BGDB Sexual Differentiation - Abnormalities: Difference between revisions
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==Additional Information== | ==Additional Information== | ||
==Disorders of Sex Development== | |||
The previous human sex development terminology (true hermaphrodites, male pseudohermaphrodites and female pseudohermaphrodites) are considered outdated and stigmatising and have been replaced with the general term Disorders of Sex Development (DSD) established by the Consensus statement on management of intersex disorders.<ref><pubmed>16882788</pubmed>| [http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/118/2/e488 Pediatrics.]</ref> See also the Medical Journal of Australia 2009 editorial article.<ref><pubmed>19485836</pubmed>| [http://www.mja.com.au/public/issues/190_11_010609/war10157_fm.html Med J Aust.]</ref> | |||
{| | |||
|-bgcolor="CEDFF2" | |||
| '''Previous Terminology''' | |||
| '''New Proposed Terminology''' | |||
|- | |||
| Intersex | |||
|DSD | |||
|-bgcolor="F5FAFF" | |||
| Male pseudohermaphrodite, undervirilization of an XY male, and undermasculinization of an XY male | |||
|46,XY DSD | |||
|- | |||
| Female pseudohermaphrodite, overvirilization of an XX female, and masculinization of an XX female | |||
|46,XX DSD | |||
|-bgcolor="F5FAFF" | |||
| True hermaphrodite | |||
|Ovotesticular DSD | |||
|- | |||
| XX male or XX sex reversal | |||
|46,XX testicular DSD | |||
|-bgcolor="F5FAFF" | |||
|XY sex reversal | |||
|46,XY complete gonadal dysgenesis | |||
|} | |||
===Hypospadia=== | ===Hypospadia=== | ||
Revision as of 07:25, 30 May 2011
Practical 12: Sex Determination | Early Embryo | Late Embryo | Fetal | Postnatal | Abnormalities | 2011 Audio |
Reproductive Abnormalities
Critical Periods
Gonadal Descent
External Genitalia
Internal Genitalia
Male
- Ductus Deferens - unilateral or bilateral absence congenital unilateral absence of the vas deferens (CUAVD), Congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens (CBAVD)
failure of mesonephric duct to differentiate frequent cause of obstructive azoospermia 75% of men with bilateral absence have at least one detectable common mutation in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene
Female
Practical 12: Sex Determination | Early Embryo | Late Embryo | Fetal | Postnatal | Abnormalities | 2011 Audio |
Additional Information
Disorders of Sex Development
The previous human sex development terminology (true hermaphrodites, male pseudohermaphrodites and female pseudohermaphrodites) are considered outdated and stigmatising and have been replaced with the general term Disorders of Sex Development (DSD) established by the Consensus statement on management of intersex disorders.[1] See also the Medical Journal of Australia 2009 editorial article.[2]
Previous Terminology | New Proposed Terminology |
Intersex | DSD |
Male pseudohermaphrodite, undervirilization of an XY male, and undermasculinization of an XY male | 46,XY DSD |
Female pseudohermaphrodite, overvirilization of an XX female, and masculinization of an XX female | 46,XX DSD |
True hermaphrodite | Ovotesticular DSD |
XX male or XX sex reversal | 46,XX testicular DSD |
XY sex reversal | 46,XY complete gonadal dysgenesis |
Hypospadia
Classified by the location of the opening:
- Glandular hypospadias is when external urethral opening is on ventral surface of glans penis.
- Penile hypospadias is when external urethral opening is on ventral surface of body of the penis.
- Penoscrotal hypospadias is when external urethral opening is at the junction of penis and scrotum.
- Perineal hypospadias is when external urethral opening is located on the unfused halves of the scrotum.
- Epispadias - Uncommon abnormality associated with the penis, 1 in 30,000 infant males, external urethral opening on the dorsal surface of penis.
- Cryptorchidism in common eutherian mammals.[3]- Species comparison of descent timeline
- Mayer-Rokitansky syndrome (MRK anomaly, Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome, RKH syndrome, RKH) congenital absence of the vagina, dyspareunia, vaginal agenesis.
Environmental Abnormalities
- Diethylstilbestrol (DES or diethylstilbetrol) - is a drug that was prescribed to women from 1938-1971 to prevent miscarriage in high-risk pregnancies.
- The drug acted as a potent estrogen (mimics natural hormone) and therefore could also act as a potential endocrine disruptor.
- This led to a number of developing fetal reproductive tract and other abnormalities.
- In the female fetus, it increased risk of abnormal reproductive tract and also carcinogenic (cancer forming).
- In the male fetus, it increased the occurance of abnormal genitalia.
- The drug was banned by FDA (USA) in 1979 as a teratogen, it had previously also been used as livestock growth promoter and could have potentially entered the human food chain.
References
- ↑ <pubmed>16882788</pubmed>| Pediatrics.
- ↑ <pubmed>19485836</pubmed>| Med J Aust.
- ↑ <pubmed>17379650</pubmed>
BGDB: Lecture - Gastrointestinal System | Practical - Gastrointestinal System | Lecture - Face and Ear | Practical - Face and Ear | Lecture - Endocrine | Lecture - Sexual Differentiation | Practical - Sexual Differentiation | Tutorial
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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, May 17) Embryology BGDB Sexual Differentiation - Abnormalities. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/BGDB_Sexual_Differentiation_-_Abnormalities
- © Dr Mark Hill 2024, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G