Talk:BGD Lecture - Endocrine Development

Introduction

| original Endocrine page

Endocrinology - An Integrated Approach=

Stephen Nussey and Saffron Whitehead.

St. George's Hospital Medical School, London, UK Oxford: BIOS Scientific Publishers; 2001. ISBN-10: 1-85996-252-1

Copyright © 2001, BIOS Scientific Publishers Limited.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.govhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22/

Preface

Chapter 1. Principles of endocrinology

Chapter 1. Principles of endocrinology

• Functions of hormones and their regulation
• Chemical signalling - endocrine, paracrine, autocrine and intracrine mechanisms
• Chemical classification of hormones and their synthesis
• Hormone synthesis
• Transport of hormones in the circulation and their half-lives
• Hormone receptors - cell surface
• Hormone receptors - intracellular
• Hormones and gene transcription
• Hormone receptor regulation
• Neuroendocrine interactions
• Hormones and the immune system
• Hormones, growth promotion and malignancy
• Genes, mutations and endocrine function
• Clinical evaluation of endocrine disorders

Chapter 2. The endocrine pancreas

Chapter 2. The endocrine pancreas

• Glucose turnover
• Anabolic and catabolic phases of glucose metabolism
• Actions of insulin and glucagon
• Lipid metabolism - insulinopenia and diabetic ketosis
• Protein metabolism and the anabolic actions of insulin
• Definition and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus
• Etiology of type 1 DM
• Prevention of type 1 DM
• Structure, synthesis and metabolism of insulin and glucagon
• Anatomical features of pancreatic islets in relation to hormone secretion and its control
• Control of insulin and glucagon secretion
• Type 2 DM
• Causes of DM
• Genetic disorders of β-cell function
• Counter-regulatory hormones and DM
• Complications of DM
• Macrovascular circulatory changes
• Microvascular changes - diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy
• Diabetes and the neuropathic foot
• Diabetes and insulin resistance of pregnancy
• Development of the pancreas: effects of DM on organogenesis
• Treatment of DM - rationale and practical considerations
• Hypoglycemia
• Physiological responses to hypoglycemia and its treatment
• Hypoglycemia and insulinoma
• Hypoglycemia in infancy
• Disorders of the α, γ and PP cells of the islets
• Clinical case questions

Chapter 3. The thyroid gland

Chapter 3. The thyroid gland

• Iodine intake
• Anatomical features of the thyroid gland
• Iodine trapping and thyroid function
• Synthesis of thyroid hormones
• Actions of thyroid hormones
• Control of thyroid hormone synthesis and secretion
• Hyperthyroidism — Graves' disease
• Surgical anatomy and embryology of the thyroid gland
• Primary hypothyroidism — Hashimoto's disease and myxedema
• Secondary hypothyroidism
• Hypothyroidism in infancy and childhood
• Thyroid hormone resistance
• Non-thyroid illness (‘sick euthyroid’ syndrome)
• Transport and metabolism of thyroid hormones
• Biochemical measurements of thyroid hormone status
• Thyroid growth
• Nodular thyroid disease
• Thyroid cancer
• Clinical case questions

Chapter 4. The adrenal gland

Chapter 4. The adrenal gland

• Specificity of the biological effects of adrenal steroid hormones
• Cholesterol and steroid synthesis in the adrenal cortex
• Anatomical and functional zonation in the adrenal cortex
• Glucocorticoid receptors
• Actions of glucocorticoids and clinical features of Cushing's syndrome
• Adrenal cortical androgens
• Hypothalamic control of adrenocortical steroid synthesis - CRH and vasopressin
• Pituitary control of adrenocortical steroids - ACTH
• Feedback control of glucocorticoids
• Excess glucocorticoids: biochemical investigation of Cushing's syndrome
• Measurements of cortisol in blood, urine and saliva
• Dynamic tests of endocrine function
• Imaging the adrenal gland
• Treatment of Cushing's syndrome
• Nelson's syndrome
• Excess adrenal androgens - congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)
• Deficiency of adrenocortical secretions - Addison's disease
• Aldosterone and the control of salt and water balance
• Transport and metabolism of adrenocortical steroids
• Selective mineralocorticoid excess and deficiency
• The adrenal medulla and pheochromocytoma
• Catecholamine synthesis and secretion
• Diagnosis and treatment of pheochromocytomas
• Clinical case questions

Chapter 5. The parathyroid glands and vitamin D

Chapter 5. The parathyroid glands and vitamin D

• Calcium and phosphate in serum and its measurement
• Intracellular calcium concentration
• Calcium and phosphate balance
• Hormonal control of serum Ca²⁺ and P_i concentrations
• Sources, metabolism and transport of vitamin D
• Classical actions of vitamin D on intestine and bone
• Parathyroid glands and PTH synthesis
• Control of PTH secretion
• Actions of PTH
• Hypercalcemia and primary hyperparathyroidism
• Hyperparathyroidism and multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN)
• Hypercalcemia and vitamin D excess
• Hypercalcemia and malignancy
• Parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrp)
• Treatment of hypercalcemia
• Mutations of the Ca²⁺ or PTH receptors
• Hypocalcemia and its treatment
• Pseudohypoparathyroidism
• Vitamin D deficiency
• Non-classical actions of vitamin D
• Vitamin D resistance and rickets
• Hormones and the skeleton
• Structure, formation and function of bone
• Osteoporosis
• Paget's disease (osteitis deformans)
• Calcitonin and calcitonin gene-related peptide
• Clinical case questions

Chapter 6. The gonad

Chapter 6. The gonad

• Genetic determination of sexual differentiation
• Sexual differentiation of the gonads and internal reproductive tracts
• Sexual differentiation of the external genitalia
• Control of steroid production in the fetal gonads
• Puberty
• GnRH and the control of gonadotrophin synthesis and secretion
• The gonadotrophins - LH and FSH - and their actions
• Endocrine changes in puberty
• Precocious sexual development
• Delayed puberty
• Premature adrenarche
• Acne, hair growth and hirsutism
• The breast - premature development, hypoplasia and gynecomastia
• Testicular function
• Control of testicular function
• Transport, metabolism and actions of androgens
• Spermatogenesis
• Erection and ejaculation
• Ovarian control and the menstrual cycle
• Transport, metabolism and actions of ovarian steroids
• The ovary - folliculogenesis and oogenesis
• Non-steroidal factors in the control of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis
• Ovulation, menstruation and its problems
• Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
• Contraception
• Infertility
• Ovulation induction and assisted conception
• Ovarian failure, the menopause and andropause
• Hormonal replacement therapy (HRT) and selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMS)
• Clinical case questions

Chapter 7. The pituitary gland

Chapter 7. The pituitary gland

• Anatomical and functional connections of the hypothalamo-pituitary axis
• Embryology of the pituitary gland
• Craniopharyngioma
• Blood supply of the hypothalamo-pituitary axis
• Sheehan's syndrome
• Growth and somatotrophin deficiency
• Growth hormone - secretory patterns and control
• Actions of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factors
• GH replacement therapy
• GH excess - gigantism and acromegaly
• Pituitary adenomas - incidence and treatment
• Prolactinomas
• Prolactin and its control
• Circadian rhythms and the suprachiasmatic nucleus
• The pineal gland and melatonin
• Autonomic functions of the hypothalamus
• Obesity
• The neural lobe of the pituitary gland - AVP and oxytocin
• Clinical case questions

Chapter 8. Cardiovascular and renal endocrinology

Chapter 8. Cardiovascular and renal endocrinology

• Endocrinology of heart failure
• Paracrine and autocrine regulation of blood pressure: the endocrinology of sepsis
• Hormones and blood cell production - erythropoietin
• Carcinoid
• Clinical case questions