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| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg|90px|left]] This is an historic 1935 embryology textbook.
| [[File:Mark_Hill.jpg|90px|left]] This is a historic 1935 embryology textbook by Waldo Shumway (1891-1956).
 
Born - 8 May 1891 New Brunswick, Middlesex County, New Jersey, USA
 
Death - 8 Mar 1956 (aged 64) Manhattan, New York County (Manhattan), New York, USA


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'''Modern Notes:''' [[Historic Textbooks]]
'''Modern Notes:''' [[Historic Embryology Textbooks]] | [[Embryology Textbooks]]
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{{Historic Disclaimer}}
{{Historic Disclaimer}}
=Introduction to Vertebrate Embryology=
=Introduction to Vertebrate Embryology=
 
[[File:Waldo Shumway.jpg|thumb|Waldo Shumway (1891-1956)]]
A Textbook for Colleges and Universities.
A Textbook for Colleges and Universities.


By
By


Waldo Shumway, Pu.D.
Waldo Shumway, Ph.D.


Professor of Zoology, Unversity of Illinois
Professor of Zoology, Unversity of Illinois


Third Edition, Revised And Enlarged
Third Edition, Revised And Enlarged
With 525 Drawings Combined In 240 Figures
With 525 Drawings Combined In 240 Figures


Line 34: Line 39:
Boston
Boston


Coryright, 1927, 1930, 1935,
Copyright, 1927, 1930, 1935, By Waldo Shumway
By Waldo Shumway


All Rights Reserved
All Rights Reserved


This book or any part thereof must not
This book or any part thereof must not be reproduced tin any form without the written permission of the publisher.
be reproduced tin any form without
 
the written permission of the publisher.
Printed in U.S.A.
 
Composition and Plates - Technical Composition Co. Cambridge


Printed in U.S. A.
Binding - Stanhope Bindery Boston


Composition and Plates
TECHNICAL COMPOSITION CO.
CAMBRIDGE


Binding
To E.S.S. ano F.S.S.
STANHOPE BINDERY
BOSTON
To
E.S.S. ano F.S.S.


==Preface To Third Edition==
==Preface To Third Edition==


In preparing this new edition, I have taken the opportunity
In preparing this new edition, I have taken the opportunity to recast and rewrite the first half of the text, incorporating such new matcrial, especially in experimental vertebrate embryology, as I have found helpful in my own teaching, correcting errors which had persisted through earlicr editions, and particularly revising the terminology to bring it into line with current American usage.
to recast and rewrite the first half of the text, incorporating such
new matcrial, especially in experimental vertebrate embryology,
as I have found helpful in my own teaching, correcting errors
which had persisted through earlicr editions, and particularly revising the terminology to bring it into line with current American
usage.


In recent years I have found that a brief preview of the life
In recent years I have found that a brief preview of the life histories of the vertebrate types makes an admirable introduction to the study of comparative embryology, familiarizing the students with the essential vocabulary and supplying them with a framework for the more detailed study of development which follows. Such a preview is included as Chapter II. The illustrations of this chapter are not labeled in detail as many of them will be found again with full labeling in later chapters.
histories of the vertebrate types makes an admirable introduction
to the study of comparative embryology, familiarizing the students with the essential vocabulary and supplying them with a
framework for the more detailed study of development which
follows. Such a preview is included as Chapter II. The illustrations of this chapter are not labeled in detail as many of them
will be found again with full labeling in later chapters.


Since many of the newer textbooks of general zodlogy give
Since many of the newer textbooks of general zodlogy give excellent brief accounts of cytology and genetics, the section of this book devoted to these subjects now forms a separate chapter (IV) which may be omitted at the teacher’s discretion. It has been completely rewritten, in which task I have been greatly assisted by the publication of Sharp’s ‘“‘ Cytology,” third edition.
excellent brief accounts of cytology and genetics, the section of
this book devoted to these subjects now forms a separate chapter
(IV) which may be omitted at the teacher’s discretion. It has
been completely rewritten, in which task I have been greatly
assisted by the publication of Sharp’s ‘“‘ Cytology,” third edition.


It is impossible, in a text designed for the college rather than
It is impossible, in a text designed for the college rather than the medical school, to ignore the new advances in experimental embryology, especially those directly concerned with vertebrate development. From the wealth of material now available in works of reference (see page 177) I have selected such topics as seemed to have a definite pedagogical value in my own experience. It is hardly to be expected that this selection will meet the needs of all teachers, but it is hoped that it will supply at least a point of departure. With this in mind the material has been segregated into a single chapter (VII) and the reference list made a little more extensive than those in other sections of the book. “Embryology and Genetics’ by Morgan, and “The Ele ments of Experimental Embryology ’’ by Huxley and de Beer have been of material assistance in the organization of this chapter.
the medical school, to ignore the new advances in experimental
embryology, especially those directly concerned with vertebrate
development. From the wealth of material now available in
works of reference (see page 177) I have selected such topics as
seemed to have a definite pedagogical value in my own experience. It is hardly to be expected that this selection will meet
the needs of all teachers, but it is hoped that it will supply at
least a point of departure. With this in mind the material has
been segregated into a single chapter (VII) and the reference list
made a little more extensive than those in other sections of the
book. “Embryology and Genetics’ by Morgan, and “The Ele
ments of Experimental Embryology ’’ by Huxley and de Beer have been of material assistance in the organization of this
chapter.


Karlier editions employed, to a degree which I now recognize
Karlier editions employed, to a degree which I now recognize was extreme for undergraduates, embryological terms current in European texts and manuals for advanced students. This made it difficult for the student to carry on collateral reading in other texts. In this revision the number of technical terms employed has been reduced until there are only 220 which are not encountered also in such recent texts as Curtis and Guthrie’s ‘ Gencral Zodlogy,” second edition, and Adams’ “ Introduction to the Vertebrates,” representing matcrial provided in courses prerequisite to embryology. <A glossary, including cross references to common synonyms, has been added. ITreed from the necessity of acquiring a large new vocabulary, the student, it is hoped, will progress more rapidly to a better understanding of the dynamic aspects of development.
was extreme for undergraduates, embryological terms current in
European texts and manuals for advanced students. This made
it difficult for the student to carry on collateral reading in other
texts. In this revision the number of technical terms employed
has been reduced until there are only 220 which are not encountered also in such recent texts as Curtis and Guthrie’s ‘ Gencral
Zodlogy,” second edition, and Adams’ “ Introduction to the
Vertebrates,” representing matcrial provided in courses prerequisite to embryology. <A glossary, including cross references
to common synonyms, has been added. ITreed from the necessity of acquiring a large new vocabulary, the student, it is hoped,
will progress more rapidly to a better understanding of the
dynamic aspects of development.


The expansion of the text indicated above has made it impossible to extend the treatment of organogeny to an equal
The expansion of the text indicated above has made it impossible to extend the treatment of organogeny to an equal degree, and I have been forced to content myself with a general revision of this section and the substitution of new figures wherever better material has been available than heretofore.
degree, and I have been forced to content myself with a general
revision of this section and the substitution of new figures
wherever better material has been available than heretofore.


In preparing this revision, I have had the able assistance of
In preparing this revision, I have had the able assistance of Dr. Frank B. Adamstone, associated with me in this laboratory since 1928, and Dr. David H. Thompson, who has been good enough to read the new chapter on chromosomes and the genes. Mr. W. F. Hoheisel, my laboratory assistant, classified a great mass of student queries accumulated through the use of a question-box ever since this text first appeared in mimeograph form. His analysis was most revealing as to the topics where students encountered the greatest difficulties, and these have had special attention in the revision. The new drawings, except certain cuts borrowed from other sources and acknowledged in their respective legends, have been prepared by Mrs. Katharine Hill Paul. It is a pleasure to express my thanks to all those fellow teachers who have made me their debtor by suggestions as to how the text might be made more useful in classroom and laboratory.
Dr. Frank B. Adamstone, associated with me in this laboratory
since 1928, and Dr. David H. Thompson, who has been good
enough to read the new chapter on chromosomes and the genes.
Mr. W. F. Hoheisel, my laboratory assistant, classified a great
mass of student queries accumulated through the use of a question-box ever since this text first appeared in mimeograph form.
His analysis was most revealing as to the topics where students
encountered the greatest difficulties, and these have had special
attention in the revision. The new drawings, except certain
cuts borrowed from other sources and acknowledged in their
respective legends, have been prepared by Mrs. Katharine Hill
Paul. It is a pleasure to express my thanks to all those fellow
teachers who have made me their debtor by suggestions as
to how the text might be made more useful in classroom and
laboratory.


Waldo Shumway
Waldo Shumway
Line 131: Line 76:
==Preface to First Edition==
==Preface to First Edition==


This book is intended to serve as an introduction to the study
This book is intended to serve as an introduction to the study of Vertebrate Embryology for undergraduate students in colleges and universities. For this study they have been prepared by completing introductory courses in the principles of biology and the anatomy of the vertebrates. It has been the writer’s aim to correlate embryological principles as discussed in lecture and classroom with the anatomy of vertebrate embryos as studied in the laboratory, in such a manner as to produce a text which should be both practical and teachable.
of Vertebrate Embryology for undergraduate students in colleges and universities. For this study they have been prepared
 
by completing introductory courses in the principles of biology
 
and the anatomy of the vertebrates. It has been the writer’s
After a general introduction to the subject, a large part of the text is devoted to the subject of carly embryology, making use of the comparative method which has been found most successful in the experience of many teachers. FEspecial emphasis has been laid on four forms: Amphioxus, because of the beautiful and diagrammatic simplicity with which the early stages may be seriated; the {{frog}}, long an object of laboratory study; the {{chick}}, always available for laboratory preparation and observation; and man, whenever human material is available. Following this section, which includes the period of germ-layer formation, the embryonic membranes, and the development of body form, a second division of the book deals with the derivation of the separate organs and organ systems from the germ layers. Here, too, the method is essentially comparative. The general plan by which each organ system develops is first sketched in broad outlines, followed by an account of the divergent details in the frog, chick, and man.
aim to correlate embryological principles as discussed in lecture
 
and classroom with the anatomy of vertebrate embryos as studied
 
in the laboratory, in such a manner as to produce a text which
The remainder of the book is intended for laboratory use. In the third section is given a succinct account of the anatomy of each of the more commonly studied stages in the development of the frog, chick, and pig, illustrated by figures of whole mounts and sections selected from the splendid collections at the University of Illinois built up by Professor J. S. Kingsley. The writer has followed the sequential or chronological method in this section, as it has been his experience that this method is as successful in the laboratory as is the comparative method in the classroom. It is hoped that from the study of the transparent whole mounts, as well as the transverse, sagittal, and frontal sections, the student may be enabled to visualize the anatomy of embryos in three dimensions. The concluding section of the text deals with methods of preparing embryos for study and of instructions in elementary methods of embryological study. In the writer’s experience it is much easier for the student to grasp the relationship of scrial sections after he has prepared a set of his own.
should be both practical and teachable.


After a general introduction to the subject, a large part of the
text is devoted to the subject of carly embryology, making use
of the comparative method which has been found most successful
in the experience of many teachers. FEspecial emphasis has been
laid on four forms: Amphioxus, because of the beautiful and
diagrammatic simplicity with which the early stages may be
seriated; the frog, long an object of laboratory study; the chick,
always available for laboratory preparation and observation;
and man, whenever human material is available. Following this
section, which includes the period of germ-layer formation, the
embryonic membranes, and the development of body form,
a second division of the book deals with the derivation of the
separate organs and organ systems from the germ layers. Here,
too, the method is essentially comparative. The general plan
by which each organ system develops is first sketched in broad
outlines, followed by an account of the divergent details in the
frog, chick, and man.


The remainder of the book is intended for laboratory use.
In view of the fact that this book has been written primarily for the undergraduate, the writer feels that he need offer no apology for the omission of historical reviews, controversial discussions of obscure phenomena, references to original sources, or lists of synonyms. These neither interest nor profit the beginning student. In the concluding division of the introduction may be found a carefully selected list of handbooks, texts, and atlases to which the more ambitious student may be referred, while a list of references for collateral reading follows each chapter. The brevity of the text is intentional. If the student is informed that every word and sentence is an integral part of the story, he will master it in detail rather than attempt to pick out the more salient points, a procedure for which he is hardly prepared as yet. Brief summaries are appended to the chapters in Parts I and II.
In the third section is given a succinct account of the anatomy of
each of the more commonly studied stages in the development of
the frog, chick, and pig, illustrated by figures of whole mounts
and sections selected from the splendid collections at the University of Illinois built up by Professor J. S. Kingsley. The
writer has followed the sequential or chronological method in this section, as it has been his experience that this method is as successful in the laboratory as is the comparative method in the classroom. It is hoped that from the study of the transparent whole
mounts, as well as the transverse, sagittal, and frontal sections,
the student may be enabled to visualize the anatomy of embryos in three dimensions. The concluding section of the text
deals with methods of preparing embryos for study and of instructions in elementary methods of embryological study. In
the writer’s experience it is much easier for the student to grasp
the relationship of scrial sections after he has prepared a set of
his own.


In view of the fact that this book has been written primarily
for the undergraduate, the writer feels that he need offer no
apology for the omission of historical reviews, controversial discussions of obscure phenomena, references to original sources,
or lists of synonyms. These neither interest nor profit the beginning student. In the concluding division of the introduction
may be found a carefully selected list of handbooks, texts, and
atlases to which the more ambitious student may be referred,
while a list of references for collateral reading follows each chapter. The brevity of the text is intentional. If the student is
informed that every word and sentence is an integral part of the
story, he will master it in detail rather than attempt to pick out
the more salient points, a procedure for which he is hardly prepared as yet. Brief summaries are appended to the chapters in Parts I and II.


To compensate for the brevity of the text, the reader is provided
To compensate for the brevity of the text, the reader is provided with a profusion of illustrations, prepared by the well-known scientific artist, Mrs. Katharine Hill Paul. To her skill the writer is deeply indebted. Attention may be called to the fact that no abbreviations are employed in the labeling of figures. The beginning student will be apt to study the illustrations more carefully if he is not compelled to search through lengthy legends to interpret them. Professor Ei. B. Wilson and Professor J. S. Kingsley have kindly allowed the writer to have several figures from their writings redrawn in order that these might conform to the general style of this text. Messrs. W. B. Saunders have generously consented to the reproduction of certain figures, from “ Developmental Anatomy” by Professor L. B. Arey, which had been drawn by Mrs. Paul for that text. The writer is indebted also to Professor 8. H. Gage and the Comstock Publishing Company for the use of an electrotype from “ The Microscope.” The source of all illustrations not original in this text is acknowledged in the legends.
with a profusion of illustrations, prepared by the well-known
scientific artist, Mrs. Katharine Hill Paul. To her skill the
writer is deeply indebted. Attention may be called to the fact
that no abbreviations are employed in the labeling of figures.
The beginning student will be apt to study the illustrations more
carefully if he is not compelled to search through lengthy legends
to interpret them. Professor Ei. B. Wilson and Professor J. S.
Kingsley have kindly allowed the writer to have several figures
from their writings redrawn in order that these might conform
to the general style of this text. Messrs. W. B. Saunders have
generously consented to the reproduction of certain figures, from
“ Developmental Anatomy” by Professor L. B. Arey, which
had been drawn by Mrs. Paul for that text. The writer is indebted also to Professor 8. H. Gage and the Comstock Publishing Company for the use of an electrotype from “ The Microscope.” The source of all illustrations not original in this text
is acknowledged in the legends.


It is a pleasure to record here a debt of gratitude to Professor
J. H. McGregor and Professor J. 8. Kingsley for their kindness
in reading the original manuscript. Professor H. B. Ward has
generously placed the resources of the Department of Zodlogy
at the writer’s disposal during the preparation of this book. Dr.
A. R. Cahn has contributed preparations, suggestions, and —
most appreciated of all — uncounted hours in the drudgery of
proof-reading and indexing. For assistance in these labors the
writer is indebted also to Dr. H. W. Hann and Dr. F. B. Adamstone. If this book serves to help the undergraduate through his
first course in embryology, it is due, in no small measure, to the
many students who have labored through these pages in mimeographed form and pointed out the difficulties they encountered.


Waldo Shumway
It is a pleasure to record here a debt of gratitude to Professor J. H. McGregor and Professor J. 8. Kingsley for their kindness in reading the original manuscript. Professor H. B. Ward has generously placed the resources of the Department of Zodlogy at the writer’s disposal during the preparation of this book. Dr. A. R. Cahn has contributed preparations, suggestions, and — most appreciated of all — uncounted hours in the drudgery of proof-reading and indexing. For assistance in these labors the writer is indebted also to Dr. H. W. Hann and Dr. F. B. Adamstone. If this book serves to help the undergraduate through his first course in embryology, it is due, in no small measure, to the many students who have labored through these pages in mimeographed form and pointed out the difficulties they encountered.
University of Illinois,
 
Urbana.
Waldo Shumway  
 
University of Illinois, Urbana.


==Contents==
==Contents==
Line 230: Line 113:
D. Man
D. Man


[[Book_-_Introduction_to_Vertebrate_Embryology_1935-1|Part II. Early Embryology]]
[[Book_-_Introduction_to_Vertebrate_Embryology_1935-2|Part II. Early Embryology]]


III. The germ cells and fertilization
III. The germ cells and fertilization
Line 303: Line 186:
C. The sense organs. . 1.2.2.0... 00 tee eee ees 261
C. The sense organs. . 1.2.2.0... 00 tee eee ees 261


PART IV. ANATOMY OF VERTEBRATE EMBRYOS
[[Book_-_Introduction_to_Vertebrate_Embryology_1935-4|Part IV. Anatomy of Vertebrate Embryos]]


XI. The anatomy of frog embryos
XI. The anatomy of frog embryos
Line 309: Line 192:
A. The carly embryo (8 mm.)
A. The carly embryo (8 mm.)


B. The larva at hatching (6 mm.). 0.0.00... 00 cece cece 278
B. The larva at hatching (6 mm.)


C. The young tadpole (11 mm.).... 0.0... cece ec eee eee eee 287
C. The young tadpole (11 mm.)


XII. The anatomy of chick embryos................ 00. cee cee cence eens 294
XII. The anatomy of chick embryos
A. The twenty-four hour stage. . 0... 0.0... ccc eee ee eee 295


B. The thirty-three hour stage. ....... 0.0.6 c ccc eee eee 298
A. The twenty-four hour stage


C. The forty-cight hour stage...... 0... ccc eee ec eee eee 303
B. The thirty-three hour stage


D. The seventy-two hour stage... 2.0.0.0... eee cece eee eee eee 309
C. The forty-cight hour stage


XIII. The anatomy of the 10 mm. pig embryo.......................00.. 316
D. The seventy-two hour stage


PART V. EMBRYOLOGICAL TECHNIQUE
XIII. The anatomy of the 10 mm. pig embryo
 
[[Book_-_Introduction_to_Vertebrate_Embryology_1935-5|Part V. Embryological Technique]]


XIV. Preparation of embryological material
XIV. Preparation of embryological material
Line 332: Line 216:
B. Preservation of material
B. Preservation of material


C. Whole mounts. . 0.0.0.6 cece cee cee ene eee ee eneeeeee 336
C. Whole mounts
D. Serial sections. 2.0.0.0... ee eect eee eee eeees 339
 
E. Technical records. ........ 0.20 eee ccc cece teen eee eeeee 348
D. Serial sections
F. Outline of technical procedure for chick embryos............ 348
 
XXV. Study of embryological preparations ...............2.. cece eee 350
E. Technical records
A. The use of the microscope. ............000 eee c cece aee 350
 
B. Embryological drawings............cec eee eee e eee e eee ees 354
F. Outline of technical procedure for chick embryos
C. Reconstruction. ........ 0... eee c ccc cece eee eee eens 357
 
GLOSSARY... ce cc ccc eee renee eee eee eee tent eee e eee e en aee 361
XXV. Study of embryological preparations
 
A. The use of the microscope
 
B. Embryological drawings
 
C. Reconstruction
 
Glossary
 
{{Shumway1935TOC}}


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Shumway W. Introduction to Vertebrate Embryology. (1935) John Wiley & Sons, New York

Online Editor  
Mark Hill.jpg
This is a historic 1935 embryology textbook by Waldo Shumway (1891-1956).

Born - 8 May 1891 New Brunswick, Middlesex County, New Jersey, USA

Death - 8 Mar 1956 (aged 64) Manhattan, New York County (Manhattan), New York, USA



Modern Notes: Historic Embryology Textbooks | Embryology Textbooks

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Introduction to Vertebrate Embryology

Waldo Shumway (1891-1956)

A Textbook for Colleges and Universities.

By

Waldo Shumway, Ph.D.

Professor of Zoology, Unversity of Illinois

Third Edition, Revised And Enlarged

With 525 Drawings Combined In 240 Figures

New York John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Lonpon: Chapman & Hall, Limrrep 1935 Printing ¥F. H. Gilson Co. Boston

Copyright, 1927, 1930, 1935, By Waldo Shumway

All Rights Reserved

This book or any part thereof must not be reproduced tin any form without the written permission of the publisher.

Printed in U.S.A.

Composition and Plates - Technical Composition Co. Cambridge

Binding - Stanhope Bindery Boston


To E.S.S. ano F.S.S.

Preface To Third Edition

In preparing this new edition, I have taken the opportunity to recast and rewrite the first half of the text, incorporating such new matcrial, especially in experimental vertebrate embryology, as I have found helpful in my own teaching, correcting errors which had persisted through earlicr editions, and particularly revising the terminology to bring it into line with current American usage.

In recent years I have found that a brief preview of the life histories of the vertebrate types makes an admirable introduction to the study of comparative embryology, familiarizing the students with the essential vocabulary and supplying them with a framework for the more detailed study of development which follows. Such a preview is included as Chapter II. The illustrations of this chapter are not labeled in detail as many of them will be found again with full labeling in later chapters.

Since many of the newer textbooks of general zodlogy give excellent brief accounts of cytology and genetics, the section of this book devoted to these subjects now forms a separate chapter (IV) which may be omitted at the teacher’s discretion. It has been completely rewritten, in which task I have been greatly assisted by the publication of Sharp’s ‘“‘ Cytology,” third edition.

It is impossible, in a text designed for the college rather than the medical school, to ignore the new advances in experimental embryology, especially those directly concerned with vertebrate development. From the wealth of material now available in works of reference (see page 177) I have selected such topics as seemed to have a definite pedagogical value in my own experience. It is hardly to be expected that this selection will meet the needs of all teachers, but it is hoped that it will supply at least a point of departure. With this in mind the material has been segregated into a single chapter (VII) and the reference list made a little more extensive than those in other sections of the book. “Embryology and Genetics’ by Morgan, and “The Ele ments of Experimental Embryology ’’ by Huxley and de Beer have been of material assistance in the organization of this chapter.

Karlier editions employed, to a degree which I now recognize was extreme for undergraduates, embryological terms current in European texts and manuals for advanced students. This made it difficult for the student to carry on collateral reading in other texts. In this revision the number of technical terms employed has been reduced until there are only 220 which are not encountered also in such recent texts as Curtis and Guthrie’s ‘ Gencral Zodlogy,” second edition, and Adams’ “ Introduction to the Vertebrates,” representing matcrial provided in courses prerequisite to embryology. <A glossary, including cross references to common synonyms, has been added. ITreed from the necessity of acquiring a large new vocabulary, the student, it is hoped, will progress more rapidly to a better understanding of the dynamic aspects of development.

The expansion of the text indicated above has made it impossible to extend the treatment of organogeny to an equal degree, and I have been forced to content myself with a general revision of this section and the substitution of new figures wherever better material has been available than heretofore.

In preparing this revision, I have had the able assistance of Dr. Frank B. Adamstone, associated with me in this laboratory since 1928, and Dr. David H. Thompson, who has been good enough to read the new chapter on chromosomes and the genes. Mr. W. F. Hoheisel, my laboratory assistant, classified a great mass of student queries accumulated through the use of a question-box ever since this text first appeared in mimeograph form. His analysis was most revealing as to the topics where students encountered the greatest difficulties, and these have had special attention in the revision. The new drawings, except certain cuts borrowed from other sources and acknowledged in their respective legends, have been prepared by Mrs. Katharine Hill Paul. It is a pleasure to express my thanks to all those fellow teachers who have made me their debtor by suggestions as to how the text might be made more useful in classroom and laboratory.

Waldo Shumway

January 5, 1935.

Preface to First Edition

This book is intended to serve as an introduction to the study of Vertebrate Embryology for undergraduate students in colleges and universities. For this study they have been prepared by completing introductory courses in the principles of biology and the anatomy of the vertebrates. It has been the writer’s aim to correlate embryological principles as discussed in lecture and classroom with the anatomy of vertebrate embryos as studied in the laboratory, in such a manner as to produce a text which should be both practical and teachable.


After a general introduction to the subject, a large part of the text is devoted to the subject of carly embryology, making use of the comparative method which has been found most successful in the experience of many teachers. FEspecial emphasis has been laid on four forms: Amphioxus, because of the beautiful and diagrammatic simplicity with which the early stages may be seriated; the frog, long an object of laboratory study; the chick, always available for laboratory preparation and observation; and man, whenever human material is available. Following this section, which includes the period of germ-layer formation, the embryonic membranes, and the development of body form, a second division of the book deals with the derivation of the separate organs and organ systems from the germ layers. Here, too, the method is essentially comparative. The general plan by which each organ system develops is first sketched in broad outlines, followed by an account of the divergent details in the frog, chick, and man.


The remainder of the book is intended for laboratory use. In the third section is given a succinct account of the anatomy of each of the more commonly studied stages in the development of the frog, chick, and pig, illustrated by figures of whole mounts and sections selected from the splendid collections at the University of Illinois built up by Professor J. S. Kingsley. The writer has followed the sequential or chronological method in this section, as it has been his experience that this method is as successful in the laboratory as is the comparative method in the classroom. It is hoped that from the study of the transparent whole mounts, as well as the transverse, sagittal, and frontal sections, the student may be enabled to visualize the anatomy of embryos in three dimensions. The concluding section of the text deals with methods of preparing embryos for study and of instructions in elementary methods of embryological study. In the writer’s experience it is much easier for the student to grasp the relationship of scrial sections after he has prepared a set of his own.


In view of the fact that this book has been written primarily for the undergraduate, the writer feels that he need offer no apology for the omission of historical reviews, controversial discussions of obscure phenomena, references to original sources, or lists of synonyms. These neither interest nor profit the beginning student. In the concluding division of the introduction may be found a carefully selected list of handbooks, texts, and atlases to which the more ambitious student may be referred, while a list of references for collateral reading follows each chapter. The brevity of the text is intentional. If the student is informed that every word and sentence is an integral part of the story, he will master it in detail rather than attempt to pick out the more salient points, a procedure for which he is hardly prepared as yet. Brief summaries are appended to the chapters in Parts I and II.


To compensate for the brevity of the text, the reader is provided with a profusion of illustrations, prepared by the well-known scientific artist, Mrs. Katharine Hill Paul. To her skill the writer is deeply indebted. Attention may be called to the fact that no abbreviations are employed in the labeling of figures. The beginning student will be apt to study the illustrations more carefully if he is not compelled to search through lengthy legends to interpret them. Professor Ei. B. Wilson and Professor J. S. Kingsley have kindly allowed the writer to have several figures from their writings redrawn in order that these might conform to the general style of this text. Messrs. W. B. Saunders have generously consented to the reproduction of certain figures, from “ Developmental Anatomy” by Professor L. B. Arey, which had been drawn by Mrs. Paul for that text. The writer is indebted also to Professor 8. H. Gage and the Comstock Publishing Company for the use of an electrotype from “ The Microscope.” The source of all illustrations not original in this text is acknowledged in the legends.


It is a pleasure to record here a debt of gratitude to Professor J. H. McGregor and Professor J. 8. Kingsley for their kindness in reading the original manuscript. Professor H. B. Ward has generously placed the resources of the Department of Zodlogy at the writer’s disposal during the preparation of this book. Dr. A. R. Cahn has contributed preparations, suggestions, and — most appreciated of all — uncounted hours in the drudgery of proof-reading and indexing. For assistance in these labors the writer is indebted also to Dr. H. W. Hann and Dr. F. B. Adamstone. If this book serves to help the undergraduate through his first course in embryology, it is due, in no small measure, to the many students who have labored through these pages in mimeographed form and pointed out the difficulties they encountered.

Waldo Shumway

University of Illinois, Urbana.

Contents

Part I. Introduction

I. The study of embryology

II. Vertebrate life histories

A. Amphioxus

B. Frog

C. Chick

D. Man

Part II. Early Embryology

III. The germ cells and fertilization

A. The gametes

B. Gametogenesis

C. Fertilization

IV. The chromosomes and the genes

A. The chromosomes

B. The genes

V. Cleavage and the germ layers

A. Cleavage

B. Gastrulation.

C. The middle germ layer

VI. Embryonic form and extra-embryonic structures

A. The form of the body

B. The yolk sac

C. Amnion and chorion.

D. The allantois

E. The placenta

VII. Experimental vertebrate embryology

A. The organization of the fertilized egg

B. Organization of the embryo during cleavage

C. Organization of the embryo during germ layer formation

D. Environmental factors in development

Part III. Organogeny

VIII. Endodermal derivatives

IX. Mesodermal derivatives

A. The coclom and its mesenteries

B. The nephric organs.

C. The genital organs... 0... eee eee eee eens 205

D. The adrenal organs. 2.0.0... cc cette eee ees 213

E. The vascular system. ... 00... ccc ce cette cence 214

FP. The skeleton... 0.0.0.0... cece ce eet eee eens 229

G. The muscles... 0.0.0... eee cee eet n eee eae 238

X. Ectodermal derivatives......... 0... tenets 244 A. The integument... 2.0.6 244

B. The nervous system... 0.0... cee eee 247

C. The sense organs. . 1.2.2.0... 00 tee eee ees 261

Part IV. Anatomy of Vertebrate Embryos

XI. The anatomy of frog embryos

A. The carly embryo (8 mm.)

B. The larva at hatching (6 mm.)

C. The young tadpole (11 mm.)

XII. The anatomy of chick embryos

A. The twenty-four hour stage

B. The thirty-three hour stage

C. The forty-cight hour stage

D. The seventy-two hour stage

XIII. The anatomy of the 10 mm. pig embryo

Part V. Embryological Technique

XIV. Preparation of embryological material

A. Collection and rearing of embryos

B. Preservation of material

C. Whole mounts

D. Serial sections

E. Technical records

F. Outline of technical procedure for chick embryos

XXV. Study of embryological preparations

A. The use of the microscope

B. Embryological drawings

C. Reconstruction

Glossary

Shumway (1935): Preface - Contents | Part I. Introduction | Part II. Early Embryology | Part III. Organogeny | Part IV. Anatomy of Vertebrate Embryos | Part V. Embryological Technique

Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, May 23) Embryology Book - Introduction to Vertebrate Embryology 1935. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Book_-_Introduction_to_Vertebrate_Embryology_1935

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