- clefting - the way in which the upper jaw forms from fusion of the smaller upper prominence of the first pharyngeal arch leads to a common congenital defect in this region called "clefting", which may involve either the upper lip, the palate or both structures, see pharyngeal arch and head abnormalities.
- cysts - refers to a cervical sinus abnormality, remants of the cervical sinus remains as a fluid-filled cyst lined by an epithelium, see pharyngeal arch and head abnormalities.
- fistula - refers to a pharyngeal membrane abnormality, a tract extends from pharynx (tonsillar fossa) beween the carotid arteries (internal and external) to open on side of neck, see pharyngeal arch and head abnormalities.
- oxycephaly - (turricephaly) term meaning premature fusion of coronal suture + others, see skull and head abnormalities.
- plagiocephaly - term meaning premature unilateral fusion of coronal or lambdoid sutures, see skull and head abnormalities.
- scaphocephaly - (dolichocephaly) term meaning premature fusion of sagittal suture, see skull and head abnormalities.
- sinuses - refers to a pharyngeal groove (cleft) abnormality, when a portion of the groove persists and opens to the skin surface, located laterally on the neck, see pharyngeal arch and head abnormalities.
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