogenital sinus forms different structures in males and females. The constricting part forms the prostatic urethra (male) or the membranous urethra (female), beneath this region the expanded space is the definitive urogenital sinus forms the penile urethra (male) or vagina vestibule (female). Note the animation is simplified, as the cloacal membrane appears to break down before the septum can fuse with it. | |||
Several different defects in both sexes can occur if this septation process is not correctly aligned (rectourethral fistula, rectovaginal fistula). | Several different defects in both sexes can occur if this septation process is not correctly aligned (rectourethral fistula, rectovaginal fistula). | ||
[[File:Stage12_sem9_cloacal_membrane.jpg|300px]] | |||
Cloacal Membrane (intact) | |||
(week 4 [[Carnegie stage 12]]) | |||
|} | |} | ||
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===Male Testis=== | ===Male Testis=== | ||
{| | {| | ||
| | | width=380px|<html5media height="650" width="350">File:Testis 001.mp4</html5media> | ||
[[Media:Testis 001.mp4|'''Click Here''' to play on mobile device]] | |||
[[Testis Development Movie]] | |||
| | |||
====Development of the male gonad showing medullary sex cords==== | |||
* <font color=red>'''Paramesonephric duct'''</font> (red left, Müllerian duct) degenerates under the influence of [[BGDB_Sexual_Differentiation_-_Early_Embryo#Anti-M.C3.BCllerian_Hormone|Anti-Müllerian hormone]] (AMH) secreted by sertoli cells (differentiated by SRY expression). | |||
* <font color=darkmagenta>'''Mesonephric duct'''</font> (purple, Wolffian duct) differentiates under the influence of testosterone secreted by Leydig cells. Within the testes these mesonephric tubules grow towards the medullary sex cords and will form the rete teste. The mesonephric duct extending out of the gonad forms the ductus deferens. | |||
* <font color=orange>'''Medullary sex cords'''</font> (orange) form testis cords. | |||
** these later differentiate into solid seminiferous tubules that during puberty become hollow and actively produce spermatozoa. | |||
* The surrounding connective tissue (pink) differentiates to form stromal cells. | |||
* The '''tunica albuginea''' (white) covers the testis and bands extend inward to form connective tissue septa. | |||
|} | |} | ||
===Female Ovary=== | ===Female Ovary=== | ||
{| | {| | ||
| [[ | | width=380px|<html5media height="650" width="350">File:Ovary_001.mp4</html5media> | ||
| | |||
[[Media:Ovary_001.mp4|'''Click Here''' to play on mobile device]] | |||
[[Ovary Development Movie]] | |||
| | |||
====Development of the female gonad showing medullary sex cords==== | |||
* <font color=darkmagenta>'''Mesonephric duct'''</font> (purple, Wolffian duct) degenerates, small remnants may remain as epoophoron and paroophoron (in the mesentry of the ovary) and Gartner's cycts (near vagina). | |||
* <font color=red>'''Paramesonephric duct'''</font> (red left, Müllerian duct) grows forming the oviduct (uterine horn) and the end opens into the peritoneal cavity and terminates in fimbria (finger-like extensions). Away from the ovary, the two paramesonephric ducts fuse in the midline to form the uterus. | |||
* <font color=orange>'''Cortical sex cords'''</font> (orange) form after the primary sex cords degenerate and mesothelium forms secondary cords. | |||
* The surrounding connective tissue (pink) differentiates to form follicle cells. | |||
|} | |} | ||
===Gonadal Development Comparison=== | ===Gonadal Development Comparison=== | ||
Now directly compare the development of the male and female gonad (these may not be synchronised). | Now directly compare the development of the male and female gonad (click image to start, these may not be synchronised). | ||
{| | |||
! Testis | |||
! Ovary | |||
|- | |||
| width=380px|<html5media height="650" width="350">File:Testis 001.mp4</html5media> | |||
| width=380px|<html5media height="650" width="350">File:Ovary_001.mp4</html5media> | |||
|- | |||
| [[Ovary Development Movie]] | |||
| [[Testis Development Movie]] | |||
|} | |||
<br> | |||
{{BGDB_Sexual_Differentiation - Early Embryo Interactive}} | |||
<br> | |||
{{BGDB SexDiffn}} | |||
==Additional Information== | |||
{{Med Prac additional Information}} | |||
[[File:TGF-beta signaling pathway.jpg|thumb|300px|TGF-beta signaling pathway{{#pmid:21931657|PMID21931657}}]] | |||
===Male/Female Pathways=== | |||
{| | {| | ||
! Male pathway | |||
! Female pathway | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | * initially Sry, Sox9 and Fgf9 are up-regulated. | ||
* then FGF9, PDGF and DHH drive structural and functional changes. | |||
| | |||
* during sex determination period R-spondin-1 ([https://www.omim.org/entry/609595 RSPO1) is a secreted protein. | |||
* interacts with [https://www.omim.org/entry/603490 WNT4]. | |||
|} | |} | ||
===Anti-Müllerian Hormone=== | |||
{{ | '''{{Anti-Mullerian Hormone}}''' ({{AMH}}, Müllerian Inhibiting Substance, MIS, Müllerian Inhibiting Factor, MIF) is a secreted glycoprotein factor of the transforming growth factor-beta, [[Developmental Signals - TGF-beta|TGF-beta]] superfamily, that regulates gonadal and genital tract development. | ||
In the male embryo, the Sertoli cell secrete AMH and inhibit paramesonephric (Mullerian) duct development. This secreted hormone also acts to differentiate the Leydig cells (interstitial cells). | |||
In the adult female ovary, the granulose cells secrete AMH and it is thought to have a role in follicular recruitment and development. Also acting in the postnatal elevation of FSH secretion in females. | |||
<br> | |||
Links: {{Anti-Mullerian Hormone}} | |||
<br> | |||
===References=== | |||
<references/> | <references/> | ||
{{#pmid:17237341}} | |||
Nussey S, Whitehead S. '''Endocrinology: An Integrated Approach.''' Oxford: BIOS Scientific Publishers; 2001. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK29/ Chapter 6 The gonad] | |||
===History=== | |||
<gallery> | |||
File:Theoria Generationis 1774.jpg|Caspar Friedrich Wolff (1733-1794) | |||
File:Johannes Muller.jpg|Johannes Müller (1801-1858) | |||
</gallery> | |||
{{Genital terms}} | |||
{{ | {{BGDBFooter}} |
Latest revision as of 21:32, 2 June 2019
Practical 12: Sex Determination | Early Embryo | Late Embryo | Fetal | Postnatal | Abnormalities | 2011 Audio |
Week 4 to 5
Mouse Primordial Germ Cell Migration | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|
<html5media height="580" width="550">File:Stage13 GIT3d.mp4</html5media> | Begin by observing the internal structure of the embryo at the end of week 4 and the beginning of week 5.
Colour code:
|
Mesonephros and Mesonephric Duct
Section 29-46: (E1-G4) Section passes dorsally to the mesonephros. Return to G4 and then follow the caudal route of the mesonephric duct into the sacral region.
Mesonephric Duct | Genital Ridge |
---|
29 (E1L) | 30 (E2L) | 31 (E3L) | 32 (E4L) | 33 (E5L) | 34 (E6L) | 35 (E7L) |
36 (F1L) | 37 (F2L) | 38 (F3L) | 39 (F4L) | 40 (F5L) | 41 (F6L) | 42 (F7L) |
43 (G1L) | 44 (G2L) | 45 (G3L) | 46 (G4L) |
Kidney and Mesonephric Duct
<html5media height="520" width="360">File:Urogenital_sinus_001.mp4</html5media> | Now go back and observe the development of the intermediate mesoderm.
|
Primitive Urogenital Sinus
<html5media height="440" width="420">File:Urogenital_septum_001.mp4</html5media> | Stages in septation of the urogenital sinus between Week 4 and 6.
Several different defects in both sexes can occur if this septation process is not correctly aligned (rectourethral fistula, rectovaginal fistula). Cloacal Membrane (intact) (week 4 Carnegie stage 12) |
Gonad Development
Male Testis
<html5media height="650" width="350">File:Testis 001.mp4</html5media> |
Development of the male gonad showing medullary sex cords
|
Female Ovary
<html5media height="650" width="350">File:Ovary_001.mp4</html5media> |
Development of the female gonad showing medullary sex cords
|
Gonadal Development Comparison
Now directly compare the development of the male and female gonad (click image to start, these may not be synchronised).
Testis | Ovary |
---|---|
<html5media height="650" width="350">File:Testis 001.mp4</html5media> | <html5media height="650" width="350">File:Ovary_001.mp4</html5media> |
Ovary Development Movie | Testis Development Movie |
Early Embryo Interactive Component
Attempt the Quiz - Early Embryo | ||
---|---|---|
Here are a few simple Quiz questions that relate to Early Embryo from the lecture and practical.
|
Practical 12: Sex Determination | Early Embryo | Late Embryo | Fetal | Postnatal | Abnormalities | 2011 Audio |
Additional Information
Additional Information - Content shown under this heading is not part of the material covered in this class. It is provided for those students who would like to know about some concepts or current research in topics related to the current class page. |
Male/Female Pathways
Male pathway | Female pathway |
---|---|
|
|
Anti-Müllerian Hormone
Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH, Müllerian Inhibiting Substance, MIS, Müllerian Inhibiting Factor, MIF) is a secreted glycoprotein factor of the transforming growth factor-beta, TGF-beta superfamily, that regulates gonadal and genital tract development.
In the male embryo, the Sertoli cell secrete AMH and inhibit paramesonephric (Mullerian) duct development. This secreted hormone also acts to differentiate the Leydig cells (interstitial cells).
In the adult female ovary, the granulose cells secrete AMH and it is thought to have a role in follicular recruitment and development. Also acting in the postnatal elevation of FSH secretion in females.
Links: Anti-Mullerian Hormone
References
Wilhelm D, Palmer S & Koopman P. (2007). Sex determination and gonadal development in mammals. Physiol. Rev. , 87, 1-28. PMID: 17237341 DOI.
Nussey S, Whitehead S. Endocrinology: An Integrated Approach. Oxford: BIOS Scientific Publishers; 2001. Chapter 6 The gonad
History
Genital System Terms (expand to view) |
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Note there are additional glossaries associated with spermatozoa, oocyte renal.
|
Other Terms Lists |
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BGDB: Lecture - Gastrointestinal System | Practical - Gastrointestinal System | Lecture - Face and Ear | Practical - Face and Ear | Lecture - Endocrine | Lecture - Sexual Differentiation | Practical - Sexual Differentiation | Tutorial
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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, May 6) Embryology BGDB Sexual Differentiation - Early Embryo. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/BGDB_Sexual_Differentiation_-_Early_Embryo
- © Dr Mark Hill 2024, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G