Talk:Endocrine - Other Tissues
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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, May 7) Embryology Endocrine - Other Tissues. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Talk:Endocrine_-_Other_Tissues |
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Note - This sub-heading shows an automated computer PubMed search using the listed sub-heading term. References appear in this list based upon the date of the actual page viewing. Therefore the list of references do not reflect any editorial selection of material based on content or relevance. In comparison, references listed on the content page and discussion page (under the publication year sub-headings) do include editorial selection based upon relevance and availability. (More? Pubmed Most Recent)
Adipose Embryology
<pubmed limit=5>Adipose Embryology</pubmed>
2015
2014
An updated view of leptin on implantation and pregnancy: a review
Physiol Res. 2014;63(5):543-57. Epub 2014 Jun 5.
Herrid M1, Palanisamy SK, Ciller UA, Fan R, Moens P, Smart NA, McFarlane JR.
Abstract
The hormone leptin, which is thought to be primarily produced by adipose tissue, is a polypeptide that was initially characterized by its ability to regulate food intake and energy metabolism. Leptin appears to signal the status of body energy stores to the brain, resulting in the regulation of food intake and whole-body energy expenditure. Subsequently, it was recognized as a cytokine with a wide range of peripheral actions and is involved in the regulation of a number of physiological systems including reproduction. In the fed state, leptin circulates in the plasma in proportion to body adiposity in all species studied to date. However other factors such as sex, age, body mass index (BMI), sex steroids and pregnancy may also affect leptin levels in plasma. In pregnant mice and humans, the placenta is also a major site of leptin expression. Leptin circulates in biological fluids both as free protein and in a form that is bound to the soluble isoform of its receptor or other binding proteins such as one of the immunoglobulin superfamily members Siglec-6 (OB-BP1). Although the actions of leptin in the control of reproductive function are thought to be exerted mainly via the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, there have also been reports of local direct effects of leptin at the peripheral level, however, these data appear contradictory. Therefore, there is a need to summarize the current status of research outcomes and analyze the possible reasons for differing results and thus provide researchers with new insight in designing experiments to investigate leptin effect on reproduction. Most importantly, our recent experimental data suggesting that reproductive performance is improved by decreasing concentrations of peripheral leptin was unexpected and cannot be explained by hypotheses drawn from the experiments of excessive exogenous leptin administration to normal animals or ob/ob mice.
PMID 24908087
| Leptin effects on female reproduction | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Target Tissue | Biological Process | Biological Function | Mechanism |
| Hypothalamus | GnRH secretion | Regulation of LH and FSH secretion | Indirectly via kisspeptin |
| Pituitary | Estrous cycles and ovulation | FSH and LH release; LH plasticity and cyclicity | |
| Ovary | Ovarian steroidogenesis | Estrogen production | P450 aromatase; P450-17α hydroxylase |
| Ovary | Folliculogenesis | Low leptin promotes follicle development | Promotes the transition of primordial to primary follicles |
| Embryo | Embryogenesis | Biophysical effect on embryo growth and quality | Stimulates proliferation |
| Uterus | Angiogenesis | Stimulates metalloproteinase activity | Inhibits terminal differentiation of committed giant cells |
| Table from:<pubmed>24908087</pubmed> | |||
Adipokines and the Female Reproductive Tract
Int J Endocrinol. 2014;2014:232454. Epub 2014 Feb 18.
Reverchon M, Ramé C, Bertoldo M, Dupont J.
Abstract
It is well known that adipose tissue can influence puberty, sexual maturation, and fertility in different species. Adipose tissue secretes molecules called adipokines which most likely have an endocrine effect on reproductive function. It has been revealed over the last few years that adipokines are functionally implicated at all levels of the reproductive axis including the gonad and hypothalamic-pituitary axis. Many studies have shown the presence and the role of the adipokines and their receptors in the female reproductive tract of different species. These adipokines regulate ovarian steroidogenesis, oocyte maturation, and embryo development. They are also present in the uterus and placenta where they could create a favorable environment for embryonic implantation and play a key role in maternal-fetal metabolism communication and gestation. Reproductive functions are strongly dependent on energy balance, and thereby metabolic abnormalities can lead to the development of some pathophysiologies such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Adipokines could be a link between reproduction and energy metabolism and could partly explain some infertility related to obesity or PCOS.
PMID: 24695544
2012
The fat controller: adipocyte development
PLoS Biol. 2012 Nov;10(11):e1001436. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001436. Epub 2012 Nov 27.
Stephens JM. Source Adipocyte Biology Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America.
Abstract
Obesity is a condition characterized by excess adipose tissue that results from positive energy balance and is the most common metabolic disorder in the industrialized world. The obesity epidemic shows no sign of slowing, and it is increasingly a global problem. Serious clinical problems associated with obesity include an increased risk for type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis, and cancer. Hence, understanding the origin and development of adipocytes and adipose tissue will be critical to the analysis and treatment of metabolic diseases. Historically, albeit incorrectly, adipocytes were thought to be inert cells whose singular function was lipid storage. It is now known that adipocytes have other critical functions; the most important include sensitivity to insulin and the ability to produce and secrete adipocyte-specific endocrine hormones that regulate energy homeostasis in other tissues. Today, adipocytes are recognized as critical regulators of whole-body metabolism and known to be involved in the pathogenesis of a variety of metabolic diseases. All cells come from other cells and many cells arise from precursor cells. Adipocytes are not created from other adipocytes, but they arise from precursor cells. In the last two decades, scientists have discovered the function of many proteins that influence the ability of precursor cells to become adipocytes. If the expansion of the adipose tissue is the problem, it seems logical that adipocyte development inhibitors could be a viable anti-obesity therapeutic. However, factors that block adipocyte development and limit adipocyte expansion also impair metabolic health. This notion may be counterintuitive, but several lines of evidence support the idea that blocking adipocyte development is unhealthy. For this reason it is clear that we need a better understanding of adipocyte development.
PMID 23209380
http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1001436
2011
Concepts of neuroendocrine cardiology and neuroendocrine immunology, chemistry and biology of signal molecules
Neurochem Res. 2010 Dec;35(12):2001-17. Epub 2010 Nov 3.
Galoyan A. HKh Buniatian Institute of Biochemistry, NAS RA, 5/1 Sevak Str, Yerevan 0014, Armenia. galoyan@sci.am
Abstract Discovery of neurosecretion of cardioactive neurohormones produced by hypothalamic nuclei (NSO and NPV), as well as the biosynthesis of several immunomodulators (signal molecules of the neuroendocrine immune system of brain), deciphering of their chemical structure and study of their biological properties led to the foundation of two important trends of neurobiology: neuroendocrine immunology and cardiology. Hormone formation by atrium ganglionary nerve cells and auriculum establishment of neurohumoral interactions between hypothalamic and atrium neurosecretion indicated the existence of the system neuroendocrine hypothalamus--endocrine heart. Study of their biological properties promoted creation of powerful neurohormonal preparations for the treatment of immune, cardio-vascular, neurodegenerative, infectious and tumor diseases. Concepts suggested by us on neuroendocrine cardiology and immunology, create large perspectives for development of the theory and its implementation in medicine. PMID 21042849
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