Anatomy of the Human Body by Henry Gray: Difference between revisions

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{{Header}}
{{Ref-Gray1918}}
{{Historic Disclaimer}}
==Introduction==
==Introduction==
[[File:Gray_1918.jpg|thumb]]
[[File:Gray_1918.jpg|thumb]]
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Classic anatomy textbook widely reproduced online, particularly the anatomical illustrations, due to the fact that the 1918 edition is out of copyright. W.H. Lewis edited the 20th edition published in September 1918, the current 40th edition was published in 2008. The majority of images were anatomical drawings with some cartoon simplifications. The text also includes earlier historic drawings, particularly in the embryology section that commences the text.
Classic anatomy textbook widely reproduced online, particularly the anatomical illustrations, due to the fact that the 1918 edition is out of copyright. W.H. Lewis edited the 20th edition published in September 1918, the current 40th edition was published in 2008. The majority of images were anatomical drawings with some cartoon simplifications. The text also includes earlier historic drawings, particularly in the embryology section that commences the text.


'''Reference:''' Gray, Henry. Anatomy of the Human Body. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1918.


Clicking the [[:Category:Gray's 1918 Anatomy|Category:Gray's 1918 Anatomy]] should display a list of the images available on this current website. Note that over time the image naming has varied and requires better standardisation. Images used here may be altered and edited from those appearing in the original textbook.
Clicking the [[:Category:Gray's 1918 Anatomy|Category:Gray's 1918 Anatomy]] should display a list of the images available on this current website. Note that over time the image naming has varied and requires better standardisation. Images used here may be altered and edited from those appearing in the original textbook.
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| '''iBooks'''
| '''iBooks'''


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==Anatomy of the Human Body on the Web for iPhone/iPad==
{|


| As an additional online educational project, I have also prepared 3 complete sets of images formatted specifically for the iPhone, and can be also used on the iPad, in different organisational layouts. Note the linked content below will look different when opened on other devices.
{{Grays Embryo iBook table}}
 
ANATOMY OF THE HUMAN BODY
 
 
==Textbook Introduction==
 
 
THE term human anatomy comprises a consideration of the various structures which make up the human organism. In a restricted sense it deals merely with the parts which form the fully developed individual and which can be rendered evident to the naked eye by various methods of dissection. Regarded from such a standpoint it may be studied by two methods: (1) the various structures may be separately considered— systematic anatomy; or (2) the organs and tissues may be studied in relation to one another — topographical or regional anatomy.
 
It is, however, of much advantage to add to the facts ascertained by nakedeye dissection those obtained by the use of the microscope. This introduces two fields of investigation, viz., the study of the minute structure of the various component parts of the body — histology — and the study of the human organism in its immature condition, i. e., the various stages of its intrauterine development from the fertilized ovum up to the period when it assumes an independent existence — embryology. Owing to the difficulty of obtaining material illustrating all the stages of this early development, gaps must be filled up by observations on the development of lower forms — comparative embryology, or by a consideration of adult forms in the line of human ancestry — comparative anatomy. The direct application of the facts of human anatomy to the various pathological conditions which may occur constitutes the subject of applied anatomy. Finally, the appreciation of structures on or immediately underlying the surface of the body is frequently made the subject of special study — smiace anatomy.
 
===Systematic Anatomy===
 
The various systems of which the human body is composed are grouped under the following headings:
# Osteology — the bony system or skeleton.
# Syndesmology — the articulations or joints.
# Myology — the muscles. With the description of the muscles it is convenient to include that of the fasciae which are so intimately connected with them.
# Angiology — the vascular system, comprising the heart, bloodvessels, lymphatic vessels, and lymph glands.
# Neurology — the nervous system. The organs of sense may be included in this system.
# Splanchnology — the visceral system. Topographically the viscera form two groups, viz., the thoracic viscera and the abdomino-pelvic viscera. The heart, a thoracic viscus, is best considered with the vascular system. The rest of the viscera may be grouped according to their functions: (a) the respiratory apparatus; (6) the digestive apparatus; and (c) the urogenital apparatus. Strictly speaking, the third subgroup should include only such components of the urogenital apparatus as are included within the abdomino-pelvic cavity, but it is convenient to study under this heading certain parts which lie in relation to the surface of the body, e. g., the testes and the external organs of generation.
 
 
For descriptive purposes. the body is supposed to be in the erect posture, with the arms hanging by the sides and the palms of the hands directed forward. The median plane is a vertical antero-posterior plane, passing through the center of the trunk. This plane will pass approximately through the sagittal suture of the skull, and hence any plane parallel to it is termed a sagittal plane. A vertical plane at right angles to the median plane passes, roughly speaking, through the central part of the coronal suture or through a line parallel to it; such a plane is known as a frontal plane or sometimes as a coronal plane. A plane at right angles to both the median and frontal planes is termed a transverse plane.
 
The terms anterior or ventral, and posterior or dorsal, are employed to indicate the relation of parts to the front or back of the body or limbs, and the terms superior or cephalic, and inferior or caudal, to indicate the relative levels of different structures; structures nearer to or farther from the median plane are referred to as medial or lateral respectively.
 
The terms superficial and deep are strictly confined to descriptions of the relative depth from the surface of the various structures; external and internal are reserved almost entirely for describing the walls of cavities or of hollow viscera. In the case of the limbs the words proximal and distal refer to the relative distance from the attached end of the limb.
 
===Embryology===
 
THE term Embryology, in its widest sense, is applied to the various changes which take place during the growth of an animal from the egg to the adult condition: it is, however, usually restricted to the phenomena which occur before birth. Embryology may be studied from two aspects:
# that of ontogeny, which deals only with the development of the individual;
# that of phylogeny, which concerns itself with the evolutionary history of the animal kingdom.




In vertebrate animals the development of a new being can only take place when a female germ cell or ovum has been fertilized by a male germ cell or spermatozoon. The ovum is a nucleated cell, and all the complicated changes by which the various tissues and organs of the body are formed from it, after it has been fertilized, are the result of two general processes, viz., segmentation and differentiation of cells. Thus, the fertilized ovum undergoes repeated segmentation into a number of cells which at first closely resemble one another, but are, sooner or later, differentiated into two groups: (1) somatic cells, the function of which is to build up the various tissues of the body; and (2) germinal cells, which become imbedded in the sexual glands — the ovaries in the female and the testes in the male — and are destined for the perpetuation of the species.


[http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/mobile/GraysImage/index.html Gray's Anatomy for the iPhone]


* [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/mobile/GraysImage/index1.html 52 Pages of 24 Images]
Having regard to the main purpose of this work, it is impossible, in the space available in this section, to describe fully, or illustrate adequately, all the phenomena which occur in the different stages of the development of the human body. Only the principal facts are given, and the student is referred for further detaUs to one or other of the text-books^ on human embryology.
* [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/mobile/GraysImage/3column1.html 3 Columns 300 Images/page]
* [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/mobile/GraysImage/3rows1.html 3 Rows 300 Images/page]
| [[File:IPad-Phone.jpg|200px]]
|}


See also [[Quicktime Movies]]


==Images==
Not all site images are included below. There may be several image versions (sizes, labeling, and formats gif, jpg, png).
Not all site images are included below. There may be several image versions (sizes, labeling, and formats gif, jpg, png).


===1-100===
{{Historic Disclaimer}}
==Development==
<gallery>
<gallery>
File:Gray0015.jpg|Neural Groove- series of sections dog embryo
File:Gray0015.jpg|15 Neural Groove- series of sections {{dog}} embryo
File:Gray0020.jpg|Dorsal human embryo 2.11 mm
File:Gray0020.jpg|20 Dorsal human embryo 2.11 mm
File:Gray0024.gif|Week 2 to 3 embryo
File:Gray0024.jpg|24 Diagram showing earliest observed stage of human ovum
File:Gray0025.gif
File:Gray0025.jpg|25 Diagram illustrating early formation of allantois and differentiation of body-stalk
File:Gray0026.gif
File:Gray0026.jpg|26 Diagram showing later stage of allantoic development with commencing constriction of the yolk-sac
File:Gray0027.gif
File:Gray0027.jpg|27 Diagram showing the expansion of amnion and delimitation of the umbilicus
File:Gray0031.jpg|Model of human embryo 1.3 mm
File:Gray0028.jpg|28 Diagram illustrating a later stage in the development of the umbilical cord
File:Gray0032.jpg|Human Embryo Day 8 to 9 (week 3)
File:Gray0029.jpg|29 Diagram of a transverse section, showing the mode of formation of the amnion in the chick.
File:Gray0034.jpg|Uterus in the third and fourth month
File:Gray0030.jpg|30 Fetus of about eight weeks, enclosed in the amnion.
File:Gray0036.jpg|Primary Chorionic Villi
File:Gray0031.jpg|31 Model of human embryo 1.3 mm
File:Gray0037.jpg|Secondary Chorionic Villi
File:Gray0032.jpg|32 Human Embryo Day 8 to 9 (week 3)
File:Gray0038.jpg|Fetus in Utero Between fifth and sixth months
File:Gray0033.jpg|33 Non-pregnant and pregnant uterus
File:Gray0039.jpg|Placental circulation
File:Gray0034.jpg|34 Uterus in the third and fourth month
File:Gray0040.jpg|
File:Gray0035.jpg|35 Transverse section of a chorionic villus
File:Gray0052.jpg|
File:Gray0036.jpg|36 Primary Chorionic Villi
File:Gray0053.jpg|
File:Gray0037.jpg|37 Secondary Chorionic Villi
File:Gray0058.jpg|
File:Gray0038.jpg|38 Fetus in Utero Between fifth and sixth months
File:Gray0060.jpg|
File:Gray0039.jpg|39 Placental circulation
File:Gray0063.jpg|
File:Gray0040.jpg|40
File:Gray0065.jpg|
File:Gray0041.jpg|41 Head end of human embryo about the end of the fourth week
File:Gray0082.jpg|
File:Gray0042.jpg|42 Floor of Pharynx
File:Gray0043.jpg|43 Head and neck of a human embryo eighteen weeks old with Meckel’s cartilage and hyoid bar exposed
File:Gray0044.jpg|44 Under surface of the head of a human embryo about twenty-nine days old
File:Gray0045.jpg|45
File:Gray0046.jpg|46
File:Gray0047.jpg|47 Head of a human embryo of about eight weeks
File:Gray0048.jpg|48 Diagram showing the regions of the adult face and neck related to the fronto-nasal process and the branchial arches
File:Gray0049.jpg|49 Primitive palate of a human embryo of thirty-seven to thirty-eight days
File:Gray0050.jpg|50 The roof of the mouth of a human embryo aged about two and a half months
File:Gray0051.jpg|51 Frontal section of nasal cavities of a human embryo 28 mm long
File:Gray0052.jpg|52
File:Gray0053.jpg|53
File:Gray0058.jpg|58
File:Gray0060.jpg|60
File:Gray0063.jpg|63
File:Gray0065.jpg|65
File:Gray0082.jpg|83
</gallery>
</gallery>


===101-200===
<gallery>
File:Gray0101.jpg|
File:Gray0118.jpg|
File:Gray0119.jpg|
File:Gray0178.jpg|Human embryo CRL 24 mm outer aspect
File:Gray0178.jpg|Human embryo CRL 24 mm inner aspect
File:Gray0180.jpg|Human embryo CRL 95 mm outer aspect
File:Gray0181.jpg|Human embryo CRL 95 mm inner aspect
</gallery>
===201-300===
<gallery>
<gallery>
File:Gray0101.jpg|101
File:Gray0118.jpg|118
File:Gray0119.jpg|119
File:Gray0130.jpg|130 Human occipital bone, inner surface.
File:Gray0176.jpg|176 Human adult mandible
File:Gray0178.jpg|178 Human embryo CRL 24 mm outer aspect
File:Gray0179.jpg|179 Human embryo CRL 24 mm inner aspect
File:Gray0180.jpg|180 Human embryo CRL 95 mm outer aspect
File:Gray0181.jpg|181 Human embryo CRL 95 mm inner aspect
File:Gray0182.jpg|182 Mandible at birth
File:Gray0183.jpg|183 Mandible in childhood
File:Gray0184.jpg|184 Mandible adult
File:Gray0185.jpg|185 Mandible at old age
File:Gray0193.jpg|193 Base of the skull
</gallery>
</gallery>


===301-400===
===301-400===
<gallery>
<gallery>
File:Gray0301.jpg|
File:Gray0301.jpg|301
File:Gray0321.jpg|
File:Gray0321.jpg|321 Symphysis pubis exposed by a coronal section
File:Gray0391.jpg|Adult human diaphragm (viewed from beneath)
File:Gray0379.jpg|379 Left orbicularis oculi (seen from behind)
File:Gray0391.jpg|391 Adult human diaphragm (viewed from beneath)
</gallery>
</gallery>


===401-500 Cardiovascular===
==Cardiovascular==
401-500  
<gallery>
<gallery>
File:Gray0448.jpg|Artery and vein
File:Gray0448.jpg|448 Artery and vein
File:Gray0458.gif
File:Gray0458.jpg|458 Diagram of the vascular channels in a human embryo of the second week
File:Gray0462.gif|
File:Gray0459.jpg|459 Human embryo of about fourteen days, with yolk-sac
File:Gray0464.gif|
File:Gray0460.jpg|460 Head of chick embryo of about thirty-eight hours' incubation
File:Gray0467.jpg|
File:Gray0461.jpg|461 Diagram to illustrate the simple tubular condition of the heart
File:Gray0468.jpg|
File:Gray0462.jpg|462 Heart of human embryo of about fourteen days
File:Gray0470.jpg|
File:Gray0463.jpg|463 Heart of human embryo of about fifteen days
File:Gray0472.jpg|
File:Gray0464.jpg|464 Dorsal surface of heart of human embryo of thirty-five days
File:Gray0473.gif|
File:Gray0465.jpg|465 Interior of dorsal half of heart from a human embryo of about thirty days
File:Gray0474.jpg|
File:Gray0467.jpg|467
File:Gray0475.jpg|
File:Gray0468.jpg|468
File:Gray0476.jpg|
File:Gray0470.jpg|470
File:Gray0477.jpg|
File:Gray0472.jpg|472
File:Gray0478.jpg|
File:Gray0473.jpg|473
File:Gray0479.jpg|
File:Gray0474.jpg|474
File:Gray0480.jpg|
File:Gray0475.jpg|475
File:Gray0492.jpg|
File:Gray0476.jpg|476
File:Gray0498.jpg|
File:Gray0477.jpg|477
File:Gray0478.jpg|478
File:Gray0479.jpg|479
File:Gray0480.jpg|480
File:Gray0492.jpg|492
File:Gray0498.jpg|498
File:Gray0502.jpg|502
File:Gray0506.jpg|506
File:Gray0532.jpg|532 The celiac artery and its branches.
File:Gray0533.jpg|533 The celiac artery and its branches.
File:Gray0540.jpg|540
File:Gray0556.jpg|556
File:Gray0589.jpg|589 Vessels of the uterus and its appendages.
</gallery>
</gallery>
==Lymphatic==
592
[[Immune System Development]]


===501-600===
<gallery>
<gallery>
File:Gray0502.jpg|
File:Gray0592.jpg|592 Primary lymph sacs.
File:Gray0506.jpg|
File:Gray0593.jpg|593 Lymph capillaries of the human conjunctiva.
File:Gray0532.jpg|Fig. 532 The celiac artery and its branches.
File:Gray0594.jpg|594 Lymph capillaries from the human scrotum.
File:Gray0533.jpg|Fig. 533 The celiac artery and its branches.
File:Gray0595.jpg|595 Lymph capillaries of the sole of the human foot.
File:Gray0556.jpg|
File:Gray0596.jpg|596 Section through human tongue.
File:Gray0599.jpg|
File:Gray0597.jpg|597 Lymph gland (Node).
 
File:Gray0598.jpg|598 Lymph gland tissue.
File:Gray0599.jpg|599 Thoracic and right lymphatic ducts.
File:Gray0600.jpg|600 Modes of origin of thoracic duct.
File:Gray0601.jpg|601 Terminal collecting trunks of right side.
File:Gray0602.jpg|602 Lymph glands of the head.
File:Gray0603.jpg|603 Lymphatics of pharynx.
File:Gray0604.jpg|604 Lymphatics of the face.
File:Gray0605.jpg|605 Lymphatics of the Tongue.
File:Gray0606.jpg|606 Lymph glands of the upper extremity.
File:Gray0607.jpg|607 Lymphatics of the mamma.
File:Gray0608.jpg|608 Lymphatic vessels of the dorsal hand surface.
File:Gray0609.jpg|609 Lymph glands of popliteal fossa.
File:Gray0610.jpg|610 Superficial lymph glands and vessels of the lower extremity.
File:Gray0611.jpg|611 Parietal lymph glands of the pelvis.
File:Gray0612.jpg|612 Iliopelvic glands.
File:Gray0613.jpg|613 Lymphatics of stomach.
File:Gray0614.jpg|614 Lymphatics of stomach.
File:Gray0615.jpg|615 Lymphatics of cecum and vermiform process.
File:Gray0616.jpg|616 Lymphatics of cecum and vermiform process.
File:Gray0617.jpg|617 Lymphatics of Colon.
File:Gray0618.jpg|618 Lymphatic of the Bladder.
File:Gray0619.jpg|619 Lymphatics of the Prostate.
File:Gray0620.jpg|620 Lymphatics of the Uterus.
File:Gray0621.jpg|621 Lymphatics of the thorax and abdomen.
File:Gray0622.jpg|622 Tracheobronchial Lymph Glands
</gallery>
</gallery>


===601-700 Neural===
==Neural==
623
<gallery>
<gallery>
File:Gray0649.jpg|Human Fetal Hindbrain (3 months)
File:Gray0623.jpg|623 Neuroglia cells of brain.
File:Gray0651.jpg|Human Embryo Brain (week 4.5 exterior view)
File:Gray0649.jpg|649 Human Fetal Hindbrain (3 months)
File:Gray0652.jpg|Human Embryo Brain (week 5 exterior view)
File:Gray0651.jpg|651 Human Embryo Brain (week 4.5 exterior view)
File:Gray0653.jpg|Human Embryo Brain (week 5 interior view)
File:Gray0652.jpg|652 Human Embryo Brain (week 5 exterior view)
File:Gray0654.jpg|Human Fetal Brain (3 months)
File:Gray0653.jpg|653 Human Embryo Brain (week 5 interior view)
File:Gray0655.jpg|Human Fetal Brain (4 months)
File:Gray0654.jpg|654 Human Fetal Brain (3 months)
File:Gray0658.jpg|Human Fetal Brain (5 months)
File:Gray0655.jpg|655 Human Fetal Brain (4 months)
File:Gray0677.jpg|
File:Gray0658.jpg|658 Human Fetal Brain (5 months)
File:Gray0678.jpg|
File:Gray0664.jpg|664 Transverse section of the medulla spinalis in the mid-thoracic region
File:Gray0697.jpg|
File:Gray0666.jpg|666 Transverse sections of the medulla spinalis at different levels
File:Gray0698.jpg|
File:Gray0666.jpg|666 (new layout) Transverse sections of the medulla spinalis at different levels
File:Gray0670.jpg|670 Diagram showing afferent (sensory) and efferent fibers
File:Gray0671.jpg|671 Spinal cord motor columns
File:Gray0675.jpg|675 A spinal nerve with its anterior and posterior roots
File:Gray0677.jpg|677
File:Gray0678.jpg|678
File:Gray0697.jpg|697
File:Gray0698.jpg|698
File:Gray0702.jpg|702
File:Gray0704.jpg|704
File:Gray0705.jpg|705
File:Gray0706.jpg|706
File:Gray0708.jpg|708
File:Gray0715.jpg|715
File:Gray0720.jpg|720 Median sagittal section of brain
File:Gray0732.jpg|732
File:Gray0769.jpg|769 Section across the top of the skull
File:Gray0770.jpg|770 Transverse section of medulla spinalis and its membranes
File:Gray0778.jpg|778 Distribution of the maxillary and mandibular nerves, and the submaxillary ganglion
File:Gray0781.jpg|781 Mandibular division of the Trigeminal Nerve
File:Gray0784.jpg|784 Sensory areas of the head
File:Gray0786.jpg|786 Oblique section through the right cavernous sinus
File:Gray0788.jpg|788 Plan of the Facial and Intermediate Nerves and their Communication with Other Nerves
File:Gray0790.jpg|790 The nerves of the scalp face and side of neck
File:Gray0804.jpg|804 Cervical Plexus
File:Gray0806.jpg|806
File:Gray0807.jpg|807 Branchial Plexus
File:Gray0822.jpg|822 Lumbar Plexus
</gallery>
</gallery>


===701-800===
==Smell==
852
<gallery>
<gallery>
File:Gray0702.jpg|
File:Gray0852.jpg|852 Cartilages of the nose Side view
File:Gray0704.jpg|
File:Gray0853.jpg|853 Cartilages of the nose, seen from below
File:Gray0705.jpg|
File:Gray0854.jpg|854 Bones and cartilages of septum of nose Right side
File:Gray0706.jpg|
File:Gray0855.jpg|855 Lateral wall of nasal cavity
File:Gray0708.jpg
File:Gray0856.jpg|856
File:Gray0715.jpg|
File:Gray0857.jpg|857
File:Gray0720.jpg|Median sagittal section of brain
File:Gray0858.jpg|858
File:Gray0732.jpg|
File:Gray0859.jpg|859 Coronal section of nasal cavities
File:Gray0860.jpg|
File:Gray0861.jpg|
File:Gray0862.jpg|
</gallery>
</gallery>
===801-900===
==Vision==
<gallery>
File:Gray0863.jpg|863 Chicken Optic Placode and Vesicle
File:Gray0864.jpg|864 Chicken Optic Placode and Vesicle
File:Gray0865.jpg|865 Human Optic Cup and Choroidal Fissure
File:Gray0866.jpg|866 Embryonic Rabbit Eye
File:Gray0867.jpg|867 Human Embryonic Eye
File:Gray0868.jpg|868 Section of developing eye of trout
File:Gray0869.jpg|869 Horizontal section of the eyeball
File:Gray0870.jpg|870 Cornea
File:Gray0871.jpg|871 Section of Human Cornea near the Margin
File:Gray0872.jpg|872 The Choroid and Iris
File:Gray0873.jpg|873 The Arteries of the Choroid and Iris
File:Gray0874.jpg|874 The Veins of the Choroid
File:Gray0875.jpg|875 Interior of anterior half of bulb of eye
File:Gray0876.jpg|876 Vessels of the choroid, ciliary processes, and iris of a child
File:Gray0877.jpg|877 Blood Vessels of the Eye
File:Gray0878.jpg|878 Iris front view
File:Gray0879.jpg|879 Interior of posterior half of bulb of left eye
File:Gray0880.jpg|880 Optic Nerve entering Eyeball
File:Gray0881.jpg|881 Section of Retina
File:Gray0882.jpg|882 Plan of Retinal Neurons
File:Gray0883.jpg|883 Section through front of Eyeball
File:Gray0884.jpg|884 Lens Structure
File:Gray0885.jpg|885 Lens
File:Gray0886.jpg|886 Lens Profile
File:Gray0887.jpg|887 Lens Epithelium
File:Gray0888.jpg|888 Sagittal section of right orbital cavity
File:Gray0889.jpg|889 Muscles of the right orbit
File:Gray0890.jpg|890 Right Ocular Muscles
File:Gray0891.jpg|891 Right Eye Fascia Bulbi
File:Gray0892.jpg|892 Front of left eye with eyelids separated to show medial canthus
File:Gray0893.jpg|893 Structure of the Eyelids
File:Gray0894.jpg|894 The tarsi and their ligaments
File:Gray0895.jpg|895 The Tarsal Glands
File:Gray0896.jpg|896 The Lacrimal Gland
File:Gray0897.jpg|897 Structures of the Lacrimal Gland
</gallery>
 
==Hearing==
 
<gallery>
<gallery>
File:Gray0806.jpg|806
File:Gray0807.gif|
File:Gray0892.jpg|892
File:Gray0898.jpg|898 Section through human embryo head about twelve days old, in the region of the hind-brain
File:Gray0898.jpg|898 Section through human embryo head about twelve days old, in the region of the hind-brain
File:Gray0899.jpg|899 Section through hind-brain and auditory vesicles
File:Gray0899.jpg|899 Section through hind-brain and auditory vesicles
File:Gray0900.jpg|900 Lateral views of membranous labyrinth and acoustic complex
File:Gray0900.jpg|900 Lateral views of membranous labyrinth and acoustic complex
File:Gray0901.jpg|901 Median views of membranous labyrinth and acoustic complex in human embryos
File:Gray0902.jpg|902 Transverse section through head of fetal sheep in the region of the labyrinth
File:Gray0903.jpg|903 Transverse section of the cochlear duct of a fetal cat
File:Gray0904.jpg|904 Auricula or Pinna
File:Gray0905.jpg|905 Cranial surface of cartilage of right auricula
File:Gray0906.jpg|906 The muscles of the auricula
File:Gray0907.jpg|907 External and middle ear, opened from the front. Right side
File:Gray0908.jpg|908 Horizontal section through left ear; upper half of section.
File:Gray0909.jpg|909 Right tympanic membrane
File:Gray0910.jpg|910 Tympanic membrane
File:Gray0911.jpg|911 View of the inner wall of the tympanum
File:Gray0912.jpg|912 The right membrana tympani with the hammer and the chorda tympani, viewed from within, from behind, and from above.
File:Gray0913.jpg|913 Coronal section of right temporal bone
File:Gray0914.jpg|914 Right Tympanic Cavity Walls
File:Gray0915.jpg|915 Auditory Tube
File:Gray0916.jpg|916 Middle Ear - Malleus
File:Gray0917.jpg|917 Middle Ear - Incus
File:Gray0918.jpg|918 Middle Ear - Stapes
File:Gray0919.jpg|919 Chain of ossicles and their ligaments
File:Gray0920.jpg|920 Right osseous labyrinth
File:Gray0921.jpg|921 Right osseous labyrinth, Interior.
File:Gray0922.jpg|922 Position of the right bony labyrinth in the skull
File:Gray0923.jpg|923 Inner Ear - Cochlea and Vestibule
File:Gray0924.jpg|924 Inner Ear - The Membranous Labyrinth
File:Gray0925.jpg|925 Right Human Membranous Labyrinth
File:Gray0926.jpg|926 Right Human Membranous Labyrinth
File:Gray0927.jpg|927 Human Semicircular Canal and Duct
File:Gray0928.jpg|928 Cross-section of Cochlea
File:Gray0929.jpg|929 Floor of Ductus Cochlearis
File:Gray0930.jpg|930 Limbus laminæ spiralis and membrana basilaris
File:Gray0931.jpg|931 Section through the spiral organ of Corti
File:Gray0932.jpg|932 The lamina reticularis and subjacent structures
File:Gray0933.jpg|933 Cochlear Division of the Acoustic Nerve
</gallery>
==Somatosensory==
<gallery>
File:Gray0934.jpg|934 End-bulb of Krause
File:Gray0935.jpg|935 Pacinian corpuscle
File:Gray0936.jpg|936 Papilla of the hand
File:Gray0937.jpg|937 Nerve ending of Ruffini
File:Gray0938.jpg|938 Organ of Golgi
File:Gray0939.jpg|939 Muscle Spindle
</gallery>
==Integumentary==
<gallery>
File:Gray0940.jpg|940 A diagrammatic sectional view of the skin
File:Gray0941.jpg|941 Section of Epidermis
File:Gray0942.jpg|942 The distribution of the bloodvessels in the skin of the sole of the foot
File:Gray0943.jpg|943 Longitudinal section through nail and its nail groove
File:Gray0944.jpg|944
File:Gray0945.jpg|945
File:Gray0946.jpg|946
</gallery>
</gallery>


===901-1000===
==Respiratory==
<gallery>
<gallery>
File:Gray0901.jpg|901 Median views of membranous labyrinth and acoustic complex in human embryos
File:Gray0947.jpg|947 The head and neck human embryo thirty-two days seen from the ventral surface.
File:Gray0902.jpg|902 Transverse section through head of fetal sheep in the region of the labyrinth
File:Gray0948.jpg|948 Lung buds from a human embryo of about four weeks, showing commencing lobulations.
File:Gray0903.jpg|903 Transverse section of the cochlear duct of a fetal cat
File:Gray0949.jpg|949 Lungs of a human embryo more advanced in development than week 4.
File:Gray0904.jpg|904
File:Gray0950.jpg|950 Cartilages of the larynx
File:Gray0905.jpg|905
File:Gray0950 epiglottis cartilage.jpg|950 epiglottis  cartilage
File:Gray0908.jpg|906
File:Gray0950 thyroid cartilage.jpg|950 thyroid cartilage
File:Gray0920.jpg|920
File:Gray0950 cricoid cartilage.jpg|950 cricoid cartilage
File:Gray0924.jpg|924
File:Gray0950 arytenoid cartilage.jpg|950 arytenoid cartilage
File:Gray0928.jpg|928
File:Gray0951.jpg|951 Ligaments of the larynx (anterior view)
File:Gray0931.jpg|
File:Gray0952.jpg|952 Ligaments of the larynx (posterior view)
File:Gray0943.jpg|
File:Gray0953.jpg|953 Larynx and upper part of the trachea
File:Gray0947.jpg|
File:Gray0954.jpg|954
File:Gray0961.jpg|
File:Gray0955.jpg|955 Larynx entrance
File:Gray0956.jpg|956
File:Gray0957.jpg|957
File:Gray0958.jpg|958
File:Gray0959.jpg|959
File:Gray0960.jpg|960
File:Gray0961.jpg|961 Cartilages of larynx, trachea, and bronchi (front view)
File:Gray0962.jpg|962 Bronchi and bronchioles
File:Gray0962.jpg|962 Bronchi and bronchioles
File:Gray0965.jpg|
File:Gray0963.jpg|963
File:Gray0964.jpg|964
File:Gray0965.jpg|965
File:Gray0966.jpg|966 Lateral view of thorax, showing the relations of the pleuræ and lungs to the chest wall. Pleura in blue; lungs in purple.
File:Gray0966.jpg|966 Lateral view of thorax, showing the relations of the pleuræ and lungs to the chest wall. Pleura in blue; lungs in purple.
File:Gray0967.jpg|967 Transverse section through the upper margin of the second thoracic vertebra.
File:Gray0967.jpg|967 Transverse section through the upper margin of the second thoracic vertebra.
File:Gray0968.jpg|
File:Gray0968.jpg|968
File:Gray0969.jpg|
File:Gray0969.jpg|969
File:Gray0970.jpg|970 Front view of heart and lungs
File:Gray0970.jpg|970 Front view of heart and lungs
File:Gray0971.jpg|971 Adult lungs
File:Gray0971.jpg|971 Adult lungs
File:Gray0974.jpg|
File:Gray0974.jpg|974 Lung secondary lobule
File:Gray0975.jpg|
File:Lung_secondary_lobule_01.jpg|974 relabeled version
File:Gray0977.jpg|
File:Gray0975.jpg|975 Lung primary lobule
File:Gray0982a.jpg|
File:Lung_primary_lobule_01.jpg|975 relabeled version
File:Gray0982b.jpg|
File:Gray0976.jpg|976 Pig embryo lung
File:Gray0983.jpg
File:Gray0984.jpg
File:Gray0985.jpg
File:Gray0986.jpg|
File:Gray0987.jpg
File:Gray0987a.jpg
File:Gray0987b.jpg
File:Gray0988.jpg
File:Gray0989.jpg
File:Gray0990.jpg|
File:Gray0991.jpg|
File:Gray0992.jpg|
File:Gray0993.jpg|
File:Gray0994.jpg|
File:Gray0996.jpg
</gallery>
</gallery>


===1001-1100===
==Gastrointestinal==
<gallery>
<gallery>
File:Gray1039.jpg|
File:Gray0977.jpg|977
File:Gray1095.jpg|Gall bladder and bile ducts laid open
File:Gray0978.jpg|978
File:Gray1096.jpg|Gall bladder transverse section
File:Gray0979.jpg|979
File:Gray0980.jpg|980
File:Gray0981.jpg|981
File:Gray0982a.jpg|982a
File:Gray0982b.jpg|982b
File:Gray0983.jpg|983
File:Gray0984.jpg|984
File:Gray0985.jpg|985
File:Gray0986.jpg|986
File:Gray0987.jpg|987
File:Gray0987a.jpg|987a
File:Gray0987b.jpg|987b
File:Gray0988.jpg|988
File:Gray0989.jpg|989
File:Gray0990.jpg|990
File:Gray0991.jpg|991
File:Gray0992.jpg|992
File:Gray0993.jpg|993
File:Gray0994.jpg|994
File:Gray0996.jpg|996
File:Gray0997.jpg|997
File:Gray0998.jpg|998
File:Gray0999.jpg|999
File:Gray1000.jpg|1000
File:Gray1001.jpg|1001
File:Gray1002.jpg|1002
File:Gray1003.jpg|1003
File:Gray1004.jpg|1004
File:Gray1005.jpg|1005
File:Gray1006.jpg|1006
File:Gray1007.jpg|1007
File:Gray1008.jpg|1008
File:Gray1009.jpg|1009
File:Gray1010.jpg|1010
File:Gray1013.jpg|1013 The mouth cavity
File:Gray1014.jpg|1014 The mouth cavity
File:Gray1015.jpg|1015 Circumvallate papilla
File:Gray1016.jpg|1016 Filiform papilla
File:Gray1017.jpg|1017 Fungiform papilla
File:Gray1018.jpg|1018 Mucous membrane of the tongue
File:Gray1019.jpg|1019 Extrinsic muscles of the tongue
File:Gray1020.jpg|1020 Intrinsic muscles of the tongue
File:Gray1022.jpg|1022 Right parotid gland (posterior and deep aspects)
File:Gray1023.jpg|1023  Right parotid gland (anterior and deep aspects)
File:Gray1024.jpg|1024 Dissection showing salivary glands of right side
File:Gray1027.jpg|1027 Section through one of the crypts of the tonsil
File:Gray1028.jpg|1028 Dissection of the Muscles of the Palate from behind
File:Gray1029.jpg|1029 Front of nasa part of pharynx
File:Gray1030.jpg|1030 Muscles of the Pharynx and Cheek
File:Gray1033.jpg|1033 Section of the Human Esophagus
File:Gray1039.jpg|1039
File:Gray1050.jpg|1050 Interior of the stomach
File:Gray1095.jpg|1095 Gall bladder and bile ducts laid open
File:Gray1096.jpg|1096 Gall bladder transverse section
</gallery>
</gallery>
===1101-1200===
 
==Urogenital==
<gallery>
<gallery>
File:Gray1108.jpg|Broad ligament of adult showing Epoöphoron
File:Gray1108.jpg|1108 Broad ligament of adult showing Epoöphoron
File:Gray1109.jpg|Urogenital Sinus of Female Human Embryo of 8.5 to 9 weeks old
File:Gray1109.jpg|1109 Urogenital Sinus of Female Human Embryo of 8.5 to 9 weeks old
File:Gray1111.jpg|Transverse section of Human Embryo 8.5 to 9 Weeks Old
File:Gray1111.jpg|1111 Transverse section of Human Embryo 8.5 to 9 Weeks Old
File:Gray1112.jpg|Longitudinal Section of Ovary of Cat Embryo of 9.4 cm long
File:Gray1112.jpg|1112 Longitudinal Section of Ovary of Cat Embryo of 9.4 cm long
File:Gray1113.jpg|Section of the Ovary of a Newly Born Child
File:Gray1113.jpg|1113 Section of the Ovary of a Newly Born Child
File:Gray1114.jpg|Human Embryo (3.5 cm long) Testis Section of a Genital Cord
File:Gray1114.jpg|1114 Human Embryo (3.5 cm long) Testis Section of a Genital Cord
File:Gray1115.jpg|Tail end of Human Embryo 25 to 29 Days Old
File:Gray1115.jpg|1115 Tail end of Human Embryo 25 to 29 Days Old
File:Gray1116.jpg|Tail end of Human Embryo 32 to 33 Days Old
File:Gray1116.jpg|1116 Tail end of Human Embryo 32 to 33 Days Old
File:Gray1117.jpg|Tail end of human embryo eight and a half to nine weeks old
File:Gray1117.jpg|1117 Tail end of human embryo eight and a half to nine weeks old
File:Gray1118.jpg|Primitive Kidney and Bladder
File:Gray1118.jpg|1118 Primitive Kidney and Bladder
File:Gray1119.jpg|Stages in the development of the external sexual organs in the male and female
File:Gray1119.jpg|1119 Stages in the development of the external sexual organs in the male and female
File:Gray1126.png|Retroperitoneal structures
File:Gray1120.jpg|1120 Abdomen
File:Gray1137.jpg|
File:Gray1121.jpg|1121 Posterior abdominal wall
File:Gray1138.jpg|
File:Gray1122.jpg|1122
File:Gray1139.jpg|
File:Gray1123.jpg|1123
File:Gray1140.jpg|
File:Gray1124.jpg|1124
File:Gray1141.jpg|
File:Gray1125.jpg|1125
File:Gray1160.jpg|Prostate Gland
File:Gray1126.png|1126 Retroperitoneal structures
File:Gray1181.jpg|Pituitary - Median sagittal hypophysis adult monkey
File:Gray1126.jpg|1126 Retroperitoneal structures
File:Gray1192.jpg|
File:Gray1127.jpg|1127
File:Gray1128.jpg|1128
File:Gray1129.jpg|1129
File:Gray1130.jpg|1130
File:Gray1131.jpg|1131
File:Gray1132.jpg|1132
File:Gray1133.jpg|1133
File:Gray1137.jpg|1137
File:Gray1138.jpg|1138
File:Gray1139.jpg|1139
File:Gray1140.jpg|1140
File:Gray1141.jpg|1141
File:Gray1152.jpg|1152 Fundus of the bladder with the vesiculæ seminales
File:Gray1153.jpg|1153 Prostate and seminal vesicles
File:Gray1160.jpg|1160 Prostate Gland
File:Gray1161.jpg|1161 Uterus and right broad ligament
File:Gray1163.jpg|1163 section of the ovary
File:Gray1166.jpg|1166
File:Gray1170.jpg|1170
File:Gray1173.jpg|1173
</gallery>
</gallery>
===1201-1300===
==Endocrine==
The Ductless Glands
<gallery>
File:Gray1174.jpg|1174 The thyroid gland and its relations.
File:Gray1175.jpg|1175
File:Gray1181.jpg|1181 Pituitary - Median sagittal hypophysis adult monkey
File:Gray1182.jpg|1182 Vertical sections of the heads of early embryos of the rabbit
File:Gray1183.jpg|1183
File:Gray1184.jpg|1184
File:Gray1185.jpg|1185 Section of a part of a suprarenal gland
File:Gray1192.jpg|1192
</gallery>
 
==Surface Anatomy==
Surface Anatomy and Surface Markings
<gallery>
<gallery>
File:Gray1201.jpg|
File:Gray1201.jpg|
File:Gray1202.jpg|
File:Gray1202.jpg|
File:Gray1223.png|Abdomen Surface Markings for Liver, Stomach, and Great Intestine
File:Gray1223.png|Abdomen Surface Markings for Liver, Stomach, and Great Intestine
File:Gray1235.jpg|Front of right upper extremity, showing surface markings for bones and nerves.
File:Gray1236.jpg|Back of right upper extremity, showing surface markings for bones and nerves.
File:Gray1237.jpg|Left Hand Palm, position of skin creases and bones, and surface markings for the volar arches
File:Gray1237.jpg|Left Hand Palm, position of skin creases and bones, and surface markings for the volar arches
</gallery>
</gallery>
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[[Category:Historic Embryology]] [[Category:Gray's 1918 Anatomy]]
[[Category:Historic Embryology]] [[Category:Gray's 1918 Anatomy]][[Category:1910's]]

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العربية | català | 中文 | 中國傳統的 | français | Deutsche | עִברִית | हिंदी | bahasa Indonesia | italiano | 日本語 | 한국어 | မြန်မာ | Pilipino | Polskie | português | ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਦੇ | Română | русский | Español | Swahili | Svensk | ไทย | Türkçe | اردو | ייִדיש | Tiếng Việt    These external translations are automated and may not be accurate. (More? About Translations)

Gray H. Anatomy of the human body. (1918) Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger.

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Pages where the terms "Historic" (textbooks, papers, people, recommendations) appear on this site, and sections within pages where this disclaimer appears, indicate that the content and scientific understanding are specific to the time of publication. This means that while some scientific descriptions are still accurate, the terminology and interpretation of the developmental mechanisms reflect the understanding at the time of original publication and those of the preceding periods, these terms, interpretations and recommendations may not reflect our current scientific understanding.     (More? Embryology History | Historic Embryology Papers)

Introduction

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Classic anatomy textbook widely reproduced online, particularly the anatomical illustrations, due to the fact that the 1918 edition is out of copyright. W.H. Lewis edited the 20th edition published in September 1918, the current 40th edition was published in 2008. The majority of images were anatomical drawings with some cartoon simplifications. The text also includes earlier historic drawings, particularly in the embryology section that commences the text.


Clicking the Category:Gray's 1918 Anatomy should display a list of the images available on this current website. Note that over time the image naming has varied and requires better standardisation. Images used here may be altered and edited from those appearing in the original textbook.

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Gray's Anatomy Embryology


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ANATOMY OF THE HUMAN BODY


Textbook Introduction

THE term human anatomy comprises a consideration of the various structures which make up the human organism. In a restricted sense it deals merely with the parts which form the fully developed individual and which can be rendered evident to the naked eye by various methods of dissection. Regarded from such a standpoint it may be studied by two methods: (1) the various structures may be separately considered— systematic anatomy; or (2) the organs and tissues may be studied in relation to one another — topographical or regional anatomy.

It is, however, of much advantage to add to the facts ascertained by nakedeye dissection those obtained by the use of the microscope. This introduces two fields of investigation, viz., the study of the minute structure of the various component parts of the body — histology — and the study of the human organism in its immature condition, i. e., the various stages of its intrauterine development from the fertilized ovum up to the period when it assumes an independent existence — embryology. Owing to the difficulty of obtaining material illustrating all the stages of this early development, gaps must be filled up by observations on the development of lower forms — comparative embryology, or by a consideration of adult forms in the line of human ancestry — comparative anatomy. The direct application of the facts of human anatomy to the various pathological conditions which may occur constitutes the subject of applied anatomy. Finally, the appreciation of structures on or immediately underlying the surface of the body is frequently made the subject of special study — smiace anatomy.

Systematic Anatomy

The various systems of which the human body is composed are grouped under the following headings:

  1. Osteology — the bony system or skeleton.
  2. Syndesmology — the articulations or joints.
  3. Myology — the muscles. With the description of the muscles it is convenient to include that of the fasciae which are so intimately connected with them.
  4. Angiology — the vascular system, comprising the heart, bloodvessels, lymphatic vessels, and lymph glands.
  5. Neurology — the nervous system. The organs of sense may be included in this system.
  6. Splanchnology — the visceral system. Topographically the viscera form two groups, viz., the thoracic viscera and the abdomino-pelvic viscera. The heart, a thoracic viscus, is best considered with the vascular system. The rest of the viscera may be grouped according to their functions: (a) the respiratory apparatus; (6) the digestive apparatus; and (c) the urogenital apparatus. Strictly speaking, the third subgroup should include only such components of the urogenital apparatus as are included within the abdomino-pelvic cavity, but it is convenient to study under this heading certain parts which lie in relation to the surface of the body, e. g., the testes and the external organs of generation.


For descriptive purposes. the body is supposed to be in the erect posture, with the arms hanging by the sides and the palms of the hands directed forward. The median plane is a vertical antero-posterior plane, passing through the center of the trunk. This plane will pass approximately through the sagittal suture of the skull, and hence any plane parallel to it is termed a sagittal plane. A vertical plane at right angles to the median plane passes, roughly speaking, through the central part of the coronal suture or through a line parallel to it; such a plane is known as a frontal plane or sometimes as a coronal plane. A plane at right angles to both the median and frontal planes is termed a transverse plane.

The terms anterior or ventral, and posterior or dorsal, are employed to indicate the relation of parts to the front or back of the body or limbs, and the terms superior or cephalic, and inferior or caudal, to indicate the relative levels of different structures; structures nearer to or farther from the median plane are referred to as medial or lateral respectively.

The terms superficial and deep are strictly confined to descriptions of the relative depth from the surface of the various structures; external and internal are reserved almost entirely for describing the walls of cavities or of hollow viscera. In the case of the limbs the words proximal and distal refer to the relative distance from the attached end of the limb.

Embryology

THE term Embryology, in its widest sense, is applied to the various changes which take place during the growth of an animal from the egg to the adult condition: it is, however, usually restricted to the phenomena which occur before birth. Embryology may be studied from two aspects:

  1. that of ontogeny, which deals only with the development of the individual;
  2. that of phylogeny, which concerns itself with the evolutionary history of the animal kingdom.


In vertebrate animals the development of a new being can only take place when a female germ cell or ovum has been fertilized by a male germ cell or spermatozoon. The ovum is a nucleated cell, and all the complicated changes by which the various tissues and organs of the body are formed from it, after it has been fertilized, are the result of two general processes, viz., segmentation and differentiation of cells. Thus, the fertilized ovum undergoes repeated segmentation into a number of cells which at first closely resemble one another, but are, sooner or later, differentiated into two groups: (1) somatic cells, the function of which is to build up the various tissues of the body; and (2) germinal cells, which become imbedded in the sexual glands — the ovaries in the female and the testes in the male — and are destined for the perpetuation of the species.


Having regard to the main purpose of this work, it is impossible, in the space available in this section, to describe fully, or illustrate adequately, all the phenomena which occur in the different stages of the development of the human body. Only the principal facts are given, and the student is referred for further detaUs to one or other of the text-books^ on human embryology.


Not all site images are included below. There may be several image versions (sizes, labeling, and formats gif, jpg, png).

Historic Disclaimer - information about historic embryology pages 
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Pages where the terms "Historic" (textbooks, papers, people, recommendations) appear on this site, and sections within pages where this disclaimer appears, indicate that the content and scientific understanding are specific to the time of publication. This means that while some scientific descriptions are still accurate, the terminology and interpretation of the developmental mechanisms reflect the understanding at the time of original publication and those of the preceding periods, these terms, interpretations and recommendations may not reflect our current scientific understanding.     (More? Embryology History | Historic Embryology Papers)

Development

301-400

Cardiovascular

401-500

Lymphatic

592 Immune System Development

Neural

623

Smell

852

Vision

Hearing

Somatosensory

Integumentary

Respiratory

Gastrointestinal

Urogenital

Endocrine

The Ductless Glands

Surface Anatomy

Surface Anatomy and Surface Markings



Glossary Links

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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, May 6) Embryology Anatomy of the Human Body by Henry Gray. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Anatomy_of_the_Human_Body_by_Henry_Gray

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© Dr Mark Hill 2024, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G