Genital - Male Development: Difference between revisions
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Male testosterone and AMH levels | Male testosterone and AMH levels | ||
During ovary follicle development, the granulosa cells secrete AMH and it may have a role in follicular recruitment and development.<ref name=PMID26163524><pubmed>26163524</pubmed></ref> and | ====Ovary AMH==== | ||
During ovary follicle development, the granulosa cells secrete AMH and it may have a role in follicular recruitment and development.<ref name=PMID26163524><pubmed>26163524</pubmed></ref> and may also function in postnatal elevation of FSH secretion in females.<ref name=PMID27030385><pubmed>27030385</pubmed></ref> | |||
====Other AMH Tissues==== | ====Other AMH Tissues==== | ||
* The placenta has also been shown to both synthesise AMH and express its receptors.<ref name=PMID25972076><pubmed>25972076</pubmed></ref> | * The placenta has also been shown to both synthesise AMH and express its receptors.<ref name=PMID25972076><pubmed>25972076</pubmed></ref> | ||
* AMH receptors have been identified in both the pituitary and brain<ref name=PMID27030385><pubmed>27030385</pubmed></ref> | * AMH receptors have been identified in both the pituitary and brain.<ref name=PMID27030385><pubmed>27030385</pubmed></ref> | ||
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'''Links:''' [[Developmental Signals - TGF-beta|TGF-beta]] | [https://www.omim.org/entry/600957 OMIM - AMH] | '''Links:''' [[Developmental Signals - TGF-beta|TGF-beta]] | [https://www.omim.org/entry/600957 OMIM - AMH] | ||
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:'''Links:''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=endocrin&part=A972&rendertype=box&id=A1026 Endocrinology - Diagram of the development of the external genitalia] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK29/bin/ch6fb5.jpg image] | :'''Links:''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=endocrin&part=A972&rendertype=box&id=A1026 Endocrinology - Diagram of the development of the external genitalia] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK29/bin/ch6fb5.jpg image] | ||
Revision as of 13:39, 6 June 2017
Embryology - 21 May 2024 Expand to Translate |
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Introduction
The male and female reproductive systems develop initially "indifferently", it is the product of the Y chromosome SRY gene that makes the "difference". The mesonephric duct (Wolffian Duct) contributes the majority of male internal genital tract.
Embryonic gonad development leads to the mesonephric/paramesonephric duct changes, while the external genitaila remain indeterminate in appearance through to the fetal period.
Importantly its sex chromosome dependence, late embryonic/fetal differential development, complex morphogenic changes, long time-course, hormonal sensitivity and hormonal influences make it a system prone to many different abnormalities.
There are also separate pages describing: Spermatozoa Development | Testis Development | Prostate Development | Y Chromosome
Some Recent Findings
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More recent papers |
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This table allows an automated computer search of the external PubMed database using the listed "Search term" text link.
More? References | Discussion Page | Journal Searches | 2019 References | 2020 References Search term: Male Embryology <pubmed limit=5>Male Embryology</pubmed> |
Textbooks
- Human Embryology (2nd ed.) Larson Chapter 10 p261-306
- The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology (6th ed.) Moore and Persaud Chapter 13 p303-346
- Before We Are Born (5th ed.) Moore and Persaud Chapter 14 p289-326
- Essentials of Human Embryology, Larson Chapter 10 p173-205
- Human Embryology, Fitzgerald and Fitzgerald Chapter 21-22 p134-152
- Developmental Biology (6th ed.) Gilbert Chapter 14 Intermediate Mesoderm
Movies
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Mouse Primordial Germ Cell Migration | |||||||||||
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Development Overview
Three main stages during development, mesonephric/paramesonephric duct changes are one of the first male/female differences that occur in development, while external genitaila remain indeterminate in appearance for quite a while.
- Differentiation of gonad (Sex determination)
- Differentiation of internal genital organs
- Differentiation of external genital organs
The 2nd and 3rd stages dependent on endocrine gonad. Reproductive development has a long maturation timecourse, begining in the embryo and finishing in puberty. (More? Puberty Development)
Historic Images of Genital Changes
Urogenital indifferent | Urogenital male | Urogenital female |
Gonad - Testis
See the detailed notes on testis development.
- Links: Testis Development
Internal Genital
Mesonephric duct or Wolffian duct differentiates to form the male internal genital tract the vas deferens (ductus deferens, vas deferens or simply vas). Associated with the duct are the male prostate and accessory glands.
Human Mesonephric Duct position (week 6 to 11) | |
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Schematic representations of the descent of the mesonephric duct (Wolffian duct, WD) or vas deferens. Anterior view.[6]
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Adult Ductus deferens | ||
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Adult Prostate | ||
Human prostate histology | Corpora Amylacea | Submucosal gland |
(adult, low power overview) | (adult, detail) | (adult, high power detail) |
External Genital
- external genitalia are initially identical and undergo male and female differentiation under the influence or absence of steroidal sex hormones.
- Indifferent stage ‐ cloaca divided by proliferating mesenchyme forming the urorectal septum which separates the ventral urogenital sinus from the dorsal rectum.
- Difference stage ‐ locally in this region the presence or absence of dihydrotestosterone (DHT), generated from testosterone, determines male/female development.
Hormones
Anti-Müllerian Hormone
Anti-Müllerian Hormone (AMH, Müllerian Inhibiting Substance, MIS, Müllerian Inhibiting Factor, MIF) is a secreted glycoprotein factor of the transforming growth factor-beta, TGF-beta superfamily, that regulates gonadal and genital tract development.
In the male embryo, the Sertoli cell secrete AMH and inhibit paramesonephric (Mullerian) duct development. This secreted hormone also acts to differentiate the Leydig cells (interstitial cells).
In postnatal males, AMH increases during the first month, reaching peak level at 6 months of age, and then slowly declines during childhood falling to low levels in puberty. In reproductive age women, AMH is produced in the ovary by the granulosa cells surrounding preantral and small antral follicles and serum levels may reflect the remaining follicle cohort and decrease with age.
Sertoli cells release mainly a prohormone (proAMH), that is cleaved by subtilisin/kexin-type proprotein convertases or serine proteinases. The cleaved protein forms a stable complex (AMHN,C). Therefore the circulating AMH is a mixture of proAMH and AMHN,C. It has been suggested that proAMH may be activated within the gonads and also by its endocrine target-cells.
Male testosterone and AMH levels
Ovary AMH
During ovary follicle development, the granulosa cells secrete AMH and it may have a role in follicular recruitment and development.[8] and may also function in postnatal elevation of FSH secretion in females.[9]
Other AMH Tissues
- The placenta has also been shown to both synthesise AMH and express its receptors.[10]
- AMH receptors have been identified in both the pituitary and brain.[9]
Links: TGF-beta | OMIM - AMH
Dihydrotestosterone (DHT)
Male presence of Dihydrotestosterone (DHT, 5α-dihydrotestosterone, androstanolone, 5α-androstan-17β-ol-3-one).
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Histology
Androgen and Digit ratio (2D:4D)
The ratio of 2nd and 4th finger (D, digit) length. This ratio has been suggested to relate to high fetal testosterone concentration (males have lower 2D:4D than females) and has been shown for several species.[11] Although a study in mice has not shown the same correlation.[12] There have been some suggestions that the ratio may also be an indicator of various neurological abnormalities.
To measure (2D:4D) - using your right hand palm up, measure the index finger (2) and ring finger (4) length from palm to tip. Dividing the index finger by the ring finger gives the 2D:4D ratio, average women ratio is 1, average men is 0.98.
Additional Images
References
- ↑ <pubmed>26081573</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>21484906</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>20674196</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>19906863</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>19159697</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>28127497</pubmed>
- ↑ 21931657
- ↑ <pubmed>26163524</pubmed>
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 <pubmed>27030385</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>25972076</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>16504142</pubmed>
- ↑ <pubmed>19495421</pubmed>
Reviews
<pubmed></pubmed> <pubmed>21465625</pubmed> <pubmed>24866114</pubmed> <pubmed>21397195</pubmed> <pubmed>20541146</pubmed> <pubmed>19845801</pubmed> <pubmed>17237341</pubmed> <pubmed>16522522</pubmed> <pubmed>12428197</pubmed> <pubmed>10715534</pubmed> <pubmed>10664515</pubmed>
Articles
<pubmed>21900680</pubmed> <pubmed>21791949</pubmed>
Search PubMed
Search Pubmed: Male Genital System Development | mesonephric duct
Terms
- mesonephric duct - (Wollfian duct) An early developing urogenital paired duct system that initially runs the length of the embryo, that will differentiate and form the male reproductive duct system (ductus deferens). In females, this duct degenerates occasionally some remnants may remain associated in broad ligament.
- Wolffian duct - (mesonephric duct, preferred terminology), A developmental duct that runs from the mesonephros to cloaca. The duct in male differentiates to form the ductus deferens and in female the same structure regresses. Historically named after Caspar Friedrich Wolff (1733-1794), a German scientist and early embryology researcher and is said to have established the doctrine of germ layers. (More? Caspar Friedrich Wolff)
Glossary Links
- Glossary: A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | Numbers | Symbols | Term Link
Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, May 21) Embryology Genital - Male Development. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Genital_-_Male_Development
- © Dr Mark Hill 2024, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G