Penis Development

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Introduction

Week 9, the indifferent stage of external genitalia.

The external male genitalia consists of the penis and scrotum containing the testis.


Mesonephric duct = Wolffian duct.


Genital Links: genital | Lecture - Medicine | Lecture - Science | Lecture Movie | Medicine - Practical | primordial germ cell | meiosis | endocrine gonad‎ | Genital Movies | genital abnormalities | Assisted Reproductive Technology | puberty | Category:Genital
Female | X | X inactivation | ovary | corpus luteum | oocyte | uterus | vagina | reproductive cycles | menstrual cycle | Category:Female
Male | Y | SRY | testis | spermatozoa | ductus deferens | penis | prostate | Category:Male
Historic Embryology - Genital 
General: 1901 Urinogenital Tract | 1902 The Uro-Genital System | 1904 Ovary and Testis | 1912 Urinogenital Organ Development | 1914 External Genitalia | 1921 Urogenital Development | 1921 External Genital | 1942 Sex Cords | 1953 Germ Cells | Historic Embryology Papers | Historic Disclaimer
Female: 1904 Ovary and Testis | 1904 Hymen | 1912 Urinogenital Organ Development | 1914 External Genitalia | 1914 Female | 1921 External Genital | 1927 Female Foetus 15 cm | 1927 Vagina | 1932 Postnatal Ovary
Male: 1887-88 Testis | 1904 Ovary and Testis | 1904 Leydig Cells | 1906 Testis vascular | 1909 Prostate | 1912 Prostate | 1914 External Genitalia | 1915 Cowper’s and Bartholin’s Glands | 1920 Wolffian tubules | 1935 Prepuce | 1935 Wolffian Duct | 1942 Sex Cords | 1943 Testes Descent | Historic Embryology Papers | Historic Disclaimer


Historic: 1912 Development of the Penis and Scrotum | 1935 Prepuce

Some Recent Findings

  • Immunohistochemical expression analysis of the human fetal lower urogenital tract[1] "We have studied the ontogeny of the developing human Male and Female urogenital tracts from 9 weeks (indifferent stage) to 16 weeks (advanced sex differentiation) of gestation by immunohistochemistry on mid-sagittal sections. Sixteen human fetal pelvises were serial sectioned in the sagittal plane and stained with antibodies to epithelial, muscle, nerve, proliferation and hormone receptor markers. Key findings are: (1) The corpus cavernosum in males and females extends into the glans penis and clitoris, respectively, during the ambisexual stage (9 weeks) and thus appears to be an androgen-independent event. (2) The entire human male (and female) urethra is endodermal in origin based on the presence of FOXA1, KRT 7, uroplakin, and the absence of KRT10 staining. The endoderm of the urethra interfaces with ectodermal epidermis at the site of the urethral meatus. (3) The surface epithelium of the verumontanum is endodermal in origin (FOXA1-positive) with a possible contribution of Pax2-positive epithelial cells implying additional input from the Wolffian duct epithelium. (4) Prostatic ducts arise from the endodermal (FOXA1-positive) urogenital sinus epithelium near the verumontanum. (5) Immunohistochemical staining of mid-sagittal and para-sagittal sections revealed the external anal sphincter, levator ani, bulbospongiosus muscle and the anatomic relationships between these developing skeletal muscles and organs of the Male and Female reproductive tracts."
  • Development of the human penis and clitoris[2] "The human penis and clitoris develop from the ambisexual genital tubercle. To compare and contrast the development of human penis and clitoris, we used macroscopic photography, optical projection tomography, light sheet microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, histology and immunohistochemistry. The human genital tubercle differentiates into a penis under the influence of androgens forming a tubular urethra that develops by canalization of the urethral plate to form a wide diamond-shaped urethral groove (opening zipper) whose edges (urethral folds) fuse in the midline (closing zipper). In contrast, in females, without the influence of androgens, the vestibular plate (homologue of the urethral plate) undergoes canalization to form a wide vestibular groove whose edges (vestibular folds) remain unfused, ultimately forming the labia minora defining the vaginal vestibule. The neurovascular anatomy is similar in both the developing human penis and clitoris and is the key to successful surgical reconstructions."
  • Contrasting mechanisms of penile urethral formation in mouse and human[3] "This paper addresses the developmental mechanisms of formation of the mouse and human penile urethra and the possibility that two disparate mechanisms are at play. It has been suggested that the entire penile urethra of the mouse forms via direct canalization of the endodermal urethral plate. While this mechanism surely accounts for development of the proximal portion of the mouse penile urethra, we suggest that the distal portion of the mouse penile urethra forms via a series of epithelial fusion events. Through review of the recent literature in combination with new data, it is unlikely that the entire mouse urethra is formed from the endodermal urethral plate due in part to the fact that from E14 onward the urethral plate is not present in the distal aspect of the genital tubercle. Formation of the distal portion of the mouse urethra receives substantial contribution from the preputial swellings that form the preputial-urethral groove and subsequently the preputial-urethral canal, the later of which is subdivided by a fusion event to form the distal portion of the mouse penile urethra. Examination of human penile development also reveals comparable dual morphogenetic mechanisms. However, in the case of human, direct canalization of the urethral plate occurs in the glans, while fusion events are involved in formation of the urethra within the penile shaft, a pattern exactly opposite to that of the mouse. The highest incidence of hypospadias in humans occurs at the junction of these two different developmental mechanisms. The relevance of the mouse as a model of human hypospadias is discussed."
More recent papers  
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Search term: Penis Embryology | Penis Development | Prepuce Development | Foreskin Development | Hypospadias | Epispadias | Penile Urethra Development

Older papers  
These papers originally appeared in the Some Recent Findings table, but as that list grew in length have now been shuffled down to this collapsible table.

See also the Discussion Page for other references listed by year and References on this current page.

  • Complex epithelial remodeling underlie the fusion event in early fetal development of the human penile urethra[4] "The opening zipper progresses from proximal to distal along the shaft of the penis and clitoris into the glans in identical fashion in both sexes. The closing zipper mechanism is active only in males and is not a single process but rather a series of layered fusion events, uniquely different from the simple fusion of two epithelial surfaces as occurs in formation of the palate and neural tube."
  • Penile biometry on prenatal MR imaging [5]"Mean length values, including 95% confidence intervals and percentiles, were defined. Penile length as a function of gestational age was expressed by the regression equation: outer mean length= -5.514 + 0.622 *, and total mean length= -8.865 + 1.312 * (*= gestational weeks). The correlation coefficients were statistically significant (p < .001). The comparison between outer length on MRI and US data showed no significant differences, whereas total length on MRI and US data demonstrated significant differences (p< .001)."
  • Modifications of erectile tissue components in the penis during the fetal period[6] "The penile erectile tissue has a complex microscopic anatomy with important functions in the mechanism of penile erection. The knowledge of such structures is necessary for understanding the normal physiology of the adult penis. Therefore, it is important to know the changes of these penile structures during fetal development. This study aims to analyze the development of the main components of the erectile tissue, such as collagen, smooth muscle fibers and elastic system fibers, in human fetuses. We found strong correlation between the elements analyzed with fetal age, both in corpus cavernosum and corpus spongiosum. The growth rate of these elements was more intense during the second trimester (13 to 24 WPC) of gestation, both in corpus cavernosum and in corpus spongiosum. There is greater proportional amount of collagen in the corpus spongiosum than in corpus cavernosum during all fetal period. In the corpus spongiosum, there is about four times more collagen than smooth muscle fibers and elastic system fibers, during all fetal period studied. "

Movies

<html5media height="400" width="270">File:Male_external_001.mp4</html5media>

Click Here to play on mobile device

This looped animation shows the development of external male genitalia from the indifferent external structure, covering the approximate period of week 9 to 12. (Anterior to top, Posterior to bottom)


Note the original cloacal membrane becomes separated into the urogenital membrane and anal membrane (identical to female). The urogenital folds beneath the genital tubercle begin to fuse in the midline. The skin folds either side for the scrotum, which too has a midline fusion, the raphe. The scrotal sac is initially empty and is an attachment site for the gubernaculum, descent of the testes is highly variable, and begins generally during week 26 and may take several days.

Male external 001 icon.jpg
 ‎‎Male External
Page | Play

Mesonephic Duct Development

The paired mesonephic ducts (Wolffian ducts) go through a series of developmental changes to form the male internal genital tract.

Prenatal Development

The following figures and text are from the historic 1921 study by Spaulding.[7] In this paper he defined using the Carnegie Collection embryos specific morphological "stages" (stage 1 to 10) of external genital development in both male and female embryonic and fetal periods. This is divided into the Genital-Tubercle Period (Stage 1 to 4), Phallus Period (Stage 5 to 9) and Definitive Period ((Stage 10). Note these are not the Carnegie stages, that can be identified by the Carnegie embryo number.


  • Fig. 5. Carnegie Embryo 1936 14 mm Male

    Fig. 5. Carnegie Embryo 1936 14 mm Male

  • Fig. 7. Carnegie Embryo 1936 Male

    Fig. 7. Carnegie Embryo 1936 Male

  • Fig. 8. Carnegie Embryo 955 Male

    Fig. 8. Carnegie Embryo 955 Male

  • Fig. 9. Carnegie Embryo 28 Male

    Fig. 9. Carnegie Embryo 28 Male

  • Fig. 10. Carnegie Embryo 389a Male

    Fig. 10. Carnegie Embryo 389a Male

  • Fig. 15. Carnegie Embryo 590 Male

    Fig. 15. Carnegie Embryo 590 Male

  • Fig. 16. Carnegie Embryo 1900-60b Male

    Fig. 16. Carnegie Embryo 1900-60b Male

  • Fig. 17. Carnegie Embryo 879c Male

    Fig. 17. Carnegie Embryo 879c Male

  • Fig. 18. Carnegie Embryo 1022d Male

    Fig. 18. Carnegie Embryo 1022d Male

  • Fig. 21. Carnegie Embryo 950, Male

    Fig. 21. Carnegie Embryo 950, Male

  • Fig. 22. Carnegie Embryo 1358h Male

    Fig. 22. Carnegie Embryo 1358h Male

  • Fig. 23. Carnegie Embryo 590 37 mm Male

    Fig. 23. Carnegie Embryo 590 37 mm Male

  • Fig. 24. Carnegie 948, 45 mm Male

    Fig. 24. Carnegie 948, 45 mm Male

  • Fig. 25. Carnegie 652K, 44 mm Male

    Fig. 25. Carnegie 652K, 44 mm Male

  • Fig. 26. Carnegie 217 45 mm Male

    Fig. 26. Carnegie 217 45 mm Male

  • Fig. 27. Carnegie 693 45 mm Male

    Fig. 27. Carnegie 693 45 mm Male

  • Fig. 28. Carnegie 607 38 mm Male

    Fig. 28. Carnegie 607 38 mm Male

  • Fig. 31. Carnegie 1686 46 mm Male

    Fig. 31. Carnegie 1686 46 mm Male

  • Fig. 32. Carnegie 1686 (lateral view) Male

    Fig. 32. Carnegie 1686 (lateral view) Male

  • Fig. 33. Carnegie 1474b, 58 mm Male

    Fig. 33. Carnegie 1474b, 58 mm Male

  • Fig. 34. Carnegie 847, 58.8 mm Male

    Fig. 34. Carnegie 847, 58.8 mm Male

  • Fig. 39. Carnegie 1183, 60 mm Male (perineal view)

    Fig. 39. Carnegie 1183, 60 mm Male (perineal view)

  • Fig. 40. Carnegie 1183, Male (lateral view)

    Fig. 40. Carnegie 1183, Male (lateral view)

  • Fig. 41. Carnegie 1163, 68 mm Male (Insert, lateral)

    Fig. 41. Carnegie 1163, 68 mm Male (Insert, lateral)

  • Fig. 42. Carnegie nn34k, 75 mm Male

    Fig. 42. Carnegie nn34k, 75 mm Male

  • Fig. 47. Carnegie 2026, 80-90 mm (est.) Male

    Fig. 47. Carnegie 2026, 80-90 mm (est.) Male

  • Fig. 48. Carnegie 1705a, 83.2 mm Male

    Fig. 48. Carnegie 1705a, 83.2 mm Male

  • Fig. 49. Carnegie 1852, 95 mm Male

    Fig. 49. Carnegie 1852, 95 mm Male

  • Fig. 50. Carnegie 834, 98 mm Male

    Fig. 50. Carnegie 834, 98 mm Male

Development of the Male Genitalia

(Text extract from 1921 paper male summary)[7]

The genital tubercle, from which is derived the phallus and which includes the urethral and anal openings, arises as a broad conical eminence barely separated cranially from the umbilical cord, but with a well-defined caudal slope. Its rounded free end, as the primordium of the glans, is faintly separated from the basal portion. The lateral slopes, below the glans area, extend into the outlying basal tissue as the "lateral buttresses, " which I interpret as enlargements for the developing corpora cavernosa. The caudal slope is bisected by the shallow urethral groove whose margins are slightly elevated into the urethral folds. Distally, these margins merge into the glans area, while proximally they continue into the basal enlargements surrounding the anal pit. In the majority of embryos which have attained a length of 12 mm. the urethral membrane is ruptured to form the primitive urogenital opening, although a few cases have been found in which this perforation had not taken place at the stage of 16 to 17 mm. Practically from its first appearance the urethral groove shows a sex difference in its length, this difference being further accentuated upon the formation of the urogenital opening.


As development proceeds, the elongation of the tubercle and the medial migration of its lateral buttresses transform it into the somewhat cylindrical phallus, whose base is separated from the surrounding body areas by the newly formed labio-scrotal swellings (embryos 17 to 19 mm). The latter, appearing first as broad, elevated areas extending laterally from the base of the phallus, are soon transformed into swollen ridges separated, in both sexes, from the base of the phallus by the lateral phallic grooves. It may be emphasized that in the majority of specimens the labio-scrotal swellings seem to be from the first separated from the phallus. In fact, only one embryo was found which showed these areas as definitely merging into the phallus, while in all of the others of about the same age the swellings were already separated from the phallus by pronounced grooves, the lateral phallic grooves. Accompanying the elongation of the tubercle into the phallus, the urogenital opening becomes gradually more sharply outlined and the sex difference in its length correspondingly emphasized. The urethral folds which form the margins of the opening also increase in definiteness, partly through their own elevation and partly through their lateral demarcation from the cavernous portion of the shaft; the result of these combined factors being that the folds extend as plate-like caudal projections from the more cylindrical shaft. At the same time the terminal glans has increased in density so that it now forms an opaque white area in contrast to the translucent shaft, although the limiting coronary sulcus is not formed until the close of the phallus period.


As a result of these combined changes the male phallus at this time is markedly different from that of the female. The length of the urogenital opening is still, however, the chief diagnostic feature in the two sexes. In the male it consists of a long sUt extending from the base to the apex of the phallus, whereas in the female it extends only to the base of the glans. In the male it is more open distally, the apposition of the urethral folds reducing it proximally to a mere slit. This is in marked contrast to the condition in the female, where the opening (restricted to the shaft) has exactly the opposite shape, being broadest basally, while the terminal portion is narrowed into a slit.

No further pronounced morphological changes take place in the male genitalia until after the embryo has reached a CR length of 38 mm. At this time a series of changes begins which result in the transformation of the male genitalia into approximately their final form (about 45 mm.) and in the complete separation of the urogenital opening from the anus. The gutter-like urogenital sinus is transformed into the tubular urethra by the merging of the basal portions of the urethral folds into the raphe, reducing the primitive urogenital orifice to an irregularly shaped opening on the distal portion of the shaft. At the same time the glans becomes sharply defined by the formation of a wide coronary sulcus and the labio-scrotal swellings assume their final position caudal to the penis to form the scrotum, the halves of which become more or less closely approximated to the raphe in the midventral line, although they never entirely lose their bilateral character.


This period (45 mm. CR length) marks the completion of the definite' sex differentiation, characterized by the development of definite structural features in the male in sharp contrast to the lack of these characters in the female.


As growth continues, the gradual constriction of the urethral opening synchronous with the formation of the prepuce, to be described later, is accompanied by an outgrowth of its rim which, in embryos 60 to 85 mm. CR length, results in the formation of a decided cup in the bottom of which the opening is located. With the later stages of prepuce formation the urethral opening is shifted to a more terminal position in the frenular notch of the glans. It then becomes entirely closed and eventually there is formed the new, permanent terminal urethral opening on the apex of the glans.


The first evidence of the prepuce is found in embryos of about 65 mm. CR length, at which time it can be recognized as a pair of swellings on each side of the urethral opening. Gradually these swelUngs fuse together over the dorsum of the shaft to form a flattened ridge of skin whose distal margin has enveloped the proximal margin (corona glandis) of the glans (embryos 75 mm. CR length). Subsequent growth results in the progressive inclosure of the glans by this distally migrating fold of skin until at about 100 mm. CR length the originally naked glans is entirely covered. It must be emphasized that these observations upon the formation of the prepuce are based only upon the external examination of the genitalia of these older embryos and have not been confirmed by histological study. For this reason they must be considered merely as suggestions of what apparently takes place and may later be corroborated or contradicted when it becomes possible to make a study of sectioned embryos showing this development.


Initiation

Invagination

Elongation

Links:

Foreskin Development

The foreskin (prepuce) is a protective double-layered fold covering the glans (head) the penis formed by smooth muscle tissue, blood vessels, nerves, integument, and a mucous membrane. The foreskin is retractable in only about 1 in 20 boys. Circumcision describes the medical removal of the foreskin from the human penis.

Innervation includes: somatosensory (penis dorsal nerve and branches of perineal nerve(, autonomic (pelvic plexus), and somatosensory receptors (mechanoreceptors and nociceptors).


Foreskin development occurs during the second trimester.[8]

  • GA week 12 (Week 10) - ectoderm circular invagination at the glandular periphery now grows ventrally.
  • GA week 13 (Week 12) - glans partially covered by the foreskin.
  • GA week 16-17 (Week 14-15) - glans almost completely covered by the foreskin.
  • GA week 18-19 (Week 16-17) - complete foreskin was formed.
  • GA week 20 (Week 18) - entirely involves the glans.


Historic

The figures below are from a paper by Hunter (1935)[9]

Hunter1935 text-fig01.jpg Hunter1935 text-fig02.jpg Hunter1935 text-fig03.jpg Hunter1935 text-fig04.jpg
Penis of human foetus 40 mm CRL. Note the ridge of ectoderm behind the corona and the glans, and the thin layer of desquamating cells on the surface. Penis of human foetus 70 mm CRL. Note the dorsal ectodermal tissues thrown into loose folds, and the distribution of the desquamating cells. Penis of human foetus 100 mm CRL. The prepuce is here seen “overflowing” the glans and enclosing a layer of desquamating cells between it and the glans. Penis of human foetus 170 mm CRL. This section shows the prepuce covering the whole of the glans, with the layer of desquamating cells connecting the two. Note the “plug” of desquamating cells closing the opening of the urethra.

Hunter1935 text-fig05.jpg

Figure shows the lateral and ventral aspects of wax-plate reconstructions of three stages in the development of the prepuce. A, 40 mm CRL.; B, 70 mm. CRL.; C, 170 mm CRL.

Postnatal Development

Abnormalities

Hypospadias

 ICD-11
Hypospadias
Any condition of the urethra affecting males, caused by determinants arising during the antenatal period. These conditions are characterized by a malformation of the urethra and an abnormally placed urinary meatus. This condition may also present with an incomplete foreskin that forms a hood.

Hypospadias, coronal - abnormally placed urinary meatus that opens in the ventral portion of the coronal sulcus.
Hypospadias, glandular - abnormally placed urinary meatus that opens at the site of the frenulum.
Hypospadias, penile - abnormally placed urinary meatus that opens along the shaft of the penis.
Hypospadias, penoscrotal - abnormally placed urinary meatus that opens where the shaft of the penis meets the scrotum.
Hypospadias, scrotal - abnormally placed urinary meatus that opens on the scrotum.
Hypospadias, perineal - abnormally placed urinary meatus that opens in the perineum.

External urethral opening on the ventral surface of penis, can extend back into scrotum. Abnormality due to failure of genital fold fusion during fetal development of the male external genitalia.

Hypospadia Classification Meatus Opening
Anterior on inferior surface of glans penis
Coronal in balanopenile furrow
Distal on distal third of shaft
Penoscrotal at base of shaft in front of scrotum
Scrotal on scrotum or between the genital swellings
Perineal behind scrotum or genital swellings
  Links: Genital Abnormalities | Penis Development


Links: hypospadias

Epispadias

Uncommon abnormality associated with the penis, 1 in 30,000 infant males, external urethral opening on the dorsal surface of penis.

 ICD-11 LB55 Epispadias - Epispadias is a congenital genitourinary malformation belonging to the spectrum of the exstrophy-epispadias complex and is characterized in males by an ectopic meatus or a mucosal strip in place of the urethra on the penile dorsum and in females by bifid clitoris and a variable cleft of the urethra.
Search PubMed: Epispadias

Aphallia

Congenital absence of the penis (aphallia) is associated with early failure of genital tubercle development.[10][11][12]

Search PubMed: Aphallia

Endocrine Disruptors

Endocrine disruptors in female reproductive tract development and carcinogenesis.[13]


Additional Images

Historic

References

  1. ↑ Shen J, Isaacson D, Cao M, Sinclair A, Cunha GR & Baskin L. (2018). Immunohistochemical expression analysis of the human fetal lower urogenital tract. Differentiation , 103, 100-119. PMID: 30287094 DOI.
  2. ↑ Baskin L, Shen J, Sinclair A, Cao M, Liu X, Liu G, Isaacson D, Overland M, Li Y & Cunha GR. (2018). Development of the human penis and clitoris. Differentiation , 103, 74-85. PMID: 30249413 DOI.
  3. ↑ Liu G, Liu X, Shen J, Sinclair A, Baskin L & Cunha GR. (2018). Contrasting mechanisms of penile urethral formation in mouse and human. Differentiation , 101, 46-64. PMID: 29859371 DOI.
  4. ↑ Shen J, Overland M, Sinclair A, Cao M, Yue X, Cunha G & Baskin L. (2016). Complex epithelial remodeling underlie the fusion event in early fetal development of the human penile urethra. Differentiation , 92, 169-182. PMID: 27397682 DOI.
  5. ↑ Ishiguro T, Tamagawa S & Ogawa H. (1992). [Changes of pupil size in brain death patients]. Seishin Shinkeigaku Zasshi , 94, 864-73. PMID: 1484906
  6. ↑ Gallo CB, Costa WS, Furriel A, Bastos AL & Sampaio FJ. (2014). Modifications of erectile tissue components in the penis during the fetal period. PLoS ONE , 9, e106409. PMID: 25170760 DOI.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Spaulding MH. The development of the external genitalia in the human embryo. (1921) Contrib. Embryol., Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. 81, 13: 69 – 88.
  8. ↑ Favorito LA, Balassiano CM, Costa WS & Sampaio FJ. (2012). Development of the human foreskin during the fetal period. Histol. Histopathol. , 27, 1041-5. PMID: 22763876 DOI.
  9. ↑ Hunter RH. Notes on the development of the prepuce. (1935) J Anat. 70: 68-75. PMID 17104576
  10. ↑ Qiang S, Li FY, Zhou Y, Yuan Y & Li Q. (2019). Congenital absence of the penis (aphallia): A rare case report. Medicine (Baltimore) , 98, e15129. PMID: 30985678 DOI.
  11. ↑ Gabler T, Charlton R, Loveland J & Mapunda E. (2018). Aphallia: a review to standardize management. Pediatr. Surg. Int. , 34, 813-821. PMID: 29679134 DOI.
  12. ↑ Joshi A, Gross J & Thomalla JV. (2015). Congenital Aphallia: Review of Pathogenesis and Current Treatment Guidelines. Urology , 86, 384-7. PMID: 26194292 DOI.
  13. ↑ Ma L. (2009). Endocrine disruptors in female reproductive tract development and carcinogenesis. Trends Endocrinol. Metab. , 20, 357-63. PMID: 19709900 DOI.


Reviews

Cunha GR & Baskin L. (2018). Development of human male and female urogenital tracts. Differentiation , 103, 1-4. PMID: 30262219 DOI.

Articles

Ramaswamy VV, Rao GV, Suryanarayana N & Gummadapu S. (2019). Unusual finding in the karyotype of a neonate with glandular hypospadias with chordee. BMJ Case Rep , 12, . PMID: 30898940 DOI.

Liu X, Liu G, Shen J, Yue A, Isaacson D, Sinclair A, Cao M, Liaw A, Cunha GR & Baskin L. (2018). Human glans and preputial development. Differentiation , 103, 86-99. PMID: 30245194 DOI.

Isaacson D, Shen J, Overland M, Li Y, Sinclair A, Cao M, McCreedy D, Calvert M, McDevitt T, Cunha GR & Baskin L. (2018). Three-dimensional imaging of the developing human fetal urogenital-genital tract: Indifferent stage to male and female differentiation. Differentiation , 103, 14-23. PMID: 30262218 DOI.

Liu G, Liu X, Shen J, Sinclair A, Baskin L & Cunha GR. (2018). Contrasting mechanisms of penile urethral formation in mouse and human. Differentiation , 101, 46-64. PMID: 29859371 DOI.

Wisniewski H & Terry RD. (1968). Further studies on experimental neurofibrillary tangles. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. , 27, 149-50. PMID: 5690451


Genital Links: genital | Lecture - Medicine | Lecture - Science | Lecture Movie | Medicine - Practical | primordial germ cell | meiosis | endocrine gonad‎ | Genital Movies | genital abnormalities | Assisted Reproductive Technology | puberty | Category:Genital
Female | X | X inactivation | ovary | corpus luteum | oocyte | uterus | vagina | reproductive cycles | menstrual cycle | Category:Female
Male | Y | SRY | testis | spermatozoa | ductus deferens | penis | prostate | Category:Male
Historic Embryology - Genital 
General: 1901 Urinogenital Tract | 1902 The Uro-Genital System | 1904 Ovary and Testis | 1912 Urinogenital Organ Development | 1914 External Genitalia | 1921 Urogenital Development | 1921 External Genital | 1942 Sex Cords | 1953 Germ Cells | Historic Embryology Papers | Historic Disclaimer
Female: 1904 Ovary and Testis | 1904 Hymen | 1912 Urinogenital Organ Development | 1914 External Genitalia | 1914 Female | 1921 External Genital | 1927 Female Foetus 15 cm | 1927 Vagina | 1932 Postnatal Ovary
Male: 1887-88 Testis | 1904 Ovary and Testis | 1904 Leydig Cells | 1906 Testis vascular | 1909 Prostate | 1912 Prostate | 1914 External Genitalia | 1915 Cowper’s and Bartholin’s Glands | 1920 Wolffian tubules | 1935 Prepuce | 1935 Wolffian Duct | 1942 Sex Cords | 1943 Testes Descent | Historic Embryology Papers | Historic Disclaimer

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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2023, December 5) Embryology Penis Development. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Penis_Development

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