Y Chromosome: Difference between revisions
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:'''Links:''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/omim/300162 OMIM - acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase-like] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/omim/400029 OMIM - heat shock transcription factor, Y-linked 1] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/omim/400038 OMIM - testis-specific transcript, Y-linked 5] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/omim/300531 OMIM - sprouty homolog 3 (Drosophila)] | :'''Links:''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/omim/300162 OMIM - acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase-like] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/omim/400029 OMIM - heat shock transcription factor, Y-linked 1] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/omim/400038 OMIM - testis-specific transcript, Y-linked 5] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/omim/300531 OMIM - sprouty homolog 3 (Drosophila)] | ||
[[File:Human Y chromosome.jpg|thumb|Human Y chromosome]] | [[File:Human Y chromosome.jpg|thumb|Human Y chromosome]] | ||
== | ==SRY== | ||
Sry (sex-determining region on the Y chromosome) gene was found in 1990 on the Y chromosome and the first Sox gene identified, the sry gene encodes a "testis-determining factor" a 204aa protein (Mr 23884 Da). | Sry (sex-determining region on the Y chromosome) gene was found in 1990 on the Y chromosome and the first Sox gene identified, the sry gene encodes a "testis-determining factor" a 204aa protein (Mr 23884 Da). | ||
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Mouse sex determination genes{{#pmid:22439850|PMID22439850}} | Mouse sex determination genes{{#pmid:22439850|PMID22439850}} | ||
:'''Links:''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/omim/480000 OMIM - Sry] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Structure/mmdb/mmdbsrv.cgi?uid=49520 3d Structure Of The Human Sry-Dna Complex] | :'''Links:''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/omim/480000 OMIM - Sry] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Structure/mmdb/mmdbsrv.cgi?uid=49520 3d Structure Of The Human Sry-Dna Complex] | ||
=== | |||
===SOX=== | |||
Sox is an acronym of "'''S'''ry-related HMG b'''ox'''" and there have now been identified at least eight groups of genes that belong to this family with different functions. (for review see{{#pmid:17625949|PMID17625949}}) The "HMG box" is a region that functions for DNA binding, DNA bending, protein interactions, and nuclear import or export. | Sox is an acronym of "'''S'''ry-related HMG b'''ox'''" and there have now been identified at least eight groups of genes that belong to this family with different functions. (for review see{{#pmid:17625949|PMID17625949}}) The "HMG box" is a region that functions for DNA binding, DNA bending, protein interactions, and nuclear import or export. |
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Introduction
Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes, 22 autosomes and a pair of sex chromosomes. Males have one X and one Y chromosomes (46, XY) and females have a pair of X chromosomes (46, XX). The Y chromosome is much smaller than the X chromosome and contains 50 million base pairs encoding approximately 200+ genes. The Sry gene (location Yp11.3), found in 1990, encodes is responsible for male sex determination. SRY mutations lead to XY sex reversal in humans, and XX mice with an SRY transgene develop as fertile males. Interestingly, the laboratory rat, Rattus norvegicus, has at least 6 full length copies of the Sry gene.[1]
Placental male mammals have SRY protein transcription factor that activates Sox9 for testes formation. SRY evolved as a hybrid gene of Dgcr8 expressed in the developing placenta and Sox3 expressed in hypothalamic development.
SRY encodes a 204 amino acid protein that is a member of the HMG (High mobility group) box class of DNA-binding proteins. Transcription factors bind to specific sites of DNA and regulates the transcription (expression) of other genes.
The male-specific region of the human Y chromosome was originally called the non-recombining portion of the Y chromosome (NRY). This region consists of three different classes of euchromatic sequences:
- X-transposed - 3-4 Ma transposition 99% identical to human Xq21
- X-degenerate - 14 single copy or 13 pseudogene homologs of X-linked genes
- ampliconic sequences - Sequences with strong identity to other regions of Y
The Y and X chromosome are both transcriptionally silenced during spermatogenesis, at primary spermatocyte stage onward, by a process called meiotic sex chromosome inactivation (MSCI). (More? Meiosis)
Human idiogram
Some Recent Findings
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More recent papers |
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This table allows an automated computer search of the external PubMed database using the listed "Search term" text link.
More? References | Discussion Page | Journal Searches | 2019 References | 2020 References Search term: Y Chromosome <pubmed limit=5>Y Chromosome</pubmed> Search term: SRY <pubmed limit=5>SRY</pubmed> |
History
- 1916 - Bridges[3][4] describes the sex chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster and shows that sex is determined by the X:autosome ratio
- 1923 - Painter[5] describes the Sex chromosomes in mammals - it is assumed that sex determining mechanism will be the same as Drosophila
- 1959 - Ford et al.[6] find a human XO and female - Turner's syndrome
- 1959 - Jacobs and Strong[7] find an XXY male - Kleinfelter's syndrome
- together these prove that the Y chromosome determines sex and not the X:autosome ratio
- 1989 XX males found that carry a very small portion of Y chromosomal DNA (60kb)
- using DNA from these males a search for the testis determining gene, TDF or TDY led to the isolation of the gene
- gene called SRY because it comes from the Sex-determining Region of the Y chromosome. It is the molecular "switch" that determines sex in humans
Y Chromosome Genes
- Links: OMIM - acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase-like | OMIM - heat shock transcription factor, Y-linked 1 | OMIM - testis-specific transcript, Y-linked 5 | OMIM - sprouty homolog 3 (Drosophila)
SRY
Sry (sex-determining region on the Y chromosome) gene was found in 1990 on the Y chromosome and the first Sox gene identified, the sry gene encodes a "testis-determining factor" a 204aa protein (Mr 23884 Da).
Sry acts as a transcriptional activator (HMG type-high mobility group) binding to DNA and initiating male sex determination then regulating male development. The protein sequence is shown on this current page and the full genebank entry can also be seen. The sry protein has a HMG box that binds DNA by intercalating in the minor groove. Read about the mapping of the testis determining factor which is SRY.
The actual gene targets of SRY are still being determined but at least one downstream gene Sox9 has been identified. Another gene Dax1 (nuclear hormone-receptor superfamily member) when expressed as a transgene will antagonize Sry and also force dosage-sensitive sex reversal.
Mouse sex determination genes[8]
SOX
Sox is an acronym of "Sry-related HMG box" and there have now been identified at least eight groups of genes that belong to this family with different functions. (for review see[9]) The "HMG box" is a region that functions for DNA binding, DNA bending, protein interactions, and nuclear import or export.
The high mobility group (HMG) domain is a 79 amino acid protein region.
Human SOX Family | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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SRY Nuclear Import
A model for nuclear import of SRY from normal males and XY females.[10]
The distinct nuclear localization signals (NLSs) of SRY use different import pathways.
- cNLS - recognized by IMPβ, docks the transport complex at the nuclear pore complex (NPC) and is then translocation through. After nuclear entry of the complex, RanGTP binds to IMPβ to trigger release of SRY; DNA binding by SRY may also facilitate the release process.
- nNLS - mediates nuclear import through a novel pathway not utilizing conventional nuclear import factors such as IMPs but an unidentified "transport factor" (TF) suggested to be calcium-calmodulin.
Sry Target Genes
Cerebellin 4 precursor (Cbln4) - encodes a secreted protein expressed in Sertoli cells in the developing gonad.[11]
Androgen receptor - SRY interacts with and negatively regulates this receptor transcriptional activity.[12]
Testis-specific Protein Y Chromosome
Testis-specific Protein Y Chromosome (TSPY) is an ampliconic gene on the Y chromosome with an unknown function, though the protein that has been shown to interact with gonadoblastoma. A recent study suggests that TSPY serves as a repressor in androgen-induced tumor development in testicular germ-cell tumours (TGCTs).[13]
Pseudoautosomal Regions
These are two intervals of sequence identity at the tips of both the Y and X chromosomes, the human pseudoautosomal regions PAR1 and PAR2.[14] Loss of PAR1 has been associated with male sterility. |
References
- ↑ Turner ME, Martin C, Martins AS, Dunmire J, Farkas J, Ely DL & Milsted A. (2007). Genomic and expression analysis of multiple Sry loci from a single Rattus norvegicus Y chromosome. BMC Genet. , 8, 11. PMID: 17408480 DOI.
- ↑ Kaur G & Jans DA. (2011). Dual nuclear import mechanisms of sex determining factor SRY: intracellular Ca2+ as a switch. FASEB J. , 25, 665-75. PMID: 21051653 DOI.
- ↑ Bridges CB. (1916). Non-Disjunction as Proof of the Chromosome Theory of Heredity. Genetics , 1, 1-52. PMID: 17245850
- ↑ Bridges CB. (1916). Non-Disjunction as Proof of the Chromosome Theory of Heredity (Concluded). Genetics , 1, 107-63. PMID: 17245853
- ↑ Painter TS. (1923). FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON THE SEX CHROMOSOMES OF MAMMALS. Science , 58, 247-8. PMID: 17748214 DOI.
- ↑ FORD CE, JONES KW, POLANI PE, DE ALMEIDA JC & BRIGGS JH. (1959). A sex-chromosome anomaly in a case of gonadal dysgenesis (Turner's syndrome). Lancet , 1, 711-3. PMID: 13642858
- ↑ JACOBS PA & STRONG JA. (1959). A case of human intersexuality having a possible XXY sex-determining mechanism. Nature , 183, 302-3. PMID: 13632697
- ↑ de Lau WB, Snel B & Clevers HC. (2012). The R-spondin protein family. Genome Biol. , 13, 242. PMID: 22439850 DOI.
- ↑ Lefebvre V, Dumitriu B, Penzo-Méndez A, Han Y & Pallavi B. (2007). Control of cell fate and differentiation by Sry-related high-mobility-group box (Sox) transcription factors. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. , 39, 2195-214. PMID: 17625949 DOI.
- ↑ Harley VR, Layfield S, Mitchell CL, Forwood JK, John AP, Briggs LJ, McDowall SG & Jans DA. (2003). Defective importin beta recognition and nuclear import of the sex-determining factor SRY are associated with XY sex-reversing mutations. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , 100, 7045-50. PMID: 12764225 DOI.
- ↑ Bradford ST, Hiramatsu R, Maddugoda MP, Bernard P, Chaboissier MC, Sinclair A, Schedl A, Harley V, Kanai Y, Koopman P & Wilhelm D. (2009). The cerebellin 4 precursor gene is a direct target of SRY and SOX9 in mice. Biol. Reprod. , 80, 1178-88. PMID: 19211811 DOI.
- ↑ Yuan X, Lu ML, Li T & Balk SP. (2001). SRY interacts with and negatively regulates androgen receptor transcriptional activity. J. Biol. Chem. , 276, 46647-54. PMID: 11585838 DOI.
- ↑ Akimoto C, Ueda T, Inoue K, Yamaoka I, Sakari M, Obara W, Fujioka T, Nagahara A, Nonomura N, Tsutsumi S, Aburatani H, Miki T, Matsumoto T, Kitagawa H & Kato S. (2010). Testis-specific protein on Y chromosome (TSPY) represses the activity of the androgen receptor in androgen-dependent testicular germ-cell tumors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , 107, 19891-6. PMID: 21041627 DOI.
- ↑ Flaquer A, Rappold GA, Wienker TF & Fischer C. (2008). The human pseudoautosomal regions: a review for genetic epidemiologists. Eur. J. Hum. Genet. , 16, 771-9. PMID: 18398439 DOI.
Online Textbooks
Search NLM Online Textbooks "Y chromosome" : Developmental Biology | Endocrinology | Molecular Biology of the Cell | The Cell- A molecular Approach
Reviews
Sekido R. (2010). SRY: A transcriptional activator of mammalian testis determination. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. , 42, 417-20. PMID: 20005972 DOI.
Bianchi NO. (2009). Y chromosome structural and functional changes in human malignant diseases. Mutat. Res. , 682, 21-7. PMID: 19699459 DOI.
Osborne EC, Lynch M, McLachlan R, Trounson AO & Cram DS. (2007). Microarray detection of Y chromosome deletions associated with male infertility. Reprod. Biomed. Online , 15, 673-80. PMID: 18062864
Wilhelm D, Palmer S & Koopman P. (2007). Sex determination and gonadal development in mammals. Physiol. Rev. , 87, 1-28. PMID: 17237341 DOI.
Koopman P. (2005). Sex determination: a tale of two Sox genes. Trends Genet. , 21, 367-70. PMID: 15949865 DOI.
Articles
Antonelli A, Marcucci L, Elli R, Tanzi N, Paoli D, Radicioni A, Lombardo F, Lenzi A & Gandini L. (2011). Semen quality in men with Y chromosome aberrations. Int. J. Androl. , 34, 453-60. PMID: 21039604 DOI.
Koopman P, Gubbay J, Vivian N, Goodfellow P & Lovell-Badge R. (1991). Male development of chromosomally female mice transgenic for Sry. Nature , 351, 117-21. PMID: 2030730 DOI.
Sinclair AH, Berta P, Palmer MS, Hawkins JR, Griffiths BL, Smith MJ, Foster JW, Frischauf AM, Lovell-Badge R & Goodfellow PN. (1990). A gene from the human sex-determining region encodes a protein with homology to a conserved DNA-binding motif. Nature , 346, 240-4. PMID: 1695712 DOI.
Search PubMed
Search November 2010 "Y Chromosome" - All (11590) Review (1052) Free Full Text (2688)
Search Pubmed: Y Chromosome | SRY
External Links
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- Ensembl Y Chromosome
- Genome View Y chromosome
- OMIM SRY
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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, June 15) Embryology Y Chromosome. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Y_Chromosome
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