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<quiz display=simple>
<quiz display=simple>


{Which of the following originates from surface ectoderm?
{ The process called "apoptosis":
|type="()"}
|type="()"}
- &nbsp; neurohypophysis
- &nbsp; is a pathological form of cell death
|| Incorrect! The {{neurohypophysis}} ({{posterior pituitary}}) originates from neural ectoderm.
|| Incorrect! This is a characteristic of {{necrosis}} not {{apoptosis}} (programmed cell death)
+ &nbsp; adenohypophysis
- &nbsp; results from acute cellular injury
|| Correct! The {{adenohypophysis}} ({{anterior pituitary}}) originates from a midline surface ectoderm {{placode}} lying outside the buccopharyngeal membrane.
|| Incorrect! This is a characteristic of {{necrosis}} not {{apoptosis}} (programmed cell death)
- &nbsp; is characterised by cell swelling and lysis
|| Incorrect! This is a characteristic of {{necrosis}} not {{apoptosis}} (programmed cell death)
+ &nbsp; is involved in programmed cell death for normal tissue turnover
|| Correct! The nervous system and other systems undergo developmental {{apoptosis}} (programmed cell death)
- &nbsp; all of the above are correct
|| Incorrect! Some of the answers relate to {{necrosis}} not {{apoptosis}}
 
{Which of the following endocrine components originates from neural ectoderm?
|type="()"}
+ &nbsp; neurohypophysis
|| Correct! The {{neurohypophysis}} ({{posterior pituitary}}) originates from neural ectoderm.
- &nbsp; adenohypophysis
|| Incorrect! The {{adenohypophysis}} ({{anterior pituitary}}) originates from a midline surface ectoderm {{placode}} lying outside the buccopharyngeal membrane.
- &nbsp; adrenal cortex
- &nbsp; adrenal cortex
|| Incorrect!
|| Incorrect! Mesoderm origin.
- &nbsp; thyroid
- &nbsp; thyroid
|| Incorrect!
|| Incorrect! Endoderm origin.
- &nbsp; parathyroid
- &nbsp; parathyroid
|| Incorrect!
|| Incorrect! Endoderm origin.
 


{Which of the following arise from the endoderm?
{During early development, the neural tube is bent at three locations, and the pontine flexure is located in the:
|type="()"}
|type="()"}
- &nbsp; the pancreatic acinous cells
- &nbsp; telencephalon
|| Correct! But not the correct answer option to this question. All of the endocrine and exocrine structures of the {{pancreas}} are derived from endoderm.
|| Incorrect! The pontine flexure is located in the [[Neural_System_Development#Brain_Flexures|metencephalon]].  
- &nbsp; B-cells
- &nbsp; diencephalon
|| Correct! But not the correct answer option to this question. All of the endocrine and exocrine structures of the {{pancreas}} are derived from endoderm.
|| Incorrect! The pontine flexure is located in the [[Neural_System_Development#Brain_Flexures|metencephalon]].
- &nbsp; a-cells
- &nbsp; mesencephalon
|| Correct! But not the correct answer option to this question. All of the endocrine and exocrine structures of the {{pancreas}} are derived from endoderm.
|| Incorrect! The pontine flexure is located in the [[Neural_System_Development#Brain_Flexures|metencephalon]].
- &nbsp; pancreatic duct cells
+ &nbsp; metencephalon
|| Correct! But not the correct answer option to this question. All of the endocrine and exocrine structures of the {{pancreas}} are derived from endoderm.
|| Correct! The pontine flexure is located in the [[Neural_System_Development#Brain_Flexures|metencephalon]].
+ &nbsp; all of the above
- &nbsp; myelencephalon
|| Correct? All of the above endocrine and exocrine structures of the {{pancreas}} are derived from endoderm.
|| Incorrect!  The pontine flexure is located in the [[Neural_System_Development#Brain_Flexures|metencephalon]].


 
{Segmentation of the brain into functionally distinct domains is known as:
{The neural crest cells from the sympathetic ganglia migrate to form the:
|type="()"}
|type="()"}
- &nbsp; pars nervosa of the pituitary gland
- &nbsp; primary neurulation
+ &nbsp; medulla of the adrenal gland
|| Incorrect!
|| Correct! Neural crest cells from the sympathetic ganglia migrate to form the adrenal medulla.
- &nbsp; secondary neurulation
- &nbsp; follicular cells of the thyroid gland
- &nbsp; inferior parathyroids
- &nbsp; pars intermedia of the pituitary gland
 
{During fetal life the parathyroid glands:
|type="()"}
- &nbsp; contain oxyphil cells that degenerate before birth
|| Incorrect!
|| Incorrect!
+ &nbsp; contain parafollicular cells that secrete hormones to regulate
- &nbsp; primary brain vesicles
fetal calcium metabolism
|| Correct! During fetal life the parathyroid glands secrete hormones to regulate
fetal calcium metabolism.
- &nbsp; develop in situ from cervical somites
|| Incorrect!
|| Incorrect!
- &nbsp; migrate cephalically from the thymus to reach the cervical region
- &nbsp; secondary brain vesicles
|| Incorrect!
|| Incorrect!
+ &nbsp; neuromeres
|| Correct!


{The parafollicular cells of the thyroid originate from the:
{The central nervous system (CNS) cells that share lineage with monocytes are the:
|type="()"}
|type="()"}
- &nbsp; ectoderm
- &nbsp; cerebral granular cells
|| Incorrect!
|| Incorrect! Microglia cells share a lineage with monocytes.
- &nbsp; mesoderm
+ &nbsp; microglia cells
|| Incorrect!
|| Correct! Microglia cells share a lineage with monocytes.
+ &nbsp; endoderm
- &nbsp; oligodendroglia cells
|| Correct! The parafollicular cells of the thyroid originate from pharynx endoderm.
|| Incorrect! Microglia cells share a lineage with monocytes.
- &nbsp; neuroepithelium
- &nbsp; astrocytes
|| Incorrect!
|| Incorrect! Microglia cells share a lineage with monocytes.
- &nbsp; neural crest
- &nbsp; Schwann cells
|| Incorrect!
|| Incorrect! Microglia cells share a lineage with monocytes.


{Closure of the neural pores:
|type="()"}
- &nbsp; begins at the 4th somite and then progresses rostrally and caudally
|| Correct! But not the correct answer, which is all of the options.
- &nbsp; is essential for further differentiation of the neural tube
|| Correct! But not the correct answer, which is all of the options.
- &nbsp; causes formation of brain vesicles
|| Correct! But not the correct answer, which is all of the options.
- &nbsp; is influenced by the notochord
|| Correct! But not the correct answer, which is all of the options.
+ &nbsp; all of the above
|| Correct!


{Congenital suprarenal hyperplasia:
{The myelin sheath of a peripheral nerve fiber is formed by the cells that originate from:
|type="()"}
|type="()"}
- &nbsp; causes an increase in adrenal cortical hormones
- &nbsp; mesenchymal cells
|| Incorrect!
|| Incorrect! {{Schwann cell}}s are derived from {{neural crest}}.
- &nbsp; inhibits release of ACTH by the pituitary
- &nbsp; neuroblasts
|| Incorrect!
|| Incorrect! {{Schwann cell}}s are derived from {{neural crest}}.
+ &nbsp; causes masculinisation of external genitalia in female fetuses
+ &nbsp; the neural crest
|| Correct!
|| Correct! {{Schwann cell}}s are derived from {{neural crest}}.
- &nbsp; may lead to adrenal cortical insufficiency, although there is an
- &nbsp; glioblasts
|| Incorrect!
|| Incorrect! {{Schwann cell}}s are derived from {{neural crest}}.
- &nbsp; overproduction of adrenal cortical hormones
- &nbsp; primitive blood cells
|| Incorrect!
|| Incorrect! {{Schwann cell}}s are derived from {{neural crest}}.
 


{Pituitary hypoplasia may result in:
{Hydrocephaly results from:
|type="()"}
|type="()"}
- &nbsp; achondroplasia
+ &nbsp; aqueduct stenosis
|| Correct! But not the correct answer option to this question.  
|| Correct! {{hydrocephalus}} can result from aqueduct stenosis.
- &nbsp; maldevelopment of the adrenal cortex
- &nbsp; choroidal plexus papilloma
|| Correct! But not the correct answer option to this question.  
|| Incorrect! {{hydrocephalus}} can result from aqueduct stenosis.
- &nbsp; maldevelopment of the thyroid gland
- &nbsp; chronic meningitis
|| Correct! But not the correct answer option to this question.  
|| Incorrect! {{hydrocephalus}} can result from aqueduct stenosis.
- &nbsp; hypoplastic gonads
- &nbsp; hydromyelin
|| Correct! But not the correct answer option to this question.  
|| Incorrect! {{hydrocephalus}} can result from aqueduct stenosis.
+ &nbsp; all of the above
- &nbsp; subarachnoid hemorrhage
|| Correct! And the correct answer option to this question. Pituitary hypoplasia (under or incomplete development) and the associated decrease in the endocrine effects can lead to "downstream" endocrine organ abnormalities.
|| Incorrect! {{hydrocephalus}} can result from aqueduct stenosis.


 
{In spina bifida occulta:
{In congenital adrenal hypoplasia due to unresponsiveness to ACTH:
|type="()"}
|type="()"}
cthe electrolyte levels are normal
+ &nbsp; the vertebral arches in the affected area are underdeveloped but the defect is covered by the skin
|| Correct! But not the correct answer option to this question.  
|| Correct! In spina bifida occulta the vertebral arches in the affected area are underdeveloped but the defect is covered by the skin. {{ICD-11}} {{ICD11weblink}}1910019778 LB73 Structural developmental anomalies of spine or bony thorax] - {{ICD11weblink}}449489594 LB73.0 Occult spinal dysraphism]
- &nbsp; the aldosterone levels are normal
- &nbsp; the neural groove fails to close
|| Correct! But not the correct answer option to this question.  
|| Incorrect! In [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/medgen/36380 spina bifida occulta] the vertebral arches in the affected area are underdeveloped but the defect is covered by the skin. {{ICD-11}} {{ICD11weblink}}1910019778 LB73 Structural developmental anomalies of spine or bony thorax] - {{ICD11weblink}}449489594 LB73.0 Occult spinal dysraphism]
- &nbsp; the skin is hyperpigmented
- &nbsp; a cyst, containing neural tissue, leptomeninges and glial tissue, appears
|| Correct! But not the correct answer option to this question.  
|| Incorrect! In [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/medgen/36380 spina bifida occulta] the vertebral arches in the affected area are underdeveloped but the defect is covered by the skin. {{ICD-11}} {{ICD11weblink}}1910019778 LB73 Structural developmental anomalies of spine or bony thorax] - {{ICD11weblink}}449489594 LB73.0 Occult spinal dysraphism]
- &nbsp; the ACTH level is increased
- &nbsp; only the meninges are present in the cyst
|| Correct! But not the correct answer option to this question.  
|| Incorrect! In [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/medgen/36380 spina bifida occulta] the vertebral arches in the affected area are underdeveloped but the defect is covered by the skin. {{ICD-11}} {{ICD11weblink}}1910019778 LB73 Structural developmental anomalies of spine or bony thorax] - {{ICD11weblink}}449489594 LB73.0 Occult spinal dysraphism]
+ &nbsp; all of the above are correct
- &nbsp; all of the above are present
|| Correct! And the correct answer option to this question.  
|| Incorrect! In [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/medgen/36380 spina bifida occulta] the vertebral arches in the affected area are underdeveloped but the defect is covered by the skin. {{ICD-11}} {{ICD11weblink}}1910019778 LB73 Structural developmental anomalies of spine or bony thorax] - {{ICD11weblink}}449489594 LB73.0 Occult spinal dysraphism]


{Which of the following is the most correct statement concerning the '''thyroid pyramidal lobe''':
{The a-fetoprotein levels in amniotic fluid are increased in:
|type="()"}
|type="()"}
- &nbsp; is a failure of thyroid descent
- &nbsp; neural tube defects
|| Incorrect! This is lingual thyroid gland
- &nbsp; hydatidiform mole
- &nbsp; is a persistance of thyroglossal duct
- &nbsp; an omphalocele
|| Incorrect! this is a thyroglossal cyst
- &nbsp; multiple pregnancies
- &nbsp; occurs in about 1 in 3000 births
+ &nbsp; all of the above
|| Incorrect! This is the congenital hypothyroidism rate
|| Correct!
- &nbsp; is associated with neurological abnormalities
|| Incorrect! This is the congenital hypothyroidism
+ &nbsp; occurs in about 50% of people
|| Correct!  


{Endocrine disruptors are exogenous chemicals that interfere with the function of hormones. Which of the following best describes the endocrine action of "Diethylstilbestrol (DES)"?
{Intrauterine rubella infection can result in:
|type="()"}
|type="()"}
- &nbsp; Mimics to replicate the effects of natural hormones by binding receptors
- &nbsp; vascular thrombosis
|| Correct! Diethylstilbetrol (DES) mimics acts as a potent {{estrogen}} (mimics the natural hormone) and therefore a potential endocrine disruptor. DES was a drug prescribed to women from 1938-1971 to prevent miscarriage in high-risk pregnancies. In a female fetus, increased risk abnormal reproductive tract (vaginal abnormalities) and cancer. In a male fetus, abnormal genitalia.
|| Incorrect! Intrauterine {{rubella}} infection can result in {{microcephaly}}. {{ICD11}} {{ICD11weblink}}179350437 LA05.0 Microcephaly]
- &nbsp; Blocks to inhibit the binding of a hormone to receptor or hormone synthesis
- &nbsp; hydrocephaly
|| Incorrect!  
|| Incorrect! Intrauterine {{rubella}} infection can result in {{microcephaly}}. {{ICD11}} {{ICD11weblink}}179350437 LA05.0 Microcephaly]
- &nbsp; Interferes to compromise with the hormone transport or elimination
- &nbsp; purulent meningitis
|| Incorrect!  
|| Incorrect! Intrauterine {{rubella}} infection can result in {{microcephaly}}. {{ICD11}} {{ICD11weblink}}179350437 LA05.0 Microcephaly]
+ &nbsp; microcephaly
|| Correct! Intrauterine {{rubella}} infection can result in {{microcephaly}}. {{ICD11}} {{ICD11weblink}}179350437 LA05.0 Microcephaly]
- &nbsp; chorioretinitis
|| Incorrect! Intrauterine {{rubella}} infection can result in {{microcephaly}}. {{ICD11}} {{ICD11weblink}}179350437 LA05.0 Microcephaly]


</quiz>
</quiz>

Latest revision as of 22:27, 26 May 2019

Neural Development Interactive Component

Attempt the Quiz - Neural Development  
BGDsmall.jpg

Here are a few simple Quiz questions that relate to Neural development and abnormalities from the lecture. Some questions may require some additional research.

1 The process called "apoptosis":

  is a pathological form of cell death
  results from acute cellular injury
  is characterised by cell swelling and lysis
  is involved in programmed cell death for normal tissue turnover
  all of the above are correct

2 Which of the following endocrine components originates from neural ectoderm?

  neurohypophysis
  adenohypophysis
  adrenal cortex
  thyroid
  parathyroid

3 During early development, the neural tube is bent at three locations, and the pontine flexure is located in the:

  telencephalon
  diencephalon
  mesencephalon
  metencephalon
  myelencephalon

4 Segmentation of the brain into functionally distinct domains is known as:

  primary neurulation
  secondary neurulation
  primary brain vesicles
  secondary brain vesicles
  neuromeres

5 The central nervous system (CNS) cells that share lineage with monocytes are the:

  cerebral granular cells
  microglia cells
  oligodendroglia cells
  astrocytes
  Schwann cells

6 Closure of the neural pores:

  begins at the 4th somite and then progresses rostrally and caudally
  is essential for further differentiation of the neural tube
  causes formation of brain vesicles
  is influenced by the notochord
  all of the above

7 The myelin sheath of a peripheral nerve fiber is formed by the cells that originate from:

  mesenchymal cells
  neuroblasts
  the neural crest
  glioblasts
  primitive blood cells

8 Hydrocephaly results from:

  aqueduct stenosis
  choroidal plexus papilloma
  chronic meningitis
  hydromyelin
  subarachnoid hemorrhage

9 In spina bifida occulta:

  the vertebral arches in the affected area are underdeveloped but the defect is covered by the skin
  the neural groove fails to close
  a cyst, containing neural tissue, leptomeninges and glial tissue, appears
  only the meninges are present in the cyst
  all of the above are present

10 The a-fetoprotein levels in amniotic fluid are increased in:

  neural tube defects
  hydatidiform mole
  an omphalocele
  multiple pregnancies
  all of the above

11 Intrauterine rubella infection can result in:

  vascular thrombosis
  hydrocephaly
  purulent meningitis
  microcephaly
  chorioretinitis


Additional Information: