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| <quiz display=simple> | | <quiz display=simple> |
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| {Which of the following originates from surface ectoderm? | | { The process called "apoptosis": |
| |type="()"} | | |type="()"} |
| - neurohypophysis | | - is a pathological form of cell death |
| || Incorrect! The {{neurohypophysis}} ({{posterior pituitary}}) originates from neural ectoderm. | | || Incorrect! This is a characteristic of {{necrosis}} |
| + adenohypophysis
| | - results from acute cellular injury |
| || Correct! The {{adenohypophysis}} ({{anterior pituitary}}) originates from a midline surface ectoderm {{placode}} lying outside the buccopharyngeal membrane. | | || Incorrect! This is a characteristic of {{necrosis}} |
| | - is characterised by cell swelling and lysis |
| | || Incorrect! This is a characteristic of {{necrosis}} |
| | - is involved in programmed cell death for normal tissue turnover |
| | || Correct! The nervous system and other systems undergo developmental {{apoptosis}} (programmed cell death) |
| | - all of the above are correct |
| | || Incorrect! Some of teh answers relate to {{necrosis}} not {{apoptosis}} |
| | |
| | {Which of the following endocrine components originates from neural ectoderm? |
| | |type="()"} |
| | + neurohypophysis |
| | || Correct! The {{neurohypophysis}} ({{posterior pituitary}}) originates from neural ectoderm. |
| | - adenohypophysis |
| | || Incorrect! The {{adenohypophysis}} ({{anterior pituitary}}) originates from a midline surface ectoderm {{placode}} lying outside the buccopharyngeal membrane. |
| - adrenal cortex | | - adrenal cortex |
| || Incorrect! | | || Incorrect! Mesoderm origin. |
| - thyroid | | - thyroid |
| || Incorrect! | | || Incorrect! Endoderm origin. |
| - parathyroid | | - parathyroid |
| || Incorrect! | | || Incorrect! Endoderm origin. |
| | |
| | |
| {Which of the following arise from the endoderm?
| |
| |type="()"}
| |
| - the pancreatic acinous cells
| |
| || Correct! But not the correct answer option to this question. All of the endocrine and exocrine structures of the {{pancreas}} are derived from endoderm.
| |
| - B-cells
| |
| || Correct! But not the correct answer option to this question. All of the endocrine and exocrine structures of the {{pancreas}} are derived from endoderm.
| |
| - a-cells
| |
| || Correct! But not the correct answer option to this question. All of the endocrine and exocrine structures of the {{pancreas}} are derived from endoderm.
| |
| - pancreatic duct cells
| |
| || Correct! But not the correct answer option to this question. All of the endocrine and exocrine structures of the {{pancreas}} are derived from endoderm.
| |
| + all of the above
| |
| || Correct? All of the above endocrine and exocrine structures of the {{pancreas}} are derived from endoderm.
| |
| | |
| | |
| {The neural crest cells from the sympathetic ganglia migrate to form the:
| |
| |type="()"}
| |
| - pars nervosa of the pituitary gland
| |
| + medulla of the adrenal gland
| |
| || Correct! Neural crest cells from the sympathetic ganglia migrate to form the adrenal medulla.
| |
| - follicular cells of the thyroid gland
| |
| - inferior parathyroids
| |
| - pars intermedia of the pituitary gland
| |
| | |
| {During fetal life the parathyroid glands:
| |
| |type="()"}
| |
| - contain oxyphil cells that degenerate before birth
| |
| || Incorrect!
| |
| + contain parafollicular cells that secrete hormones to regulate
| |
| fetal calcium metabolism
| |
| || Correct! During fetal life the parathyroid glands secrete hormones to regulate
| |
| fetal calcium metabolism.
| |
| - develop in situ from cervical somites
| |
| || Incorrect!
| |
| - migrate cephalically from the thymus to reach the cervical region
| |
| || Incorrect!
| |
| | |
| {The parafollicular cells of the thyroid originate from the:
| |
| |type="()"}
| |
| - ectoderm
| |
| || Incorrect!
| |
| - mesoderm
| |
| || Incorrect!
| |
| + endoderm
| |
| || Correct! The parafollicular cells of the thyroid originate from pharynx endoderm.
| |
| - neuroepithelium
| |
| || Incorrect!
| |
| - neural crest
| |
| || Incorrect!
| |
| | |
| | |
| {Congenital suprarenal hyperplasia:
| |
| |type="()"}
| |
| - causes an increase in adrenal cortical hormones
| |
| || Incorrect!
| |
| - inhibits release of ACTH by the pituitary
| |
| || Incorrect!
| |
| + causes masculinisation of external genitalia in female fetuses
| |
| || Correct!
| |
| - may lead to adrenal cortical insufficiency, although there is an
| |
| || Incorrect!
| |
| - overproduction of adrenal cortical hormones
| |
| || Incorrect!
| |
| | |
| | |
| {Pituitary hypoplasia may result in:
| |
| |type="()"}
| |
| - achondroplasia
| |
| || Correct! But not the correct answer option to this question.
| |
| - maldevelopment of the adrenal cortex
| |
| || Correct! But not the correct answer option to this question.
| |
| - maldevelopment of the thyroid gland
| |
| || Correct! But not the correct answer option to this question.
| |
| - hypoplastic gonads
| |
| || Correct! But not the correct answer option to this question.
| |
| + all of the above
| |
| || Correct! And the correct answer option to this question. Pituitary hypoplasia (under or incomplete development) and the associated decrease in the endocrine effects can lead to "downstream" endocrine organ abnormalities.
| |
| | |
| | |
| {In congenital adrenal hypoplasia due to unresponsiveness to ACTH:
| |
| |type="()"}
| |
| cthe electrolyte levels are normal
| |
| || Correct! But not the correct answer option to this question.
| |
| - the aldosterone levels are normal
| |
| || Correct! But not the correct answer option to this question.
| |
| - the skin is hyperpigmented
| |
| || Correct! But not the correct answer option to this question.
| |
| - the ACTH level is increased
| |
| || Correct! But not the correct answer option to this question.
| |
| + all of the above are correct
| |
| || Correct! And the correct answer option to this question.
| |
| | |
| {Which of the following is the most correct statement concerning the '''thyroid pyramidal lobe''':
| |
| |type="()"}
| |
| - is a failure of thyroid descent
| |
| || Incorrect! This is lingual thyroid gland
| |
| - is a persistance of thyroglossal duct
| |
| || Incorrect! this is a thyroglossal cyst
| |
| - occurs in about 1 in 3000 births
| |
| || Incorrect! This is the congenital hypothyroidism rate
| |
| - is associated with neurological abnormalities
| |
| || Incorrect! This is the congenital hypothyroidism
| |
| + occurs in about 50% of people
| |
| || Correct!
| |
|
| |
|
| {Endocrine disruptors are exogenous chemicals that interfere with the function of hormones. Which of the following best describes the endocrine action of "Diethylstilbestrol (DES)"?
| |
| |type="()"}
| |
| - Mimics to replicate the effects of natural hormones by binding receptors
| |
| || Correct! Diethylstilbetrol (DES) mimics acts as a potent {{estrogen}} (mimics the natural hormone) and therefore a potential endocrine disruptor. DES was a drug prescribed to women from 1938-1971 to prevent miscarriage in high-risk pregnancies. In a female fetus, increased risk abnormal reproductive tract (vaginal abnormalities) and cancer. In a male fetus, abnormal genitalia.
| |
| - Blocks to inhibit the binding of a hormone to receptor or hormone synthesis
| |
| || Incorrect!
| |
| - Interferes to compromise with the hormone transport or elimination
| |
| || Incorrect!
| |
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| </quiz> | | </quiz> |
