Talk:Lymph Node Development

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On this website the Discussion Tab or "talk pages" for a topic has been used for several purposes: References - recent and historic that relates to the topic Additional topic information - currently prepared in draft format Links - to related webpages Topic page - an edit history as used on other Wiki sites Lecture/Practical - student feedback Student Projects - online project discussions. Links: Pubmed Most Recent | Reference Tutorial | Journal Searches Glossary Links Glossary: A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | Numbers | Symbols | Term Link Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, May 8) Embryology Lymph Node Development. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Talk:Lymph_Node_Development

2009

Lymph sacs are not required for the initiation of lymph node formation

Vondenhoff MF, van de Pavert SA, Dillard ME, Greuter M, Goverse G, Oliver G, Mebius RE.

Development. 2009 Jan;136(1):29-34.

The lymphatic vasculature drains lymph fluid from the tissue spaces of most organs and returns it to the blood vasculature for recirculation. Before reaching the circulatory system, antigens and pathogens transported by the lymph are trapped by the lymph nodes. As proposed by Florence Sabin more than a century ago and recently validated, the mammalian lymphatic vasculature has a venous origin and is derived from primitive lymph sacs scattered along the embryonic body axis. Also as proposed by Sabin, it has been generally accepted that lymph nodes originate from those embryonic primitive lymph sacs. However, we now demonstrate that the initiation of lymph node development does not require lymph sacs. We show that lymph node formation is initiated normally in E14.5 Prox1-null mouse embryos devoid of lymph sacs and lymphatic vasculature, and in E17.5 Prox1 conditional mutant embryos, which have defective lymph sacs. However, subsequent clustering of hematopoietic cells within these developing lymph nodes is less efficient.

PMID: 19060331 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19060331

2008

Structure and function of rat lymph nodes

Arch Histol Cytol. 2008 Sep;71(2):69-76.

Ohtani O, Ohtani Y.

Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan. osmotani@med.u-toyama.ac.jp

Abstract

The lymph node comprises a critical crossroad for encounters between antigen presenting cells, antigens from lymph, and lymphocytes recruited into lymph nodes from the blood. The node consists of spaces lined with lymphatic endothelial cells and parenchyma. The former spaces can be divided into the subcapsular sinuses, lymphatic labyrinths in the deep cortex, intermediate sinuses, and medullary sinuses. The sponge-like framework of the node parenchyma is composed of collagen fibers invested with reticular cells. The parenchyma can be divided into the cortex, deep cortex, and medullary cord. Lymphocytes migrate from the node parenchyma into the lymphatic labyrinths in the deep cortex. Close to the labyrinths are high endothelial venules (HEVs), through which circulating lymphocytes enter the node parenchyma. HEVs strongly express Aquaporin-1, suggesting that HEVs are involved in the net absorption of water, but not protein, from lymph coming through afferent lymphatics. Many LYVE-1 positive sinus reticular cells (i.e., lymphatic endothelial cells) with attached macrophages form a network within the lumen of the medullary sinuses. Fluids and migrating cells arriving at the node preferentially flow through the subcapsular sinuses, intermediate sinuses, and medullary sinuses in this order. Fluids and migrating cells may also enter the cortex through gaps in the floor of the subcapsular sinuses. PMID: 18974599

1996

A developmental switch in lymphocyte homing receptor and endothelial vascular addressin expression regulates lymphocyte homing and permits CD4+ CD3- cells to colonize lymph nodes

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996 Oct 1;93(20):11019-24.

Mebius RE, Streeter PR, Michie S, Butcher EC, Weissman IL. Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305, USA.

Abstract

IN adult mice, the dominant adhesion molecules involved in homing to lymph nodes are L-selectin homing receptors on lymphocytes and the peripheral lymph node addressins on specialized high endothelial venules. Here we show that, from fetal life through the first 24 hr of life, the dominant adhesion molecules are the mucosal addressin MAdCAM-1 on lymph node high endothelial venules and its counterreceptor, the Peyer's patch homing receptor, integrin alpha 4 beta 7 on circulating cells. Before birth, 40-70% of peripheral blood leukocytes are L-selectin-positive, while only 1-2% expresses alpha 4 beta 7. However, the fetal lymph nodes preferentially attract alpha 4 beta 7-expressing cells, and this can be blocked by fetal administration of anti-MAdCAM-1 antibodies. During fetal and early neonatal life, when only MAdCAM-1 is expressed on high endothelial venules, an unusual subset of CD4 + CD3- cells, exclusively expressing alpha 4 beta 7 as homing receptors, enters the lymph nodes. Beginning 24 hr after birth a developmental switch occurs, and the peripheral node addressins are upregulated on high endothelial venules in peripheral and mesenteric lymph nodes. This switch in addressin expression facilitates tissue-selective lymphocyte migration and mediates a sequential entry of different cell populations into the lymph nodes. PMID: 8855301

1981

Vascular architecture of thymus and lymph nodes, blood vessels, transmural passage of lymphocytes, and cell-interactions

Scan Electron Microsc. 1981;(Pt 3):89-98.

Irino S, Takasugi N, Murakami T.

Abstract

Postcapillary or high-endothelial venules were preferentially distributed at the cortico-medullary junction of the thymus. In the lymph nodes these venules were located in he paracortical area between cortex and medulla. The venules in the thymus were surrounded by the so-called perivascular spaces, while those in the lymph nodes were not clearly surrounded by this space. The walls of the thymus venules were fenestrated. The reticular sheets surrounding the perivascular spaces were also fenestrated. These fenestrations facilitated the transmural passage of thymocytes through the vessels. In the lymph nodes where the venules had few fenestrations, lymphocytes in transmural passages were usually suspended between the high- endothelial cells. The macrophages were preferentially located in reticular meshes of the paracortical areas, and most of these cells were in contact with lymphocytes. This might indicate that the paracortical areas are the main interaction sites of lymph node lymphocytes and macrophages. Observations on the casted samples are also reported.

PMID: 7330596 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7330596

1975

Ontogeny of human fetal lymph nodes

Am J Anat. 1975 Jan;142(1):15-27.

Bailey RP, Weiss L.

Abstract

Developing lymph nodes from 30 human embryos and fetuses with crown-rump lengths (CRL) of 18 mm (5.6 wk) to 245 mm (26 wk) were examined by light microscopy. The nodes were embedded in araldite, and the sections examined were approximately 1 mu in thickness. The development of nodes was divided into three stages: 1. the lymphatic plexus and connective tissue invagination (30 mm to 67 mm CRL); 2. the early fetal lymph node (43 mm to ,5 mm CRL); and 3. the late fetal lymph node (CRL greater than 75 mm). The lymphatic plexus was formed by connective tissue invaginations and bridges which divided a lymph sac into a meshwork of channels and spaces. Connective tissue invaginations were endothelially-lined and were surrounded by lymphatic space. Reticular cells, macrophages, and blood vessels were found in these invaginations. Early fetal lymph nodes were formed from invaginations when the cellular density and lymphocyte content increased. The lymphatic space surrounding the early node was the developing subcapsular sinus. With further development the early node became packed with lymphocytes, increasing the cellular density and size of the node. The connective tissue surrounding the subcapsular sinus condensed to form the capsule. Afferent lymphatic vessels pierced the capsule. Capillaries, veins, postcapillary venules, and occasional arteries were found in early and late nodes.

PMID: 1167215 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1167215

Light and electron microscopic studies of postcapillary venules in developing human fetal lymph nodes

Am J Anat. 1975 May;143(1):43-58.

Bailey RP, Weiss L.

Abstract

Developing lymph nodes from 30 human fetuses with crownrump lengths (CRL) of 38 mm (8.7 wk) to 245 mm (26 wk) were studied by light and electron microscopy. Blood vessels that appear to be postcapillary venules (PCV) are present in nodes of 47 mm CRL and older fetuses. These venules first appear in nodes whehn the nodal population of lymphocytes is sparse. In these early nodes PCV are distributed randomly and consist of a low endothelium, underlying basal lamina and incomplete pericyte sheath. Early nodal PCV are distinguised from other nodal blood vessels by the presence of lymphocyte diapedesis and several luminal lymphocytes. In the late stages of nodal development PCV are the more common non-capillary blood vessel and appear in the parenchyma near the periphery of the node. Late nodal PCV are generally characterized by a cuboidal endothelium that is rich in Golgi apparatus, lysosomes and Weibel-Palade bodies. The lumen and wall of late nodal PCV contain lymphocytes. The relationship between the development of the parenchyma of fetal nodes and the appearance and activity of PCV, the passage of lymphocytes through the PCV wall and the fine structure of developing PCV are described. It is suggested that the lymphocytes that first appear in developing nodes, and the majority of the lymphocytes found in late nodes, migrate to the node via the blood vascular system and enter the nodal parenchyma by passing across PCV endothelium.

PMID: 165702 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/165702

1971

Ultrastructure of the normal lymph node.

Am J Pathol. 1971 Oct;65(1):1-24.

Nopajaroonsri C, Luk SC, Simon GT.

Abstract The "normal" lymph node has been studied by electron microscopy. The lymphoid tissue can be divided into three distinct zones. Zone 1 consists of loosely arranged cells surrounding the lymphatic sinuses and blood vessels. This is the only zone in which plasma cells are present. Zone 2 is surrounded by zone 1 and consists of compactly arranged cells in which lymphocytes predominate. Zone 3 (germinal center) appears only after antigenic stimulation. It is characterized by large, ribosome-rich cells and macrophages containing phagocytosed lymphocytes. These zones are arranged with their longest diameters pointing towards the hilus. Zone 1 is the longest and extends across the cortex, paracortex and medulla. Zone 2 spans across cortex and paracortex. Zone 3 usually is confined to the cortex. Our preliminary studies indicate that zone 1 is mainly bursal dependent, zone 2 is mainly thymic dependent and zone 3 is bursal dependent.

PMID: 5096365

Immunobiology Textbook

Immunobiology 5th edition The Immune System in Health and Disease Charles A Janeway, Jr, Paul Travers, Mark Walport, and Mark J Shlomchik.

Part I. An Introduction to Immunobiology and Innate Immunity

• Chapter 1. Basic Concepts in Immunology
  • The components of the immune system
    • Figure 1.3 All the cellular elements of blood, including the lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system, arise from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow
    • Figure 1.4 Myeloid cells in innate and adaptive immunity
    • Figure 1.5 Lymphocytes are mostly small and inactive cells
    • Figure 1.6 Natural killer (NK) cells
    • Figure 1.7 The distribution of lymphoid tissues in the body
    • Figure 1.8 Organization of a lymph node
    • Figure 1.9 Organization of the lymphoid tissues of the spleen
    • Figure 1.10 Organization of typical gut-associated lymphoid tissue
    • Figure 1.11 Circulating lymphocytes encounter antigen in peripheral lymphoid organs
  • Summary to Chapter 1

Part III. The Development of Mature Lymphocyte Receptor Repertoires

• Chapter 7. The Development and Survival of Lymphocytes
  • Generation of lymphocytes in bone marrow and thymus
    • Figure 7.3 The early stages of B-cell development are dependent on bone marrow stromal cells
    • Figure 7.5 The development of a B-lineage cell proceeds through several stages marked by the rearrangement and expression of the immunoglobulin genes
    • Figure 7.7 The cellular organization of the human thymus
    • Figure 7.13Thymocytes at different developmental stages are found in distinct parts of the thymus
  • Survival and maturation of lymphocytes in peripheral lymphoid tissues
  • Summary to Chapter 7

Links: Blue Histology - Lymph Nodes