Talk:Abnormal Development - Smoking

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Original page http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Defect/smoking.htm

2011

Parental smoking during pregnancy, early growth, and risk of obesity in preschool children: the Generation R Study

Am J Clin Nutr. 2011 May 18. [Epub ahead of print]

Durmus B, Kruithof CJ, Gillman MH, Willemsen SP, Hofman A, Raat H, Eilers PH, Steegers EA, Jaddoe VW. Source Generation R Study Group and the Departments of Pediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands, and the Harvard Medical School/Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA.

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: We assessed the associations of active maternal and paternal smoking during pregnancy with early growth characteristics and risks of overweight and obesity in preschool children.

DESIGN: This study was a population-based, prospective cohort study from early fetal life until the age of 4 y in 5342 mothers and fathers and their children. Growth characteristics [head circumference, length, weight, and body mass index (BMI; in kg/m(2))] and overweight and obesity were repeatedly measured at the ages of 1, 2, 3, and 4 y.

RESULTS: In comparison with children from nonsmoking mothers, children from mothers who continued smoking during pregnancy had persistently smaller head circumferences and heights until the age of 4 y, whereas their weights were only lower until the age of 3 mo. This smaller length and normal to higher weight led to an increased BMI [SD score difference: 0.11; 95% CI: 0.02, 0.20; P < 0.05)] and an increased risk of obesity (odds ratio: 1.61; 95% CI: 1.03, 2.53; P < 0.05) at the age of 4 y. In nonsmoking mothers, paternal smoking was not associated with postnatal growth characteristics or risk of obesity of offspring. Maternal smoking during pregnancy was associated with a higher BMI at the age of 4 y in children with a normal birth weight and in those who were small for gestational age at birth.

CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that direct intrauterine exposure to smoke until late pregnancy leads to different height and weight growth adaptations and increased risks of overweight and obesity in preschool children.

PMID: 21593510 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21593510