Talk:Abnormal Development - Rubella Virus
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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, April 27) Embryology Abnormal Development - Rubella Virus. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Talk:Abnormal_Development_-_Rubella_Virus |
2010
Phylogenetic analysis of rubella viruses involved in congenital rubella infections in France between 1995 and 2009
J Clin Microbiol. 2010 Jul;48(7):2530-5. Epub 2010 May 12.
Vauloup-Fellous C, Hübschen JM, Abernathy ES, Icenogle J, Gaidot N, Dubreuil P, Parent-du-Châtelet I, Grangeot-Keros L, Muller CP. Source INSERM U764, Université Paris-Sud, AP-HP, Microbiology Department, Hôpital Antoine Béclère, Clamart, France. christelle.vauloup@abc.aphp.fr
Abstract
Rubella is an acute infectious disease that normally has a mild clinical course. However, infections during pregnancy, especially before week 12 of gestation (WG), can cause severe birth defects known as congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). The aim of this study was to perform genotyping and molecular characterization of rubella viruses involved in congenital infections in France over the past 15 years (1995 to 2009). Amniotic fluid (AF) specimens (n = 80) from pregnant women with congenital rubella infections (CRI) before week 20 of gestation, and a few other samples available from children/newborns with CRS (n = 26), were analyzed. The coding region of the rubella virus E1 gene was amplified directly from clinical specimens by reverse transcriptase PCR, and the resulting DNA fragments were sequenced. Sequences were assigned to genotypes by phylogenetic analysis with rubella virus reference sequences. Sufficient E1 gene sequences were obtained from 56 cases. Phylogenetic analysis of the sequences showed that at least five different genotypes (1E, 1G, 1B, 2B, and 1h) were present in France and were involved in congenital infections, with a strong predominance of genotype 1E (87%). This is one of the very few comprehensive studies of rubella viruses involved in CRI. The results indicated that over the past 15 years, multiple introductions of the dominant genotype E caused most of the CRI cases in France. A few sporadic cases were due to other genotypes (1B, 1G, 1h, 2B).
PMID: 20463161 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20463161
http://jcm.asm.org/cgi/content/full/48/7/2530?view=long&pmid=20463161
Congenital rubella syndrome and delayed manifestations
Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2010 Sep;74(9):1067-70. Epub 2010 Jul 8.
Dammeyer J. Source Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark. jesper.dammeyer@psy.ku.dk
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Several hypotheses of different medical and psychological delayed manifestations among people who have congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) have been discussed. This study tests some of these hypotheses of delayed manifestations.
METHODS: Gathering information about 35 individuals who have CRS and who are congenitally deafblind.
RESULTS: None of the hypotheses could be confirmed when individuals with CRS were compared to a control group of individuals who were congenital deafblind with different aetiology than CRS.
CONCLUSIONS: This study concludes that those health related problems which people with CRS face must primarily be understood in relation to congenital deafblindness and dual sensory and communicative deprivation.
Copyright 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
PMID: 20619470 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20619470
Three-dimensional structure of Rubella virus factories
Virology. 2010 Sep 30;405(2):579-91. Epub 2010 Jul 23.
Fontana J, López-Iglesias C, Tzeng WP, Frey TK, Fernández JJ, Risco C. Cell Structure Lab, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, Darwin, Madrid, Spain.
Abstract Viral factories are complex structures in the infected cell where viruses compartmentalize their life cycle. Rubella virus (RUBV) assembles factories by recruitment of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), mitochondria and Golgi around modified lysosomes known as cytopathic vacuoles or CPVs. These organelles contain active replication complexes that transfer replicated RNA to assembly sites in Golgi membranes. We have studied the structure of RUBV factory in three dimensions by electron tomography and freeze-fracture. CPVs contain stacked membranes, rigid sheets, small vesicles and large vacuoles. These membranes are interconnected and in communication with the endocytic pathway since they incorporate endocytosed BSA-gold. RER and CPVs are coupled through protein bridges and closely apposed membranes. Golgi vesicles attach to the CPVs but no tight contacts with mitochondria were detected. Immunogold labelling confirmed that the mitochondrial protein p32 is an abundant component around and inside CPVs where it could play important roles in factory activities.
Copyright 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
PMID: 20655079
Congenital rubella syndrome and rubella in Vellore, South India
Epidemiol Infect. 2010 Jul 20:1-5. [Epub ahead of print]
Chandy S, Abraham AM, Jana AK, Agarwal I, Kekre A, Korula G, Selvaraj K, Muliyil JP. Department of Clinical Virology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India.
Abstract
Rubella, a mild, vaccine-preventable disease, can manifest as congenital rubella syndrome (CRS), a devastating disease of the fetus. To emphasize the inadequacy of the existing rubella vaccination programme in India, we evaluated epidemiological evidence of rubella virus activity with data available from a tertiary-care centre. The proportion of suspected CRS cases that were laboratory confirmed increased from 4% in 2000 to 11% in 2008. During the same period, 329 clinically suspected postnatal rubella cases were tested of which 65 (20%) were laboratory confirmed. Of women (n=770) of childbearing age, 12.5% were susceptible to rubella.
PMID: 20642875 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20642875
Controlling rubella and preventing congenital rubella syndrome – global progress, 2009
Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2010 Oct 15;85(42):413-8.
[Article in English, French] [No authors listed]
"In 2000, WHO published its first position paper on rubella vaccine to guide the introduction of rubella-containing vaccines (RCVs) into national childhood immuni- zation schedules.1 As of December 2009, a total of 130 countries have introduced RCVs, a 57% increase from 83 countries in 1996. In addition, goals to eliminate rubella and congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) by 2010 have been established in the WHO Region of the Americas and by 2015 in the the European Region; the Western Pacific Region has established 2015 as a goal for accelerating rubella control and reducing CRS incidence to <10 cases/million live births. In 2009, a total of 121 344 rubella cases was reported from 167 countries, a 82% decrease from 2000 when 670 894 cases were reported from 102 countries. This report summarizes global data on cases of rubella and CRS and the prog- ress that has been made towards introducing and using RCVs worldwide."
PMID: 20949700 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20949700
http://www.who.int/wer/2010/wer8542.pdf
2008
Vaccine preventable diseases and vaccination coverage in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, Australia 2003 to 2006
Commun Dis Intell. 2008 Jun;32 Suppl:S2-67.
Menzies R, Turnour C, Chiu C, McIntyre P. Source National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance of Vaccine Preventable Diseases, Australia.
Abstract
This, the second report on vaccine preventable diseases and vaccination coverage in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, brings together the relevant sources of routinely collected data on vaccine preventable diseases--notifications, hospitalisations, deaths, and childhood and adult vaccination coverage. As a result of continued improvements in the collection of data on Indigenous status, this second report is considerably more comprehensive, with data available from more jurisdictions, and more detailed presentation, including time trends and vaccination coverage by jurisdiction. Vaccination coverage data provide evidence of successful program delivery and highlight some areas for improvement. For universally funded vaccines in children, coverage is similar in Indigenous and non-Indigenous children by 24 months of age. However, delayed vaccination is more common in Indigenous children, with 6%-8% fewer children fully vaccinated at 12 months of age. More timely vaccination, particularly within the first six months of life, is particularly important in reducing the disproportionate burdens of disease due to pertussis and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib). For vaccination programs targeted specifically at Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children and adults, coverage is substantially lower than for those programs targeted at all Australians. This is true for hepatitis A and polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccine for children, and influenza and polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccine for adults. Targeted vaccination programs present a particular challenge for health services in urban areas. Nevertheless, the impact of vaccination programs in preventing disease and reducing the disparity of disease burden between Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander and non-Indigenous people has been substantial. This is evident in data on notifications, hospitalisations and deaths. Diseases which, in the past, have had devastating and often disproportionately high impact on Indigenous people, such as diphtheria, measles, poliomyelitis, smallpox and tetanus, are now completely or almost completely absent from Australia. Hepatitis B infection, another disease responsible for high levels of infection and substantial serious illness and death in the pre-vaccine era, is also now well controlled in age groups eligible for vaccination. Although invasive Hib disease is now rare in Australia since the introduction of vaccination in 1993, higher rates of disease persist in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children. More research is needed into the contribution of environmental factors, delayed vaccination and vaccine failure to this continued disparity. Hepatitis A has disproportionately affected Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children in the past. Vaccination programs in north Queensland and in various other countries have been very successful in reducing the burden of hepatitis A. It is too early to assess the impact of the vaccination program for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children that commenced in regions outside north Queensland in November 2005. For some other diseases the situation is more complicated. The substantial impact of the national meningococcal C vaccination program since 2003 is evident in this report, although the higher proportion of non-vaccine preventable serotype B disease in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people underlines the need for a new vaccine to cover this serotype. Pneumonia remains the most important communicable disease contributor to premature mortality in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people of all ages. In young Indigenous adults, the eightfold higher rate of hospitalisation compared with their non-Indigenous peers, and the 11-fold higher rate of invasive pneumococcal disease, suggest the need for more widespread use of influenza and pneumococcal vaccines in this age group. Current coverage for Indigenous 15-49 year olds, where influenza and pneumococcal vaccines are funded only for those with risk factors, is low even though some 70% of this age group have one or more risk factors. Overall, the data presented in this report provide powerful evidence for the impact of vaccines in reducing disease in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, and also point to areas for further improvement. Immunisation programs are an example of how preventive health programs in general can be enhanced to close the gap in morbidity and mortality between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians.
PMID: 18711998 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18711998
2007
Prevalence of prelingual deafness in Italy
Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital. 2007 Feb;27(1):17-21.
Bubbico L, Rosano A, Spagnolo A. Source Department of Biomedical Sciences, Italian Institute of Social Medicine, Rome, Italy. l.bubbico@iims.it
Abstract
Neonatal hearing loss is the most frequent sensorial congenital defect in newborns. No data are available on worldwide prevalence of congenital deafness. World Health Organization (WHO) data indicate 1-4 cases per 1000 individuals, with a considerable increase in developing countries. A prevalence exceeding 1 per 1000 however, indicates a serious public health problem calling for urgent attention. Aim of the study was the evaluate the prevalence of prelingual deafness in the Italian population and determine the socio-demographic characteristics of the condition. Data were provided by the National Institute of Social Insurance (INPS) and the Italian Central Statistics Institute (ISTAT) and were collected in 18 out of the 20 Italian regions (98.2% of total population). All subjects recognized as deaf-mute by a special medical committee were included. According to law No. 509/1988, they had to present a mean bilateral sensorineural-hearing impairment, detected in neonatal age, which caused the damage in speech development and equal to 60 dB or more for 500-, 1000- and 2000-Hz frequency tones in the better ear. Prevalence rates were calculated according to region and age bracket using updated population data from census 2001. Statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS statistical software package. A total of 40,887 cases of prelingual profound sensorineural hearing loss > or =60 dB were detected in Italy in 2003, for a total prevalence rate of 0.72 per 1000. The hearing impairment prevalence differs according to sex. The overall prevalence is 0.78 per 1000 for males and 0.69 per 1000 for females (p < 0.001). The hearing impairment prevalence differs according to region of residence (p < 0.001). The geographic distribution of prelingual deafness was found to be: North 15,644 cases (0.63 per 1000), Central Italy 7111 cases (0.64 per 1000), South and Islands 18,132 (0.87 per 1000). The prelingual hearing loss is highly prevalent in South Italy (Basilicata, Calabria and Sicily). For the southern regions of Italy, the rate observed in the 50-64 and >64 age groups reached 1.27 and 1.15, respectively. This phenomenon may have been due, in part, to the epidemic incidence of maternal rubella which occurred in the 40's and 50's (in Italy, the rubella vaccination was only recommended starting from 1972), and, in part, to the habit of contracting consanguineous marriages. Data from the Vatican Archives on 520,492 consanguineous marriages, for which dispensation was requested in the period 1911-1964, indicate that in the years 1935-1939, in small villages in South Italy (Basilicata, Calabria, Sicily) consanguineous marriages accounted for over 40% of marriages.
PMID: 17601206 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17601206
1988
Maternal rubella and the congenital rubella syndrome
Clin Perinatol. 1988 Jun;15(2):247-57.
Freij BJ, South MA, Sever JL. Source Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, D.C.
Abstract
The major goal of rubella immunization is the prevention of the congenital rubella syndrome. As many as 20 per cent of women in the reproductive age group in the United States continue to be susceptible to rubella despite the immunization programs currently in place. Intensified efforts are therefore needed to identify persons at risk for infection and to vaccinate them. Women who develop a rubella-like illness during pregnancy should have the diagnosis confirmed serologically because a diagnosis based on clinical criteria alone is unreliable and because of the serious implications of gestational rubella infection. The rubella virus can infect the fetus at any stage of pregnancy, but defects are rarely noted when this occurs after the 16th week of gestation. The most common abnormalities in the congenital rubella syndrome are hearing loss, mental retardation, cardiac malformations, and eye defects. Diabetes mellitus, thyroid disease, glaucoma, and other delayed manifestations of congenital rubella syndrome are common, thereby necessitating long-term followup of these patients. The detection of rubella-specific IgM antibodies in fetal blood is helpful in establishing the diagnosis prenatally and can aid in the management of pregnancies complicated by this infection. Susceptible women identified through screening during pregnancy should be immunized in the immediate postpartum or postabortion period. Although the live, attenuated rubella vaccine is contraindicated during pregnancy, pregnant women who are inadvertently immunized are not candidates for pregnancy termination because no defects consistent with congenital rubella have been reported to date in the offspring of other similarly vaccinated women.
PMID: 3288422 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3288422
Related Links
HSTAT Archive Collection [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); 1977-2002. (This publication is provided for historical reference only and the information may be out of date or incorrect.) Rubella
