2010 Lecture 1: Difference between revisions

From Embryology
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* '''2009''' - Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) [[Stem Cells]] [http://embryology.wordpress.com/ Embryology Blog 2009]
* '''2009''' - Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) [[Stem Cells]] [http://embryology.wordpress.com/ Embryology Blog 2009]


== Australian Statistics ==
The data below are highlights from the AIHW National Perinatal Statistics Unit recent annual publication: "'''Australia's mothers and babies 2005'''"


:'''267,793 '''women gave birth to '''272,419 '''babies, '''15,214''' more births (5.9%) than reported in Australia for 2004.
== Applied Embryology ==
[[Image:Australian-births 2007.png|thumb|Australian Births by Year]]
This recent data summarised below from [[Australia’s_mothers_and_babies_2007|Australia's mothers and babies 2007]]<ref>Laws P & Sullivan EA 2009. [[Australia’s_mothers_and_babies_2007|'''Australia's mothers and babies 2007''']] Perinatal statistics series no. 23. Cat. no. PER 48. Sydney: AIHW National Perinatal Statistics Unit.</ref> is provided to help you as a clinician and researcher understand the current trends in reproductive medicine within Australia.  


===Mothers===
=== Mothers ===
* '''289,496''' women gave birth resulting in a total of '''294,205''' births
** increase of 4.3% from 2006, and 14.4% increase since 2004
* '''2,177''' were fetal deaths
* '''29.9 years''' was the maternal mean age in 2007
** compared with 28.9 years in 1998 [[Genetic_risk_maternal_age|Why is this increasing age important?]]
* '''41.6%''' of mothers had their first baby and 33.5% had their second baby
* '''10,883''' women were Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander (3.8% of all women who gave birth)
**  39.5% of all mothers in the Northern Territory
** 25.2 years was the average age of these women who gave birth
* '''3.1%''' women received ART treatment (see also below [[#Assisted Reproduction Technology|Assisted Reproduction Technology]])


* '''29.8''' years was the mean maternal age, continuing an upward trend. (More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Stats/page2.htm Australian Statistics] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Stats/page2a.htm Australian Maternal Statistics])
====Smoking during pregnancy====
* '''9,867''' were of Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander origin, making up 3.7% of all mothers.
* '''16.6%''' of women smoked during pregnancy (similar proportion over the previous five years)
* '''17.4%''' reported smoking at all during pregnancy. (More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Defect/smoking.htm Smoking])
 
* '''58.5%''' had a spontaneous vaginal birth (0.4% vaginal breech birth, 3.5% forceps and 7.2% vacuum extractions). (More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Child/birth3.htm Birth Overview])
====Preterm birth====
* '''30.3%''' gave birth by caesarean section (19.5% in 1996) (More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Child/birth6.htm Caesarean Delivery])  
* 7.4% of all mothers (less than 37 completed weeks of gestation)
* '''83.2%''' had previously had a caesarean section  
** 38.8 weeks is the average duration of pregnancy
* '''1.7%''' had a multiple pregnancy (More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Defect/twin.htm Twinning])
 
* '''3.0 days''' median length of stay in hospital (caesarean section 5.0 days)
====Multiple pregnancy====
[[Image:Aus_multiple_birth_graph.png|thumb|Australian multiple birth data]]
* '''4,634''' multiple pregnancies (1.6% of all mothers) increasing due to the increased use of ART
** 4,558 twin pregnancies, 76 triplet pregnancies and no quadruplet pregnancies
 
====Presentation at birth====
[[Image:Galletti1770_breech_01.jpg|thumb|Breech presentation (Galletti, 1770)]]
* 94.6% cephalic (any part vertex, face, or brow of the fetal head)
* 4.0% breech (buttocks or feet)
 
====Method of birth====
[[Image:Birth caesarean.jpg|thumb|Birth caesarean]]
* '''57.9%''' vaginal births
** 11.2% had an instrumental vaginal delivery (forceps or vacuum extraction)
* '''30.9%''' caesarean section births
** 21.1% in 1998, 30.8% in 2006, rate recently stable
** 83.3% of these were repeat caesarean sections
 
====Pre-existing and pregnancy-related medical conditions====
* The following conditions were also reported: epilepsy, diabetes mellitus and hypertension, antepartum haemorrhage, gestational diabetes, cord prolapse and retained placenta, pregnancy-induced hypertension, fetal distress in labour and post-partum haemorrhage rates
 
====Postnatal length of stay====
* 2.0 days non-instrumental vaginal birth
* 3.0 days vacuum extraction delivery
* 4.0 days caesarean section or forceps delivery


===Babies===
===Babies===
*  '''292,027''' live births and '''2,177''' fetal deaths
**  stillbirth rate of 7.4 per 1,000 births
* most births occurred in March, August and October
* '''105.6''' sex ratio (number of male per 100 female liveborn babies)


* '''8.1%''' were preterm (less than 37 weeks gestation) (More? [../Child/birthpremature.htm Premature Birth] | [../Child/birthweight.htm Low Birth Weight])  
====Gestational age====
* '''6.4%''' of liveborn babies were of low birthweight (less than 2,500 grams) (More? [../Child/birthweight.htm Low Birth Weight] | [../Defect/page10.htm Fetal Origins Hypothesis])
* '''90.9%''' term (37–41 weeks gestation)
* 105.5 male / 100 female live births
* '''8.1%''' were preterm and '''33.2 weeks''' was the mean gestational age for all preterm births  
* '''15.5%''' of liveborn babies admitted to a special care nursery or neonatal intensive care unit.
** Preterm births were classified groups of 20–27 weeks, 28–31 weeks and 32–36 weeks
* '''6,044''' were admitted to level III neonatal intensive care units in Australia and met ANZNN’s high risk criteria, of which '''78.0%''' were preterm.
* '''7.3 /1,000 '''births fetal death rate (More? [../Child/birth7.htm Stillbirth and Perinatal Death])
* '''3.2 /1,000''' neonatal death rate / live births
* '''10.5 /1,000''' perinatal death rate / births
 
=== Assisted Reproduction Technology  ===
Assisted Reproduction Technology (ART) may include more techniques than, but is sometimes also used to identify, In vitro Fertilization (IVF) (More? [../Notes/week1_5b.htm In Vitro Fertilization]).


* '''51,017 treatment cycles''' reported to ANZARD in Australia and New Zealand in 2005.
====Birthweight====
** 91.1% were from Australian fertility and 8.9% from New Zealand centres (an increase of 13.7% of ART treatment cycles from 2004).
[[File:Apgar.jpg|thumb|]]
* '''35.5''' years average age of women (35.2 years in 2002).
* '''92.1%''' of liveborn babies had a birthweight in the range 2,500–4,499 grams
* Women aged older than 40 years has increased from 14.3% in 2002 to 15.3% in 2005.
** average birthweight was 3,374 grams
* 17,976 (6.2%) low birthweight (weighing less than 2,500 grams)
* 2,956 (1.0%) very low birthweight (weighing less than 1,500 grams)
* 1,288 (0.4%) extremely low birthweight (weighing less than 1,000 grams)
Apgar scores - '''1.4%''' of liveborn babies had a low Apgar score (between 0 and 6) at 5 minutes (More? [[Apgar_test|Apgar test]])


'''Single Embryo Transfers (SET)'''
Special care nurseries or neonatal intensive care units - 14.5% of liveborn babies were admitted to an SCN or NICU


* Significant increase in the number of SET embryos transfer cycles: 2002 28.4%; 2005 48.3%
===Perinatal mortality===
* increase of SET cycles resulted more singleton deliveries (singleton deliveries 2005 was 85.9%)  
[[Image:Perinatal mortality rate NSW 1992-2002.png|thumb|Perinatal mortality rate NSW 1992-2002]]
* Single-embryo transfer babies had better outcomes compared to babies born to women who had a double-embryo transfer (DET).
* 2,177 fetal deaths (7.4 per 1,000 births)
* Singletons babies 96.1% SET, 61.6% DET
** fetal deaths are if the birthweight is at least 400 grams or the gestational age is 20 weeks or more
* Preterm babies, 11.7% SET, 30.6% DET
*  846 neonatal deaths (2.9 per 1,000 live births)
* Low birthweight liveborn babies, 8.0% SET, 25.0% DET
** neonatal deaths are those occurring in live births up to 28 completed days after birth


(Reference: AIHW National Perinatal Statistics Unit [http://www.npsu.unsw.edu.au/NPSUweb.nsf/page/art11 Assisted Reproduction Technology in Australia and New Zealand 2005])
* 3,024 Australian perinatal deaths
** perinatal death includes birthweight of at least 400 grams or, where birthweight is unknown, a gestational age of at least 20 weeks
* 23.5% congenital abnormalities (anomalies)
* 13.8%  maternal conditions
* 12.6% unexplained antepartum death


==Australian Developmental Abnormalities==
==Australian Developmental Abnormalities==

Revision as of 19:00, 24 July 2010

A Course Introduction

Lecture Notice - Mark Hill
This online lecture page will contain the content required when attending the lecture. Currently this page is only a template and will be updated before the lecture (this notice removed when completed). Final lecture pages can also be printed out using the "printable version" lefthand menu.

BrauneB1.jpg

Anatomical image of late pregnancy by Wilhelm Braune (1831-1892)

Topographisch-anatomischer Atlas : nach Durchschnitten an gefrornen Cadavern, Leipzig: Verlag von Veit & Comp., 1867-1872. (Topographic-anatomical Atlas) Wilhelm Braune (1831-1892)

<wikiflv height="320" width="226" autostart="true" repeat="true">Embryo stages 002.flv‎|File:Embryo stages 002 icon.jpg</wikiflv>
Dr Mark Hill
This animation shows the growth of the human embryo during the first 8 weeks following fertilization. This first lecture will be a general introduction to the course and the subject of Embryology.
Firstly, an introduction to the course, its content and assessment and an opportunity to ask questions.
Secondly, some historic background to the subject and related current Australian trends.


MH - I do not expect you to remember specific historic dates or statistical data, this is provided as an introduction to the topic.

Lectopia Lecture Audio

ANAT2341 Course Background 2010

I will spend the first half going through the current course design, online support and assessment criteria. This is an opportunity to ask the course coordinator questions about the course.

Links: New Course Homepage | original UNSW Embryology

History

Long Ago

19th Century

  • 1824 - Rolando cut chemically hardened (fixed) pieces of brain tissues into thin sections for microscopical examination
  • 1859 - Darwin - On the Origin of Species Evolution Darwin
  • 1880 - image excerpts from a historic study of German embryologist Wilhelm His (1831-1904) Anatomie menschlicher Embryonen (1880).
  • 1889 - Camille Golgi discovered a method of silver staining hardened brain tissues Brain and Mind Brain Structure

Early 20th Century

Development in the early 20th century can also be seen in some Historic Movies 1920-1960.

Late 20th Century

Much of the modern history of Medicine/Embryology is documented in the Nobel Prizes for Medicine. There are either text extracts included or links to external texts or references in these notes.

Some key women in development Virginia Apgar and Nicole Le Douarin.

1953 - Apgar test - historic neonatal test designed by Dr Virginia Apgar.

1965 - Neural Crest Research Nicole Le Douarin.

1978 - First IVF baby born

1996 - "Dolly the sheep" First adult somatic cell cloning using the process of nuclear transfer.

Nobel Prizes

Much of the modern history of Medicine/Embryology is documented in the Nobel Prizes for Medicine. Remember that these award dates reflect findings that have proven to be scientific key breakthroughs from earlier dates.

21st Century


Applied Embryology

Australian Births by Year

This recent data summarised below from Australia's mothers and babies 2007[1] is provided to help you as a clinician and researcher understand the current trends in reproductive medicine within Australia.

Mothers

  • 289,496 women gave birth resulting in a total of 294,205 births
    • increase of 4.3% from 2006, and 14.4% increase since 2004
  • 2,177 were fetal deaths
  • 29.9 years was the maternal mean age in 2007
  • 41.6% of mothers had their first baby and 33.5% had their second baby
  • 10,883 women were Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander (3.8% of all women who gave birth)
    • 39.5% of all mothers in the Northern Territory
    • 25.2 years was the average age of these women who gave birth
  • 3.1% women received ART treatment (see also below Assisted Reproduction Technology)

Smoking during pregnancy

  • 16.6% of women smoked during pregnancy (similar proportion over the previous five years)

Preterm birth

  • 7.4% of all mothers (less than 37 completed weeks of gestation)
    • 38.8 weeks is the average duration of pregnancy

Multiple pregnancy

Australian multiple birth data
  • 4,634 multiple pregnancies (1.6% of all mothers) increasing due to the increased use of ART
    • 4,558 twin pregnancies, 76 triplet pregnancies and no quadruplet pregnancies

Presentation at birth

Breech presentation (Galletti, 1770)
  • 94.6% cephalic (any part vertex, face, or brow of the fetal head)
  • 4.0% breech (buttocks or feet)

Method of birth

Birth caesarean
  • 57.9% vaginal births
    • 11.2% had an instrumental vaginal delivery (forceps or vacuum extraction)
  • 30.9% caesarean section births
    • 21.1% in 1998, 30.8% in 2006, rate recently stable
    • 83.3% of these were repeat caesarean sections

Pre-existing and pregnancy-related medical conditions

  • The following conditions were also reported: epilepsy, diabetes mellitus and hypertension, antepartum haemorrhage, gestational diabetes, cord prolapse and retained placenta, pregnancy-induced hypertension, fetal distress in labour and post-partum haemorrhage rates

Postnatal length of stay

  • 2.0 days non-instrumental vaginal birth
  • 3.0 days vacuum extraction delivery
  • 4.0 days caesarean section or forceps delivery

Babies

  • 292,027 live births and 2,177 fetal deaths
    • stillbirth rate of 7.4 per 1,000 births
  • most births occurred in March, August and October
  • 105.6 sex ratio (number of male per 100 female liveborn babies)

Gestational age

  • 90.9% term (37–41 weeks gestation)
  • 8.1% were preterm and 33.2 weeks was the mean gestational age for all preterm births
    • Preterm births were classified groups of 20–27 weeks, 28–31 weeks and 32–36 weeks

Birthweight

Apgar.jpg
  • 92.1% of liveborn babies had a birthweight in the range 2,500–4,499 grams
    • average birthweight was 3,374 grams
  • 17,976 (6.2%) low birthweight (weighing less than 2,500 grams)
  • 2,956 (1.0%) very low birthweight (weighing less than 1,500 grams)
  • 1,288 (0.4%) extremely low birthweight (weighing less than 1,000 grams)

Apgar scores - 1.4% of liveborn babies had a low Apgar score (between 0 and 6) at 5 minutes (More? Apgar test)

Special care nurseries or neonatal intensive care units - 14.5% of liveborn babies were admitted to an SCN or NICU

Perinatal mortality

Perinatal mortality rate NSW 1992-2002
  • 2,177 fetal deaths (7.4 per 1,000 births)
    • fetal deaths are if the birthweight is at least 400 grams or the gestational age is 20 weeks or more
  • 846 neonatal deaths (2.9 per 1,000 live births)
    • neonatal deaths are those occurring in live births up to 28 completed days after birth
  • 3,024 Australian perinatal deaths
    • perinatal death includes birthweight of at least 400 grams or, where birthweight is unknown, a gestational age of at least 20 weeks
  • 23.5% congenital abnormalities (anomalies)
  • 13.8% maternal conditions
  • 12.6% unexplained antepartum death

Australian Developmental Abnormalities

Australian Data 1981-92

The ten most frequently reported birth defects in Victoria between 2003-2004 (More? Australian Statistics - Victoria)

  1. Hypospadias
  2. Obstructive Defects of the Renal Pelvis or Obstructive Genitourinary Defects
  3. Ventricular Septal Defect
  4. Congenital Dislocated Hip
  5. Trisomy 21 or Down syndrome
  6. Hydrocephalus
  7. Cleft Palate
  8. Trisomy 18 or Edward Syndrome - multiple abnormalities of the heart, diaphragm, lungs, kidneys, ureters and palate 86% discontinued.
  9. Renal Agenesis/Dysgenesis - reduction in neonatal death and stillbirth since 1993 may be due to the more severe cases being identified in utero and being represented amongst the increased proportion of terminations (approximately 31%).
  10. Cleft Lip and Palate - occur with another defect in 33.7% of cases.
  • Hypospadia

    Hypospadia

  • Obstructive Defect of the Renal Pelvis

    Obstructive Defect of the Renal Pelvis

  • Ventricular Septal Defect

    Ventricular Septal Defect

  • Congenital dislocation hip

    Congenital dislocation hip

  • Trisomy 21 male

    Trisomy 21 male

  • Hydrocephalus

    Hydrocephalus

  • Cleft palate

    Cleft palate

  • Trisomy 18 male

    Trisomy 18 male

  • Bilateral cleft palate

    Bilateral cleft palate

Male external 001 icon.jpg Palate 001 icon.jpg Palate 002 icon.jpg
Male External Palate and Lip Palate Formation

UNSW Embryology Links


Glossary Links

Glossary: A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | Numbers | Symbols | Term Link

Course Content 2010

Embryology Introduction | Cell Division/Fertilization | Lab 1 | Week 1&2 Development | Week 3 Development | Lab 2 | Mesoderm Development | Ectoderm, Early Neural, Neural Crest | Lab 3 | Early Vascular Development | Placenta | Lab 4 | Endoderm, Early Gastrointestinal | Respiratory Development | Lab 5 | Head Development | Neural Crest Development | Lab 6 | Musculoskeletal Development | Limb Development | Lab 7 | Kidney | Genital | Lab 8 | Sensory | Stem Cells | Stem Cells | Endocrine | Lab 10 | Late Vascular Development | Integumentary | Lab 11 | Birth, Postnatal | Revision | Lab 12 | Lecture Audio | Course Timetable

Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2026, October 21) Embryology 2010 Lecture 1. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/2010_Lecture_1

What Links Here?
© Dr Mark Hill 2026, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G
  1. ↑ Laws P & Sullivan EA 2009. Australia's mothers and babies 2007 Perinatal statistics series no. 23. Cat. no. PER 48. Sydney: AIHW National Perinatal Statistics Unit.
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