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[[Category:Glossary]] | |||
= Glossary T = | |||
===T cell leukemia 3=== | |||
(Tlx3) gene which specifies spinal cord glutamatergic sensory neurons and is a a selector gene in embryonic stem (ES) cells undergoing neural differentiation. Also called Respiratory Neuron Homeobox (Rnh) or HOX11L2. | (Tlx3) gene which specifies spinal cord glutamatergic sensory neurons and is a a selector gene in embryonic stem (ES) cells undergoing neural differentiation. Also called Respiratory Neuron Homeobox (Rnh) or HOX11L2. | ||
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(More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/MolDev/factor/tlx.htm Factors - Tlx] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/neuron.htm Neural Notes] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/stemcell.htm Stem Cell Notes]) | (More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/MolDev/factor/tlx.htm Factors - Tlx] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/neuron.htm Neural Notes] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/stemcell.htm Stem Cell Notes]) | ||
===talipes equinovarus=== | |||
(Latin, ''talipes'' = ankle bone, ''pes'' = foot, ''equinus'' = horse) or "club foot" congenital deformity of the foot (occurs approximately 1 in 1,000 births). Condition starts in the first trimester of pregnancy, the foot is then turned inward and downward at birth, postnatally it affects how children walk on their toes with the foot pointed downward like a horse. | (Latin, ''talipes'' = ankle bone, ''pes'' = foot, ''equinus'' = horse) or "club foot" congenital deformity of the foot (occurs approximately 1 in 1,000 births). Condition starts in the first trimester of pregnancy, the foot is then turned inward and downward at birth, postnatally it affects how children walk on their toes with the foot pointed downward like a horse. | ||
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(More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/skmus72.htm#talipes_equinovarus Limb Development Abnormalities] | [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001228.htm Medline Plus - Clubfoot]) | (More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/skmus72.htm#talipes_equinovarus Limb Development Abnormalities] | [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001228.htm Medline Plus - Clubfoot]) | ||
===taste=== | |||
sensory neurological perception of flavour begining with the taste buds of the tongue of at least five distinct qualities: sweet, bitter, sour, salty, and umami (savoury). | sensory neurological perception of flavour begining with the taste buds of the tongue of at least five distinct qualities: sweet, bitter, sour, salty, and umami (savoury). | ||
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(More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/tongue.htm Sensory Notes - Taste]) | (More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/tongue.htm Sensory Notes - Taste]) | ||
===tastin=== | |||
( | (===t===rophinin-===a===s===sistin===g protein) a cell surface protein that along with [#trophinin trophinin] involved with blastocyst implantation, mediates adhesion and is expressed on both blastocyst and endometrial epithelium. From week 6 of pregnancy it is found only on the apical side of the syncytiotrophoblast. | ||
(More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/week2.htm Week 2 Notes] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=603872 OMIM - tastin]) | (More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/week2.htm Week 2 Notes] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=603872 OMIM - tastin]) | ||
===taurine=== | |||
(Latin, ''taurus'' = bull, after source of original isolation from ox bile) the most abundant free amino-acid in the body and has an important role in several essential biological processes. | (Latin, ''taurus'' = bull, after source of original isolation from ox bile) the most abundant free amino-acid in the body and has an important role in several essential biological processes. | ||
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(More? Reference [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12235714 Aerts L, Van Assche FA.] Taurine and taurine-deficiency in the perinatal period. J Perinat Med. 2002;30(4):281-6. Review.) | (More? Reference [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12235714 Aerts L, Van Assche FA.] Taurine and taurine-deficiency in the perinatal period. J Perinat Med. 2002;30(4):281-6. Review.) | ||
===telangiectasia=== | |||
(Latin, ''tel'' + ''angi'' + ''ectasia'', ''ectasis'') plural telangiectasias, "spider veins", small veins that appear on the face (cheeks, ears, corner of eyes) associated with the neurodegenerative disease Ataxia Telangiectasia. The disease has no current cure and children die in their teens or early 20's. | (Latin, ''tel'' + ''angi'' + ''ectasia'', ''ectasis'') plural telangiectasias, "spider veins", small veins that appear on the face (cheeks, ears, corner of eyes) associated with the neurodegenerative disease Ataxia Telangiectasia. The disease has no current cure and children die in their teens or early 20's. | ||
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(More? [http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/a_t/a-t.htm NINDS (USA) Ataxia Telangiectasia] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/neuron2.htm Neural Abnormalities]) | (More? [http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/a_t/a-t.htm NINDS (USA) Ataxia Telangiectasia] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/neuron2.htm Neural Abnormalities]) | ||
===telencephalic glial cells=== | |||
(telencephalon = endbrain) supporting cerebral cortex glial cells. Telencephalic glial cells (oligodendrocytes) are formed from a small region of the ventral neuroepithelium of the telencephalon under the influence of sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling and migrate into cortical regions. Oligodendrocytes are a subset of the various glial cell types, the myelinating macroglial cells. | (telencephalon = endbrain) supporting cerebral cortex glial cells. Telencephalic glial cells (oligodendrocytes) are formed from a small region of the ventral neuroepithelium of the telencephalon under the influence of sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling and migrate into cortical regions. Oligodendrocytes are a subset of the various glial cell types, the myelinating macroglial cells. | ||
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(More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/neuron.htm Neural Notes]) | (More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/neuron.htm Neural Notes]) | ||
===telencephalon=== | |||
( = endbrain) embryonic neural tube region that will form cerebral hemispheres (neocortex, basal nuclei, palaeocortex, archicortex). The telencephalon is the most anterior of the 5 secondary brain vesicles formed from division of the prosencephalon (forebrain) primary brain vesicle (there are 3 primary brain vesicles). The telencephalon lumen (cavity of the neural tube) will form the lateral ventricles. | ( = endbrain) embryonic neural tube region that will form cerebral hemispheres (neocortex, basal nuclei, palaeocortex, archicortex). The telencephalon is the most anterior of the 5 secondary brain vesicles formed from division of the prosencephalon (forebrain) primary brain vesicle (there are 3 primary brain vesicles). The telencephalon lumen (cavity of the neural tube) will form the lateral ventricles. | ||
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(More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/neuron.htm Neural Notes] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/neuron6.htm Ventricular System]) | (More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/neuron.htm Neural Notes] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/neuron6.htm Ventricular System]) | ||
===tensor veli palatini=== | |||
A muscle which functions to open the auditory tube by pulling its lateral wall laterally and inferiorly. | A muscle which functions to open the auditory tube by pulling its lateral wall laterally and inferiorly. | ||
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(More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/ear.htm Hearing Notes]) | (More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/ear.htm Hearing Notes]) | ||
===tentorial notch=== | |||
the opening in the tentorium cerebelli fold of dura mater for the brainstem. | the opening in the tentorium cerebelli fold of dura mater for the brainstem. | ||
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(More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/neuron6.htm#tentorium_cerebelli Neural CSF]) | (More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/neuron6.htm#tentorium_cerebelli Neural CSF]) | ||
===teratogen=== | |||
(Greek, ''teraton'' = monster) Any agent that causes a structural abnormality following exposure during pregnancy. The overall effect depends on dosage and time of exposure. Absolute risk - the rate of occurrence of an abnormal phenotype among individuals exposed to the agent. (e.g. fetal alcohol syndrome) Relative risk - the ratio of the rate of the condition among the exposed and the non-exposed. (e.g. smokers risk of having a low birth weight baby compared to non-smokers) A high relative risk may indicate a low absolute risk if the condition is rare. | (Greek, ''teraton'' = monster) Any agent that causes a structural abnormality following exposure during pregnancy. The overall effect depends on dosage and time of exposure. Absolute risk - the rate of occurrence of an abnormal phenotype among individuals exposed to the agent. (e.g. fetal alcohol syndrome) Relative risk - the ratio of the rate of the condition among the exposed and the non-exposed. (e.g. smokers risk of having a low birth weight baby compared to non-smokers) A high relative risk may indicate a low absolute risk if the condition is rare. | ||
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(More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Defect/page1.htm Abnormal Development]) | (More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Defect/page1.htm Abnormal Development]) | ||
===teratoma=== | |||
(Greek, ''teraton'' = monster) tumours arising from more than one germ layer. Term first used by Virchow in 1863. Typically a germ cell tumor that may contain several different types of tissues, not all teratomas are malignant. | (Greek, ''teraton'' = monster) tumours arising from more than one germ layer. Term first used by Virchow in 1863. Typically a germ cell tumor that may contain several different types of tissues, not all teratomas are malignant. | ||
===terminal sac stage=== | |||
(terminal sac phase, immature alveoli) Term used to describe the second last histological/developmental stage (Pseudoglandular, Fetal Canalicular, | (terminal sac phase, immature alveoli) Term used to describe the second last histological/developmental stage (Pseudoglandular, Fetal Canalicular, ===Terminal sac===, Alveolar) of lung development. This stage occurs from late fetal week 24 to 36. During this stage branching and growth of the terminal sacs occurs, with cellular differentiation of the type -II pneumonocytes and type - I pneumonocytes The final functional sac of the respiratory tree occurs at the next neonatal period, where gas exchange occurs between the alveolar space and the pulmonary capillaries. | ||
(More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/respire.htm Respiratory Notes]) | (More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/respire.htm Respiratory Notes]) | ||
===testes=== | |||
(Latin ''testis'' = "witness") The two male gonads (singular testis) where male germ cells (spermatozoa) are generated and also the source of testosterone (male hormone). Embryonically formed from primordial germ cells entering region of the paired mesonephric ducts (Wolffian ducts) which are preserved in male gonad development and lost in females. | (Latin ''testis'' = "witness") The two male gonads (singular testis) where male germ cells (spermatozoa) are generated and also the source of testosterone (male hormone). Embryonically formed from primordial germ cells entering region of the paired mesonephric ducts (Wolffian ducts) which are preserved in male gonad development and lost in females. | ||
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(More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/genitalXY.htm Genital System - Male]) | (More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/genitalXY.htm Genital System - Male]) | ||
===testis=== | |||
(Latin ''testis'' = "witness", plural testes) The male gonad where male germ cells (spermatozoa) are generated and also the source of testosterone (male hormone). Embryonically formed from primordial germ cells entering region of the paired mesonephric ducts (Wolffian ducts) which are preserved in male gonad development and lost in females. | (Latin ''testis'' = "witness", plural testes) The male gonad where male germ cells (spermatozoa) are generated and also the source of testosterone (male hormone). Embryonically formed from primordial germ cells entering region of the paired mesonephric ducts (Wolffian ducts) which are preserved in male gonad development and lost in females. | ||
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(More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/genitalXY.htm Genital System - Male]) | (More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/genitalXY.htm Genital System - Male]) | ||
===testis-determining factor=== | |||
(TDF, Sry, Testis-Determining Factor on Y, TDY ) Protein name for the protein transcription factor product of the Sry gene on the Y chromosome responsible for maleness. This protein is a member of the high mobility group (HMG)-box family of DNA binding proteins. See also the transcription factor SRY-related protein, SOX9 (SRY-related high-mobility group (HMG) box 9) | (TDF, Sry, Testis-Determining Factor on Y, TDY ) Protein name for the protein transcription factor product of the Sry gene on the Y chromosome responsible for maleness. This protein is a member of the high mobility group (HMG)-box family of DNA binding proteins. See also the transcription factor SRY-related protein, SOX9 (SRY-related high-mobility group (HMG) box 9) | ||
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(More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/MolDev/MolDev.htm Molecular Notes] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/Notes/week1.htm Week 1 Notes] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=480000 OMIM]) | (More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/MolDev/MolDev.htm Molecular Notes] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/Notes/week1.htm Week 1 Notes] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=480000 OMIM]) | ||
===tetralogy of Fallot=== | |||
Cardiac abnormality possibly stemming from abnormal neural crest migration. Named after Etienne-Louis Arthur Fallot (1888) who described it as "''la maladie blue''". | Cardiac abnormality possibly stemming from abnormal neural crest migration. Named after Etienne-Louis Arthur Fallot (1888) who described it as "''la maladie blue''". | ||
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(More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/heart2.htm#Fallot Heart Abnormalities]) | (More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/heart2.htm#Fallot Heart Abnormalities]) | ||
===tetraploidy=== | |||
Term used to describe a cell with duplicated chromosomal abnormality, in humans four sets of 23 chromosomes instead of 2 (diploid) due to a failure of the first mitotic division after [F.htm#fertilization fertilization], these types of fertilization events fail to develop. | Term used to describe a cell with duplicated chromosomal abnormality, in humans four sets of 23 chromosomes instead of 2 (diploid) due to a failure of the first mitotic division after [F.htm#fertilization fertilization], these types of fertilization events fail to develop. | ||
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(More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Defect/page1.htm Abnormal Development]) | (More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Defect/page1.htm Abnormal Development]) | ||
===thawed cycle=== | |||
an IVF cycle in which previously frozen embryos are thawed for embryo transfer. | an IVF cycle in which previously frozen embryos are thawed for embryo transfer. | ||
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(More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/week1_5b.htm Week 1 - In Vitro Fertilization]) | (More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/week1_5b.htm Week 1 - In Vitro Fertilization]) | ||
===theca folliculi=== | |||
stromal cells in the ovary, cells surrounding the developing follicle that form a connective tissue sheath. This layer then differentiates into 2 layers (theca interna, theca externa). This region is vascularized and involved in hormone secretion. Theca cells do not begin secreting estrogen until puberty. | stromal cells in the ovary, cells surrounding the developing follicle that form a connective tissue sheath. This layer then differentiates into 2 layers (theca interna, theca externa). This region is vascularized and involved in hormone secretion. Theca cells do not begin secreting estrogen until puberty. | ||
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(More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/week1_3a.htm Week 1 Notes - Oogenesis] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/urogen.htm Urogenital Notes]) | (More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/week1_3a.htm Week 1 Notes - Oogenesis] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/urogen.htm Urogenital Notes]) | ||
===theca externa=== | |||
(Greek, ''thek ''<nowiki>= box) The ovarian follicle stromal cells forming the outer layer of the theca folliculi surrounding the developing follicle within the ovary. Consisting of connective tissue cells, smooth muscle and collagen fibers. </nowiki> | (Greek, ''thek ''<nowiki>= box) The ovarian follicle stromal cells forming the outer layer of the theca folliculi surrounding the developing follicle within the ovary. Consisting of connective tissue cells, smooth muscle and collagen fibers. </nowiki> | ||
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(More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/week1_3a.htm Week 1 Notes - Oogenesis] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/urogen.htm Urogenital Notes]) | (More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/week1_3a.htm Week 1 Notes - Oogenesis] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/urogen.htm Urogenital Notes]) | ||
===theca interna=== | |||
(Greek, ''thek ''<nowiki>= box) The ovarian follicle endocrine cells forming the inner layer of the theca folliculi surrounding the developing follicle within the ovary. This vascularized layer of cells respond to leutenizing hormone (LH) synthesizing and secreting androgens (androstendione) transported to glomerulosa cells which process initially into testosterone and then by aromatase into estrogen (estradiol). Theca cells do not begin hormonal functions until puberty. </nowiki> | (Greek, ''thek ''<nowiki>= box) The ovarian follicle endocrine cells forming the inner layer of the theca folliculi surrounding the developing follicle within the ovary. This vascularized layer of cells respond to leutenizing hormone (LH) synthesizing and secreting androgens (androstendione) transported to glomerulosa cells which process initially into testosterone and then by aromatase into estrogen (estradiol). Theca cells do not begin hormonal functions until puberty. </nowiki> | ||
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(More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/week1_3a.htm Week 1 Notes - Oogenesis] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/urogen.htm Urogenital Notes]) | (More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/week1_3a.htm Week 1 Notes - Oogenesis] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/urogen.htm Urogenital Notes]) | ||
===third trimester=== | |||
Clinical term used to describe and divide human pregnancy period (9 months) into three equal parts of approximately three calendar months. The third trimester corresponds to the fetal period of growth in weight, as well as continued differentiation of existing organs and tissues. The respiratory system matures late in teh third trimester. The first trimester corresponds approximately to embryonic development (week 1 to 8) of organogenesis and early fetal period, the second trimester is the fetal period of growth in size. | Clinical term used to describe and divide human pregnancy period (9 months) into three equal parts of approximately three calendar months. The third trimester corresponds to the fetal period of growth in weight, as well as continued differentiation of existing organs and tissues. The respiratory system matures late in teh third trimester. The first trimester corresponds approximately to embryonic development (week 1 to 8) of organogenesis and early fetal period, the second trimester is the fetal period of growth in size. | ||
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(More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/wwwhuman/Stages/Stages.htm Embryo Stages] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/wwwhuman/fetus.htm Human Fetal Period] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/week/weekbyweek.htm Development Week by Week]) | (More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/wwwhuman/Stages/Stages.htm Embryo Stages] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/wwwhuman/fetus.htm Human Fetal Period] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/week/weekbyweek.htm Development Week by Week]) | ||
===thrombophilia=== | |||
An increased tendency of blood to clot due to impaired natural anticoagulant or fibrinolytic pathways. | An increased tendency of blood to clot due to impaired natural anticoagulant or fibrinolytic pathways. | ||
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(More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/heart20.htm Heart Notes - Blood]) | (More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/heart20.htm Heart Notes - Blood]) | ||
===thyroid=== | |||
(Greek, ''thyreos'' = sheild , ''eidos'' = form) endocrine gland located in the neck, the origin of the name reflects the organs anatomical structure. In the fetus, the thyroid gland has a role in neurological development. (More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/endocrine.htm Endocrine Notes] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/endocrine8.htm Thyroid Gland] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Defect/page11.htm Abnormal Development - Iodine Deficiency]) | (Greek, ''thyreos'' = sheild , ''eidos'' = form) endocrine gland located in the neck, the origin of the name reflects the organs anatomical structure. In the fetus, the thyroid gland has a role in neurological development. (More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/endocrine.htm Endocrine Notes] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/endocrine8.htm Thyroid Gland] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Defect/page11.htm Abnormal Development - Iodine Deficiency]) | ||
===thyroiditis=== | |||
(Greek, ''thyreos'' = sheild , ''eidos'' = form) An inflammatory process affecting the thyroid epithelium. | (Greek, ''thyreos'' = sheild , ''eidos'' = form) An inflammatory process affecting the thyroid epithelium. | ||
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(More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/endocrine.htm Endocrine Notes] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/endocrine8.htm Thyroid Gland] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Defect/page11.htm Abnormal Development - Iodine Deficiency]) | (More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/endocrine.htm Endocrine Notes] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/endocrine8.htm Thyroid Gland] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Defect/page11.htm Abnormal Development - Iodine Deficiency]) | ||
===tissue fusion=== | |||
A term used in development to describe the process by which epithelial sheets migrate and or drawn together to fuse, in some cases forming new structures. | A term used in development to describe the process by which epithelial sheets migrate and or drawn together to fuse, in some cases forming new structures. | ||
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(More? [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16927301 Perez-Pomares JM, Foty RA.] Tissue fusion and cell sorting in embryonic development and disease: biomedical implications. Bioessays. 2006 Aug;28(8):809-21.) | (More? [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16927301 Perez-Pomares JM, Foty RA.] Tissue fusion and cell sorting in embryonic development and disease: biomedical implications. Bioessays. 2006 Aug;28(8):809-21.) | ||
===tissue transglutaminase=== | |||
(TGase) enzymes which catalyze a calcium-dependent transamidation reaction, generating covalent cross-links between proteins or proteins and polyamines. In development also involved in cell survival and apotosis signaling. | (TGase) enzymes which catalyze a calcium-dependent transamidation reaction, generating covalent cross-links between proteins or proteins and polyamines. In development also involved in cell survival and apotosis signaling. | ||
===Tlx3=== | |||
acronym for | acronym for ===T=== cell ===l===eukemia ===3=== gene, which specifies spinal cord glutamatergic sensory neurons and is a a selector gene in embryonic stem (ES) cells undergoing neural differentiation. Also called Respiratory Neuron Homeobox (Rnh) or HOX11L2. | ||
(More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/MolDev/factor/tlx.htm Factors - Tlx] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/neuron.htm Neural Notes] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/stemcell.htm Stem Cell Notes]) | (More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/MolDev/factor/tlx.htm Factors - Tlx] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/neuron.htm Neural Notes] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/stemcell.htm Stem Cell Notes]) | ||
===tocolytic agent=== | |||
Term used for any medication that inhibits labor, slowing or halting uterine contractions. These drugs are used clinically to treat premature labor and permit continued fetal growth before parturition. | Term used for any medication that inhibits labor, slowing or halting uterine contractions. These drugs are used clinically to treat premature labor and permit continued fetal growth before parturition. | ||
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(More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Child/birth1.htm Normal Development- Birth]) | (More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Child/birth1.htm Normal Development- Birth]) | ||
===togaviridae=== | |||
(Latin, ''toga'' = coat) a virus family, named due to the virion having an envelope or coat. Members of the togaviridae family include: Chikungunya virus, Eastern equine encephalitis virus, O'nyong-nyong virus, Ross river virus, Rubella virus, Sindbis virus, Semliki forest virus, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, Western equine encephalitis virus. | (Latin, ''toga'' = coat) a virus family, named due to the virion having an envelope or coat. Members of the togaviridae family include: Chikungunya virus, Eastern equine encephalitis virus, O'nyong-nyong virus, Ross river virus, Rubella virus, Sindbis virus, Semliki forest virus, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, Western equine encephalitis virus. | ||
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(More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Defect/rubella.htm Abnormal Development - Rubella Virus] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Defect/virus.htm Abnormal Development - Virus]) | (More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Defect/rubella.htm Abnormal Development - Rubella Virus] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Defect/virus.htm Abnormal Development - Virus]) | ||
===TORCH=== | |||
An acronym for pregnancy related infections | An acronym for pregnancy related infections ===T===oxoplasma, ===O===ther organisms (parvovirus, HIV, Epstein-Barr, herpes 6 and 8, varicella, syphilis, enterovirus), ===R===ubella, ===C===ytomegalovirus and ===H===epatitus. | ||
(More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Defect/toxoplasmosis.htm Toxoplasmosis] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Defect/virus.htm Viral Infection] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Defect/rubella.htm Rubella] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Defect/cytomegalovirus.htm Cytomegalovirus] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Defect/virus.htm#Hepatitis Hepatitis] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Defect/page1.htm Abnormal Development]) | (More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Defect/toxoplasmosis.htm Toxoplasmosis] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Defect/virus.htm Viral Infection] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Defect/rubella.htm Rubella] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Defect/cytomegalovirus.htm Cytomegalovirus] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Defect/virus.htm#Hepatitis Hepatitis] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Defect/page1.htm Abnormal Development]) | ||
===totipotent=== | |||
Term that describes the ability of a cell (stem cell) to form an entire organism or any tissue from that organism. Totipotential suggests a wider differentiation ability than pluripotential, where there is a restriction to a particular group of cell types such as that seen for bone marrow blood stem cells. | Term that describes the ability of a cell (stem cell) to form an entire organism or any tissue from that organism. Totipotential suggests a wider differentiation ability than pluripotential, where there is a restriction to a particular group of cell types such as that seen for bone marrow blood stem cells. | ||
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(More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/stemcell.htm Stem Cell Notes]) | (More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/stemcell.htm Stem Cell Notes]) | ||
===toxicogenomics=== | |||
The study of the interaction between the genome, chemicals in the environment, and disease. Cells exposed to a stress, drug or toxicant respond by altering the pattern of expression of genes within their chromosomes. Based on new genetic and microarray technologies. | The study of the interaction between the genome, chemicals in the environment, and disease. Cells exposed to a stress, drug or toxicant respond by altering the pattern of expression of genes within their chromosomes. Based on new genetic and microarray technologies. | ||
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(More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Defect/page1.htm Abnormal Development] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Defect/drugs.htm Abnormal Development - Drugs]) | (More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Defect/page1.htm Abnormal Development] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Defect/drugs.htm Abnormal Development - Drugs]) | ||
===toxoplasmosis=== | |||
An infection caused by the parasite ''toxoplasma gondii'', present in the environment (undercooked, infected meat, handling soil or cat feces that contain the parasite). Maternal active infection during pregnancy can lead to congenital toxoplasmosis, and the toxoplasmosis parasite can also cross the placenta. Fetal infection can result in miscarriage, poor growth, early delivery or stillbirth. Children born with toxoplasmosis can experience eye problems, hydrocephalus, convulsions or mental disabilities. | An infection caused by the parasite ''toxoplasma gondii'', present in the environment (undercooked, infected meat, handling soil or cat feces that contain the parasite). Maternal active infection during pregnancy can lead to congenital toxoplasmosis, and the toxoplasmosis parasite can also cross the placenta. Fetal infection can result in miscarriage, poor growth, early delivery or stillbirth. Children born with toxoplasmosis can experience eye problems, hydrocephalus, convulsions or mental disabilities. | ||
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(More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Defect/toxoplasmosis.htm Toxoplasmosis] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Defect/page1.htm Abnormal Development]) | (More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Defect/toxoplasmosis.htm Toxoplasmosis] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Defect/page1.htm Abnormal Development]) | ||
===tp53=== | |||
(formerly p53) A cell cycle related transcription factor that promotes transcription of genes that induce cell cycle arrest or apoptosis in response to DNA damage or other cell stresses. This tumor suppressor gene is mutated in about half of all human cancers. Nomenclature is | (formerly p53) A cell cycle related transcription factor that promotes transcription of genes that induce cell cycle arrest or apoptosis in response to DNA damage or other cell stresses. This tumor suppressor gene is mutated in about half of all human cancers. Nomenclature is ===t=== for tumor, ===p=== for protein and ===53=== is molecular size (53,000 daltons). | ||
(More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/week1_4a.htm Week 1 Mitosis] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=191170 OMIM Entry for p53]) | (More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/week1_4a.htm Week 1 Mitosis] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=191170 OMIM Entry for p53]) | ||
===trabeculae carneae=== | |||
(columnae carneae) (carneae = meaty) The heart ventricular muscular bundles which project from the wall into the lumen of the ventricle, except in the region of the conus arteriosus. | (columnae carneae) (carneae = meaty) The heart ventricular muscular bundles which project from the wall into the lumen of the ventricle, except in the region of the conus arteriosus. | ||
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(More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/heart.htm Heart Notes]) | (More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/heart.htm Heart Notes]) | ||
===transcription factor=== | |||
A factor (protein or protein with steroid) that binds to DNA to alter gene expression, usually to activate. (eg steroid hormone+receptor, Retinoic acid+Receptor, Hox, Pax, Lim, Nkx-2.2). | A factor (protein or protein with steroid) that binds to DNA to alter gene expression, usually to activate. (eg steroid hormone+receptor, Retinoic acid+Receptor, Hox, Pax, Lim, Nkx-2.2). | ||
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(More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/MolDev/MolDev.htm Molecular Notes]) | (More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/MolDev/MolDev.htm Molecular Notes]) | ||
===transcriptome=== | |||
A cell/molecular biology term used to cover a cell's total expression of genes at a particular point in time and usually analysed by microarray. | A cell/molecular biology term used to cover a cell's total expression of genes at a particular point in time and usually analysed by microarray. | ||
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(More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/MolDev/MolDev.htm Molecular Development Notes] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/week1_7.htm Week 1- Blastocyst]) | (More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/MolDev/MolDev.htm Molecular Development Notes] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/week1_7.htm Week 1- Blastocyst]) | ||
===transverse septum=== | |||
(septum transversum) see [S.htm#septum_transversum septum transversum] a mesodermal region in the early embryo. | (septum transversum) see [S.htm#septum_transversum septum transversum] a mesodermal region in the early embryo. | ||
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(More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/git.htm Gastrointestinal Tract Notes] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/git7.htm Liver Notes] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/respire7.htm Respiratory Development - Diaphragm]) | (More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/git.htm Gastrointestinal Tract Notes] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/git7.htm Liver Notes] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/respire7.htm Respiratory Development - Diaphragm]) | ||
===TRC=== | |||
Acronym for | Acronym for ===T===aste-Receptor Cell, the cells associated with the initial sense of taste located on the tongue. | ||
(More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/tongue.htm Sensory Notes - Taste]) | (More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/tongue.htm Sensory Notes - Taste]) | ||
===triazole=== | |||
A chemical whose derivatives (Triadimefon) are potent antifungal agents used systemically in agriculture and in fungal diseases in humans and domestic animals. Acts by inhibiting the cytochrome P-450 conversion of lanosterol to ergosterol and has been shown to be teratogenic. | A chemical whose derivatives (Triadimefon) are potent antifungal agents used systemically in agriculture and in fungal diseases in humans and domestic animals. Acts by inhibiting the cytochrome P-450 conversion of lanosterol to ergosterol and has been shown to be teratogenic. | ||
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(More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Defect/page1.htm Abnormal Development]) | (More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Defect/page1.htm Abnormal Development]) | ||
===trigoncephaly=== | |||
One of several skull deformities (scaphocephaly, oxycephaly, plagiocephaly, trigoncephaly) caused by premature fusion (synostosis) of different developing skull sutures. Trigoncephaly (wedge skull) results from metopic suture (beginning at nose and runs superiorly to meet sagittal suture) synostosis. | One of several skull deformities (scaphocephaly, oxycephaly, plagiocephaly, trigoncephaly) caused by premature fusion (synostosis) of different developing skull sutures. Trigoncephaly (wedge skull) results from metopic suture (beginning at nose and runs superiorly to meet sagittal suture) synostosis. | ||
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(More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/skmus8a.htm Skull Notes] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/head.htm Head Notes]) | (More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/skmus8a.htm Skull Notes] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/head.htm Head Notes]) | ||
===trilaminar embryo=== | |||
Term meaning three (3) layered embryo, used to describe the early embryo development following gastrulation when it now has a structure consisting of the 3 germ cell layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm). In humans, this developmental stage occurs during week 3. | Term meaning three (3) layered embryo, used to describe the early embryo development following gastrulation when it now has a structure consisting of the 3 germ cell layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm). In humans, this developmental stage occurs during week 3. | ||
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(More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/week3_4.htm Week 3 - Trilaminar Embryo] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/week%203.htm Week 3] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.auStages/Stages.htm Embryo Stages] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/week/weekbyweek.htm#week3 Development Week by Week]) | (More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/week3_4.htm Week 3 - Trilaminar Embryo] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/week%203.htm Week 3] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.auStages/Stages.htm Embryo Stages] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/week/weekbyweek.htm#week3 Development Week by Week]) | ||
===trimegestone=== | |||
A synthetic progesterone potentially used in postmenopausal women (with an intact [U.htm#uterus uterus]) in combination with estrogen as hormone-replacement therapy (HRT). (Other Progestins: levonorgestrel, 3-keto-desogestrel, dienogest, drospirenone, Nestorone and nomegestrol acetate ) Note that Trimegestone and Nestorone are currently the most potent fourth-generation progestins with no androgenic or estrogenic actions. | A synthetic progesterone potentially used in postmenopausal women (with an intact [U.htm#uterus uterus]) in combination with estrogen as hormone-replacement therapy (HRT). (Other Progestins: levonorgestrel, 3-keto-desogestrel, dienogest, drospirenone, Nestorone and nomegestrol acetate ) Note that Trimegestone and Nestorone are currently the most potent fourth-generation progestins with no androgenic or estrogenic actions. | ||
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(More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/wwwhuman/MCycle/MCycle.htm Human Menstrual Cycle]) | (More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/wwwhuman/MCycle/MCycle.htm Human Menstrual Cycle]) | ||
===trimester=== | |||
Clinical term used to describe and divide human pregnancy period (9 months) into three equal parts of approximately three calendar months. The first trimester corresponds approximately to embryonic development (week 1 to 8) of organogenesis and early fetal. The second and third trimester correspond to the fetal period of growth in size (second trimester) and weight (third trimester), as well as continued differentiation of existing organs and tissues. | Clinical term used to describe and divide human pregnancy period (9 months) into three equal parts of approximately three calendar months. The first trimester corresponds approximately to embryonic development (week 1 to 8) of organogenesis and early fetal. The second and third trimester correspond to the fetal period of growth in size (second trimester) and weight (third trimester), as well as continued differentiation of existing organs and tissues. | ||
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(More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/wwwhuman/Stages/Stages.htm Embryo Stages] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/wwwhuman/fetus.htm Human Fetal Period] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/week/weekbyweek.htm Development Week by Week]) | (More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/wwwhuman/Stages/Stages.htm Embryo Stages] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/wwwhuman/fetus.htm Human Fetal Period] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/week/weekbyweek.htm Development Week by Week]) | ||
===trimethadione syndrome=== | |||
A fetal disorder caused by exposure of a fetus to the anticonvulsant drug trimethadione (Tridione) used in treatment of epilepsy, which acts as a teratogen leading to fetal malformations. | A fetal disorder caused by exposure of a fetus to the anticonvulsant drug trimethadione (Tridione) used in treatment of epilepsy, which acts as a teratogen leading to fetal malformations. | ||
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(More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Defect/page1.htm Abnormal Development Notes] | [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/medmaster/a601127.html Medline Plus - trimethadione]) | (More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Defect/page1.htm Abnormal Development Notes] | [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/medmaster/a601127.html Medline Plus - trimethadione]) | ||
===triploidy=== | |||
Term in humans for three sets of 23 chromosomes instead of 2 (diploid) combine to form the embryo. This occurs mainly by [F.htm#fertilization fertilization] of a single egg by two sperm and less frequently by a diploid egg or sperm. Most human triploids abort spontaneously, with very rare survival to term. | Term in humans for three sets of 23 chromosomes instead of 2 (diploid) combine to form the embryo. This occurs mainly by [F.htm#fertilization fertilization] of a single egg by two sperm and less frequently by a diploid egg or sperm. Most human triploids abort spontaneously, with very rare survival to term. | ||
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(More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Defect/page1.htm Abnormal Development]) | (More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Defect/page1.htm Abnormal Development]) | ||
===trizygotic triplet=== | |||
(TZ) Term for triplets resulting from three seperate [F.htm#fertilization fertilization] events, that is of three seperate ova (oocyte) and sperm (spermatozoa). | (TZ) Term for triplets resulting from three seperate [F.htm#fertilization fertilization] events, that is of three seperate ova (oocyte) and sperm (spermatozoa). | ||
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(More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/week1_5c.htm Week 1 Twinning]) | (More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/week1_5c.htm Week 1 Twinning]) | ||
===trophinin=== | |||
A cell surface molecule along with [#tastin tastin] involved with blastocyst implantation, mediates adhesion and is expressed on both blastocyst and endometrial epithelium. In humans, it is internalized from the surface by 6 weeks and is absent from the placenta after 10 weeks of pregnancy. | A cell surface molecule along with [#tastin tastin] involved with blastocyst implantation, mediates adhesion and is expressed on both blastocyst and endometrial epithelium. In humans, it is internalized from the surface by 6 weeks and is absent from the placenta after 10 weeks of pregnancy. | ||
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(More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/week2.htm Week 2 Notes] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=300132 OMIM - trophinin]) | (More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/week2.htm Week 2 Notes] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=300132 OMIM - trophinin]) | ||
===trophoblast=== | |||
(Greek, ''trophe'' = "nutrition") the trophoblast cells have an important contribution to extraembryonic tissues (fetal placenta and membranes) and processes of early development (adplantation, implantation and endocrine support of pregnancy). Week 1 blastocyst formation the outer layer of cells (adjacent to the zona pellucida) form a flat squamous epithelial layer of cells, the trophoblast layer. Week 2 following blastocyst hatching the trophoblast layer is involved with initial adhesion to the uterine wall and subsequent implantation within the wall. During this period the trophoblast layer differentiates into two distinct layers ([S.htm#syncitiotrophoblast syncitiotrophoblast], [C.htm#cytotrophoblast cytotrophoblast]). | (Greek, ''trophe'' = "nutrition") the trophoblast cells have an important contribution to extraembryonic tissues (fetal placenta and membranes) and processes of early development (adplantation, implantation and endocrine support of pregnancy). Week 1 blastocyst formation the outer layer of cells (adjacent to the zona pellucida) form a flat squamous epithelial layer of cells, the trophoblast layer. Week 2 following blastocyst hatching the trophoblast layer is involved with initial adhesion to the uterine wall and subsequent implantation within the wall. During this period the trophoblast layer differentiates into two distinct layers ([S.htm#syncitiotrophoblast syncitiotrophoblast], [C.htm#cytotrophoblast cytotrophoblast]). | ||
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(More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/week2.htm Week 2 Notes] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/week3.htm Week 3 Notes] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/placenta.htm Placenta Notes]) | (More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/week2.htm Week 2 Notes] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/week3.htm Week 3 Notes] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/placenta.htm Placenta Notes]) | ||
===truncus arteriosus=== | |||
An embryological heart outflow structure, that forms in early cardiac development and will later divides into the pulmonary artery and aorta. Term is also used clinically to describe the malformation where only one artery arises from the heart and forms the aorta and pulmonary artery. | An embryological heart outflow structure, that forms in early cardiac development and will later divides into the pulmonary artery and aorta. Term is also used clinically to describe the malformation where only one artery arises from the heart and forms the aorta and pulmonary artery. | ||
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(More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/heart.htm Heart Notes]) | (More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/heart.htm Heart Notes]) | ||
===TTTS=== | |||
Acronym for [#Twin-twin_transfusion_syndrome Twin-twin transfusion syndrome] | Acronym for [#Twin-twin_transfusion_syndrome Twin-twin transfusion syndrome] | ||
===tubal factor=== | |||
A structural or functional damage of one or both fallopian tubes that reduces fertility, described as tubal factor infertility (TFI). | A structural or functional damage of one or both fallopian tubes that reduces fertility, described as tubal factor infertility (TFI). | ||
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(More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/week1_2.htm Week 1 - Abnormalities]) | (More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/week1_2.htm Week 1 - Abnormalities]) | ||
===tubal factor infertility=== | |||
(TFI) The structural or functional damage of one or both fallopian (uterine) tubes that reduces fertility. | (TFI) The structural or functional damage of one or both fallopian (uterine) tubes that reduces fertility. | ||
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(More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/week1_2.htm Week 1 - Abnormalities]) | (More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/week1_2.htm Week 1 - Abnormalities]) | ||
===tubal sterilization=== | |||
A method of female sterilization involving physical closure of the uterine tube (fallopian tube) by a surgical technique (tying, banding, clipping, or sealing with electric current). | A method of female sterilization involving physical closure of the uterine tube (fallopian tube) by a surgical technique (tying, banding, clipping, or sealing with electric current). | ||
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(More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/week1.htm Week 1 Notes]) | (More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/week1.htm Week 1 Notes]) | ||
===tubulogenesis=== | |||
Term used to describe the development of branched tubes from an initially unbranched epithelial bud. A fundamental process in the development of many organ systems (pancreas, mammary gland, lung, and kidney). | Term used to describe the development of branched tubes from an initially unbranched epithelial bud. A fundamental process in the development of many organ systems (pancreas, mammary gland, lung, and kidney). | ||
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(More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/week1.htm Week 1 Notes]) | (More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/week1.htm Week 1 Notes]) | ||
===tubulus rectus=== | |||
(straight tubule) Anatomical structure within the testis (male gonad) a tubular system connecting seminiferous tubule to the rete testis within the mediastinum. (Spermatozoa Duct Pathway: seminiferous tubule ‚Üí straight tubule ‚Üí rete testis ‚Üí ductuli efferentes ‚Üí ductus epididymidis ‚Üí ductus deferens) | (straight tubule) Anatomical structure within the testis (male gonad) a tubular system connecting seminiferous tubule to the rete testis within the mediastinum. (Spermatozoa Duct Pathway: seminiferous tubule ‚Üí straight tubule ‚Üí rete testis ‚Üí ductuli efferentes ‚Üí ductus epididymidis ‚Üí ductus deferens) | ||
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(More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/week1_3b.htm Spermatogenesis]) | (More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/week1_3b.htm Spermatogenesis]) | ||
===Tumor Rejection Antigen 1=== | |||
(TRA-1-60, GRP94, HSP90B1) A cell surface marker (antigen) expressed on the surface of human teratocarcinoma stem cells (EC), human embryonic germ cells (EG) and human embryonic stem cells (ES). It is a sialylated keratan sulfate proteoglycan. | (TRA-1-60, GRP94, HSP90B1) A cell surface marker (antigen) expressed on the surface of human teratocarcinoma stem cells (EC), human embryonic germ cells (EG) and human embryonic stem cells (ES). It is a sialylated keratan sulfate proteoglycan. | ||
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(More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/stemcell.htm Stem Cell Notes] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=191175 OMIM - HSP90]) | (More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/stemcell.htm Stem Cell Notes] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=191175 OMIM - HSP90]) | ||
===tunica albuginea=== | |||
A dense mesenchymal connective tissue layer lying between germinal epithelium and cortical region of female ovary, or the equivilaent capsule of the male testis forming a thick fibrous capsule. Male forms the testicular septations and the mediastinal testis. Female lies under the surface epithelium of the ovary. | A dense mesenchymal connective tissue layer lying between germinal epithelium and cortical region of female ovary, or the equivilaent capsule of the male testis forming a thick fibrous capsule. Male forms the testicular septations and the mediastinal testis. Female lies under the surface epithelium of the ovary. | ||
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(More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/week1.htm Week 1 Notes]) | (More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/week1.htm Week 1 Notes]) | ||
===twinning=== | |||
Term for more than a single pregnancy (singleton), the two major twinning forms are monozygotic (identical, from one fertilised egg and a single spermatazoa, 3-5 per 1000 pregnancies) or dizygotic (fraternal, from two eggs fertilised by two different spermatazoa). Late monozygotic twins can result in both a shared placenta and a shared amniotic sac (monochorionic monoamniotic twins). | Term for more than a single pregnancy (singleton), the two major twinning forms are monozygotic (identical, from one fertilised egg and a single spermatazoa, 3-5 per 1000 pregnancies) or dizygotic (fraternal, from two eggs fertilised by two different spermatazoa). Late monozygotic twins can result in both a shared placenta and a shared amniotic sac (monochorionic monoamniotic twins). | ||
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(More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Defect/twin.htm Twinning]) | (More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Defect/twin.htm Twinning]) | ||
===Twin-twin transfusion syndrome=== | |||
(TTTS) A developmental syndrome that occurs in monozygotic (identical) twins with monochorionic and diamniotic placenta that results from an unbalanced blood flow from one to the other in utero. | (TTTS) A developmental syndrome that occurs in monozygotic (identical) twins with monochorionic and diamniotic placenta that results from an unbalanced blood flow from one to the other in utero. | ||
(More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Defect/twin5.htm Twinning - Twin-twin transfusion syndrome] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Defect/twin2.htm Twinning - Monozygotic]) | (More? [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Defect/twin5.htm Twinning - Twin-twin transfusion syndrome] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Defect/twin2.htm Twinning - Monozygotic]) | ||
Revision as of 14:33, 29 July 2009
Glossary T
T cell leukemia 3
(Tlx3) gene which specifies spinal cord glutamatergic sensory neurons and is a a selector gene in embryonic stem (ES) cells undergoing neural differentiation. Also called Respiratory Neuron Homeobox (Rnh) or HOX11L2.
(More? Factors - Tlx | Neural Notes | Stem Cell Notes)
talipes equinovarus
(Latin, talipes = ankle bone, pes = foot, equinus = horse) or "club foot" congenital deformity of the foot (occurs approximately 1 in 1,000 births). Condition starts in the first trimester of pregnancy, the foot is then turned inward and downward at birth, postnatally it affects how children walk on their toes with the foot pointed downward like a horse.
(More? Limb Development Abnormalities | Medline Plus - Clubfoot)
taste
sensory neurological perception of flavour begining with the taste buds of the tongue of at least five distinct qualities: sweet, bitter, sour, salty, and umami (savoury).
(More? Sensory Notes - Taste)
tastin
(===t===rophinin-===a===s===sistin===g protein) a cell surface protein that along with [#trophinin trophinin] involved with blastocyst implantation, mediates adhesion and is expressed on both blastocyst and endometrial epithelium. From week 6 of pregnancy it is found only on the apical side of the syncytiotrophoblast.
(More? Week 2 Notes | OMIM - tastin)
taurine
(Latin, taurus = bull, after source of original isolation from ox bile) the most abundant free amino-acid in the body and has an important role in several essential biological processes.
(More? Reference Aerts L, Van Assche FA. Taurine and taurine-deficiency in the perinatal period. J Perinat Med. 2002;30(4):281-6. Review.)
telangiectasia
(Latin, tel + angi + ectasia, ectasis) plural telangiectasias, "spider veins", small veins that appear on the face (cheeks, ears, corner of eyes) associated with the neurodegenerative disease Ataxia Telangiectasia. The disease has no current cure and children die in their teens or early 20's.
(More? NINDS (USA) Ataxia Telangiectasia | Neural Abnormalities)
telencephalic glial cells
(telencephalon = endbrain) supporting cerebral cortex glial cells. Telencephalic glial cells (oligodendrocytes) are formed from a small region of the ventral neuroepithelium of the telencephalon under the influence of sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling and migrate into cortical regions. Oligodendrocytes are a subset of the various glial cell types, the myelinating macroglial cells.
(More? Neural Notes)
telencephalon
( = endbrain) embryonic neural tube region that will form cerebral hemispheres (neocortex, basal nuclei, palaeocortex, archicortex). The telencephalon is the most anterior of the 5 secondary brain vesicles formed from division of the prosencephalon (forebrain) primary brain vesicle (there are 3 primary brain vesicles). The telencephalon lumen (cavity of the neural tube) will form the lateral ventricles.
(More? Neural Notes | Ventricular System)
tensor veli palatini
A muscle which functions to open the auditory tube by pulling its lateral wall laterally and inferiorly.
(More? Hearing Notes)
tentorial notch
the opening in the tentorium cerebelli fold of dura mater for the brainstem.
(More? Neural CSF)
teratogen
(Greek, teraton = monster) Any agent that causes a structural abnormality following exposure during pregnancy. The overall effect depends on dosage and time of exposure. Absolute risk - the rate of occurrence of an abnormal phenotype among individuals exposed to the agent. (e.g. fetal alcohol syndrome) Relative risk - the ratio of the rate of the condition among the exposed and the non-exposed. (e.g. smokers risk of having a low birth weight baby compared to non-smokers) A high relative risk may indicate a low absolute risk if the condition is rare.
(More? Abnormal Development)
teratoma
(Greek, teraton = monster) tumours arising from more than one germ layer. Term first used by Virchow in 1863. Typically a germ cell tumor that may contain several different types of tissues, not all teratomas are malignant.
terminal sac stage
(terminal sac phase, immature alveoli) Term used to describe the second last histological/developmental stage (Pseudoglandular, Fetal Canalicular, ===Terminal sac===, Alveolar) of lung development. This stage occurs from late fetal week 24 to 36. During this stage branching and growth of the terminal sacs occurs, with cellular differentiation of the type -II pneumonocytes and type - I pneumonocytes The final functional sac of the respiratory tree occurs at the next neonatal period, where gas exchange occurs between the alveolar space and the pulmonary capillaries.
(More? Respiratory Notes)
testes
(Latin testis = "witness") The two male gonads (singular testis) where male germ cells (spermatozoa) are generated and also the source of testosterone (male hormone). Embryonically formed from primordial germ cells entering region of the paired mesonephric ducts (Wolffian ducts) which are preserved in male gonad development and lost in females.
(More? Genital System - Male)
testis
(Latin testis = "witness", plural testes) The male gonad where male germ cells (spermatozoa) are generated and also the source of testosterone (male hormone). Embryonically formed from primordial germ cells entering region of the paired mesonephric ducts (Wolffian ducts) which are preserved in male gonad development and lost in females.
(More? Genital System - Male)
testis-determining factor
(TDF, Sry, Testis-Determining Factor on Y, TDY ) Protein name for the protein transcription factor product of the Sry gene on the Y chromosome responsible for maleness. This protein is a member of the high mobility group (HMG)-box family of DNA binding proteins. See also the transcription factor SRY-related protein, SOX9 (SRY-related high-mobility group (HMG) box 9)
(More? Molecular Notes | Week 1 Notes | OMIM)
tetralogy of Fallot
Cardiac abnormality possibly stemming from abnormal neural crest migration. Named after Etienne-Louis Arthur Fallot (1888) who described it as "la maladie blue".
(More? Heart Abnormalities)
tetraploidy
Term used to describe a cell with duplicated chromosomal abnormality, in humans four sets of 23 chromosomes instead of 2 (diploid) due to a failure of the first mitotic division after [F.htm#fertilization fertilization], these types of fertilization events fail to develop.
(More? Abnormal Development)
thawed cycle
an IVF cycle in which previously frozen embryos are thawed for embryo transfer.
(More? Week 1 - In Vitro Fertilization)
theca folliculi
stromal cells in the ovary, cells surrounding the developing follicle that form a connective tissue sheath. This layer then differentiates into 2 layers (theca interna, theca externa). This region is vascularized and involved in hormone secretion. Theca cells do not begin secreting estrogen until puberty.
(More? Week 1 Notes - Oogenesis | Urogenital Notes)
theca externa
(Greek, thek = box) The ovarian follicle stromal cells forming the outer layer of the theca folliculi surrounding the developing follicle within the ovary. Consisting of connective tissue cells, smooth muscle and collagen fibers.
(More? Week 1 Notes - Oogenesis | Urogenital Notes)
theca interna
(Greek, thek = box) The ovarian follicle endocrine cells forming the inner layer of the theca folliculi surrounding the developing follicle within the ovary. This vascularized layer of cells respond to leutenizing hormone (LH) synthesizing and secreting androgens (androstendione) transported to glomerulosa cells which process initially into testosterone and then by aromatase into estrogen (estradiol). Theca cells do not begin hormonal functions until puberty.
(More? Week 1 Notes - Oogenesis | Urogenital Notes)
third trimester
Clinical term used to describe and divide human pregnancy period (9 months) into three equal parts of approximately three calendar months. The third trimester corresponds to the fetal period of growth in weight, as well as continued differentiation of existing organs and tissues. The respiratory system matures late in teh third trimester. The first trimester corresponds approximately to embryonic development (week 1 to 8) of organogenesis and early fetal period, the second trimester is the fetal period of growth in size.
(More? Embryo Stages | Human Fetal Period | Development Week by Week)
thrombophilia
An increased tendency of blood to clot due to impaired natural anticoagulant or fibrinolytic pathways.
(More? Heart Notes - Blood)
thyroid
(Greek, thyreos = sheild , eidos = form) endocrine gland located in the neck, the origin of the name reflects the organs anatomical structure. In the fetus, the thyroid gland has a role in neurological development. (More? Endocrine Notes | Thyroid Gland | Abnormal Development - Iodine Deficiency)
thyroiditis
(Greek, thyreos = sheild , eidos = form) An inflammatory process affecting the thyroid epithelium.
(More? Endocrine Notes | Thyroid Gland | Abnormal Development - Iodine Deficiency)
tissue fusion
A term used in development to describe the process by which epithelial sheets migrate and or drawn together to fuse, in some cases forming new structures.
(More? Perez-Pomares JM, Foty RA. Tissue fusion and cell sorting in embryonic development and disease: biomedical implications. Bioessays. 2006 Aug;28(8):809-21.)
tissue transglutaminase
(TGase) enzymes which catalyze a calcium-dependent transamidation reaction, generating covalent cross-links between proteins or proteins and polyamines. In development also involved in cell survival and apotosis signaling.
Tlx3
acronym for ===T=== cell ===l===eukemia ===3=== gene, which specifies spinal cord glutamatergic sensory neurons and is a a selector gene in embryonic stem (ES) cells undergoing neural differentiation. Also called Respiratory Neuron Homeobox (Rnh) or HOX11L2.
(More? Factors - Tlx | Neural Notes | Stem Cell Notes)
tocolytic agent
Term used for any medication that inhibits labor, slowing or halting uterine contractions. These drugs are used clinically to treat premature labor and permit continued fetal growth before parturition.
(More? Normal Development- Birth)
togaviridae
(Latin, toga = coat) a virus family, named due to the virion having an envelope or coat. Members of the togaviridae family include: Chikungunya virus, Eastern equine encephalitis virus, O'nyong-nyong virus, Ross river virus, Rubella virus, Sindbis virus, Semliki forest virus, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, Western equine encephalitis virus.
(More? Abnormal Development - Rubella Virus | Abnormal Development - Virus)
TORCH
An acronym for pregnancy related infections ===T===oxoplasma, ===O===ther organisms (parvovirus, HIV, Epstein-Barr, herpes 6 and 8, varicella, syphilis, enterovirus), ===R===ubella, ===C===ytomegalovirus and ===H===epatitus.
(More? Toxoplasmosis | Viral Infection | Rubella | Cytomegalovirus | Hepatitis | Abnormal Development)
totipotent
Term that describes the ability of a cell (stem cell) to form an entire organism or any tissue from that organism. Totipotential suggests a wider differentiation ability than pluripotential, where there is a restriction to a particular group of cell types such as that seen for bone marrow blood stem cells.
(More? Stem Cell Notes)
toxicogenomics
The study of the interaction between the genome, chemicals in the environment, and disease. Cells exposed to a stress, drug or toxicant respond by altering the pattern of expression of genes within their chromosomes. Based on new genetic and microarray technologies.
(More? Abnormal Development | Abnormal Development - Drugs)
toxoplasmosis
An infection caused by the parasite toxoplasma gondii, present in the environment (undercooked, infected meat, handling soil or cat feces that contain the parasite). Maternal active infection during pregnancy can lead to congenital toxoplasmosis, and the toxoplasmosis parasite can also cross the placenta. Fetal infection can result in miscarriage, poor growth, early delivery or stillbirth. Children born with toxoplasmosis can experience eye problems, hydrocephalus, convulsions or mental disabilities.
(More? Toxoplasmosis | Abnormal Development)
tp53
(formerly p53) A cell cycle related transcription factor that promotes transcription of genes that induce cell cycle arrest or apoptosis in response to DNA damage or other cell stresses. This tumor suppressor gene is mutated in about half of all human cancers. Nomenclature is ===t=== for tumor, ===p=== for protein and ===53=== is molecular size (53,000 daltons).
(More? Week 1 Mitosis | OMIM Entry for p53)
trabeculae carneae
(columnae carneae) (carneae = meaty) The heart ventricular muscular bundles which project from the wall into the lumen of the ventricle, except in the region of the conus arteriosus.
(More? Heart Notes)
transcription factor
A factor (protein or protein with steroid) that binds to DNA to alter gene expression, usually to activate. (eg steroid hormone+receptor, Retinoic acid+Receptor, Hox, Pax, Lim, Nkx-2.2).
(More? Molecular Notes)
transcriptome
A cell/molecular biology term used to cover a cell's total expression of genes at a particular point in time and usually analysed by microarray.
(More? Molecular Development Notes | Week 1- Blastocyst)
transverse septum
(septum transversum) see [S.htm#septum_transversum septum transversum] a mesodermal region in the early embryo.
(More? Gastrointestinal Tract Notes | Liver Notes | Respiratory Development - Diaphragm)
TRC
Acronym for ===T===aste-Receptor Cell, the cells associated with the initial sense of taste located on the tongue.
(More? Sensory Notes - Taste)
triazole
A chemical whose derivatives (Triadimefon) are potent antifungal agents used systemically in agriculture and in fungal diseases in humans and domestic animals. Acts by inhibiting the cytochrome P-450 conversion of lanosterol to ergosterol and has been shown to be teratogenic.
(More? Abnormal Development)
trigoncephaly
One of several skull deformities (scaphocephaly, oxycephaly, plagiocephaly, trigoncephaly) caused by premature fusion (synostosis) of different developing skull sutures. Trigoncephaly (wedge skull) results from metopic suture (beginning at nose and runs superiorly to meet sagittal suture) synostosis.
(More? Skull Notes | Head Notes)
trilaminar embryo
Term meaning three (3) layered embryo, used to describe the early embryo development following gastrulation when it now has a structure consisting of the 3 germ cell layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm). In humans, this developmental stage occurs during week 3.
(More? Week 3 - Trilaminar Embryo | Week 3 | Embryo Stages | Development Week by Week)
trimegestone
A synthetic progesterone potentially used in postmenopausal women (with an intact [U.htm#uterus uterus]) in combination with estrogen as hormone-replacement therapy (HRT). (Other Progestins: levonorgestrel, 3-keto-desogestrel, dienogest, drospirenone, Nestorone and nomegestrol acetate ) Note that Trimegestone and Nestorone are currently the most potent fourth-generation progestins with no androgenic or estrogenic actions.
(More? Human Menstrual Cycle)
trimester
Clinical term used to describe and divide human pregnancy period (9 months) into three equal parts of approximately three calendar months. The first trimester corresponds approximately to embryonic development (week 1 to 8) of organogenesis and early fetal. The second and third trimester correspond to the fetal period of growth in size (second trimester) and weight (third trimester), as well as continued differentiation of existing organs and tissues.
(More? Embryo Stages | Human Fetal Period | Development Week by Week)
trimethadione syndrome
A fetal disorder caused by exposure of a fetus to the anticonvulsant drug trimethadione (Tridione) used in treatment of epilepsy, which acts as a teratogen leading to fetal malformations.
(More? Abnormal Development Notes | Medline Plus - trimethadione)
triploidy
Term in humans for three sets of 23 chromosomes instead of 2 (diploid) combine to form the embryo. This occurs mainly by [F.htm#fertilization fertilization] of a single egg by two sperm and less frequently by a diploid egg or sperm. Most human triploids abort spontaneously, with very rare survival to term.
(More? Abnormal Development)
trizygotic triplet
(TZ) Term for triplets resulting from three seperate [F.htm#fertilization fertilization] events, that is of three seperate ova (oocyte) and sperm (spermatozoa).
(More? Week 1 Twinning)
trophinin
A cell surface molecule along with [#tastin tastin] involved with blastocyst implantation, mediates adhesion and is expressed on both blastocyst and endometrial epithelium. In humans, it is internalized from the surface by 6 weeks and is absent from the placenta after 10 weeks of pregnancy.
(More? Week 2 Notes | OMIM - trophinin)
trophoblast
(Greek, trophe = "nutrition") the trophoblast cells have an important contribution to extraembryonic tissues (fetal placenta and membranes) and processes of early development (adplantation, implantation and endocrine support of pregnancy). Week 1 blastocyst formation the outer layer of cells (adjacent to the zona pellucida) form a flat squamous epithelial layer of cells, the trophoblast layer. Week 2 following blastocyst hatching the trophoblast layer is involved with initial adhesion to the uterine wall and subsequent implantation within the wall. During this period the trophoblast layer differentiates into two distinct layers ([S.htm#syncitiotrophoblast syncitiotrophoblast], [C.htm#cytotrophoblast cytotrophoblast]).
(More? Week 2 Notes | Week 3 Notes | Placenta Notes)
truncus arteriosus
An embryological heart outflow structure, that forms in early cardiac development and will later divides into the pulmonary artery and aorta. Term is also used clinically to describe the malformation where only one artery arises from the heart and forms the aorta and pulmonary artery.
(More? Heart Notes)
TTTS
Acronym for [#Twin-twin_transfusion_syndrome Twin-twin transfusion syndrome]
tubal factor
A structural or functional damage of one or both fallopian tubes that reduces fertility, described as tubal factor infertility (TFI).
(More? Week 1 - Abnormalities)
tubal factor infertility
(TFI) The structural or functional damage of one or both fallopian (uterine) tubes that reduces fertility.
(More? Week 1 - Abnormalities)
tubal sterilization
A method of female sterilization involving physical closure of the uterine tube (fallopian tube) by a surgical technique (tying, banding, clipping, or sealing with electric current).
(More? Week 1 Notes)
tubulogenesis
Term used to describe the development of branched tubes from an initially unbranched epithelial bud. A fundamental process in the development of many organ systems (pancreas, mammary gland, lung, and kidney).
(More? Week 1 Notes)
tubulus rectus
(straight tubule) Anatomical structure within the testis (male gonad) a tubular system connecting seminiferous tubule to the rete testis within the mediastinum. (Spermatozoa Duct Pathway: seminiferous tubule ‚Üí straight tubule ‚Üí rete testis ‚Üí ductuli efferentes ‚Üí ductus epididymidis ‚Üí ductus deferens)
(More? Spermatogenesis)
Tumor Rejection Antigen 1
(TRA-1-60, GRP94, HSP90B1) A cell surface marker (antigen) expressed on the surface of human teratocarcinoma stem cells (EC), human embryonic germ cells (EG) and human embryonic stem cells (ES). It is a sialylated keratan sulfate proteoglycan.
(More? Stem Cell Notes | OMIM - HSP90)
tunica albuginea
A dense mesenchymal connective tissue layer lying between germinal epithelium and cortical region of female ovary, or the equivilaent capsule of the male testis forming a thick fibrous capsule. Male forms the testicular septations and the mediastinal testis. Female lies under the surface epithelium of the ovary.
(More? Week 1 Notes)
twinning
Term for more than a single pregnancy (singleton), the two major twinning forms are monozygotic (identical, from one fertilised egg and a single spermatazoa, 3-5 per 1000 pregnancies) or dizygotic (fraternal, from two eggs fertilised by two different spermatazoa). Late monozygotic twins can result in both a shared placenta and a shared amniotic sac (monochorionic monoamniotic twins).
(More? Twinning)
Twin-twin transfusion syndrome
(TTTS) A developmental syndrome that occurs in monozygotic (identical) twins with monochorionic and diamniotic placenta that results from an unbalanced blood flow from one to the other in utero.
(More? Twinning - Twin-twin transfusion syndrome | Twinning - Monozygotic)
