Immune System - Antibody Development: Difference between revisions

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Embryology - 26 Apr 2024 Expand to Translate
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Introduction

Lymphatic vessel development^[1]

Developing Human Thymus (stage 22)

Development of the immune system will also link to cardiovascular development notes (blood and vessel) and bone marrow development. Two organs which also relate to this system are the thymus and spleen, which have in the past been included in endocrine and gastrointestinal tract development respectively. There are now also movies showing lymphocyte (B and T cells) traffic within adult lymph nodes.

During prenatal development, maternal IgG antibodies are transferred from about week 13 (GA) across the placenta, from the maternal lacunae syncytiotrophoblast cell endosomes bind IgG through neonatal Fc receptors.

Historic Embryology
1909 Lymph glands \| 1912 Development of the Lymphatic System \| 1918 Gray's Lymphatic Images \| 1916 Pig Lymphatics \| 1919 Chicken Lymphatic \| 1921 Spleen \| 1922 Pig Stomach Lymphatics \| 1932 Cat Pharyngeal Tonsil \| Historic Disclaimer

Some Recent Findings

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2011 Bruce A. Beutler and Jules A. Hoffmann for their discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity and the other half to Ralph M. Steinman for his discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity.
Regulation of lymphatic-blood vessel separation by endothelial Rac1.^[2] "Sprouting angiogenesis and lymphatic-blood vessel segregation both involve the migration of endothelial cells, but the precise migratory molecules that govern the decision of blood vascular endothelial cells to segregate into lymphatic vasculature are unknown."
The development of intestinal lymphoid tissues at the interface of self and microbiota^[3] "(postnatal) Intestinal lymphoid tissues face the challenging task of inducing adaptive immunity to pathogens, yet maintaining homeostasis with the enormous commensal microbiota. To that aim, the ancient partnership between self and flora has resulted in the generation of a unique set of lymphoid tissues capable of constant large-scale reformatting. A first set of lymphoid tissues, the mesenteric lymph nodes and Peyer's patches, are programmed to develop in the sterile environment of the fetus, whereas a second set of lymphoid tissues, the tertiary lymphoid tissues, are induced to form by the microbiota and inflammation."
Ordering human CD34+CD10-CD19+ pre/pro-B-cell and CD19- common lymphoid progenitor stages in two pro-B-cell development pathways.^[4]"Here, we show a similar divergence in human B-cell development pathways between the Pax5(+)TdT(-) pre/pro-B differentiation pathway that gives rise to infant B-lineage leukemias and the early-B pathway."
Epithelial cells in fetal intestine produce chemerin to recruit macrophages.^[5] "Macrophages are first seen in the fetal intestine at 11-12 wk and rapidly increase in number during the 12- to 22-wk period of gestation. The development of macrophage populations in the fetal intestine precedes the appearance of lymphocytes and neutrophils and does not require the presence of dietary or microbial antigens."
Ontogeny of reticular framework of white pulp and marginal zone in human spleen: immunohistochemical studies of fetal spleens from the 17th to 40th week of gestation. ^[6] "The reticular framework of the periarteriolar lymphoid sheath (PALS), lymph follicle (LF), and marginal zone (MZ) is thus heterogeneous in the fetal spleen, and the development of the heterogeneity is related to the ontogeny of the PALS, LF, and MZ."

Recent References | References

T Lymphocyte Development

A study of cord blood from 19 early second and third trimester fetuses (GA 18-36 weeks) and 16 term newborns (GA 37-42 weeks).^[7]

Percentage of lymphocytes in fetal white blood cells was 79.3%, reducing to 40% by term birth
- higher than that of adults.
Mononuclear cells (cord blood mononuclear cells (CBMC)
fetal mononuclear cells were unable to produce IL-2, IL-4 or IFN-gamma.
spontaneously secreted IL-10, IL-6 and TNF-alpha in vitro.
fail to respond to mitogen (PHA) or allogeneic stimulation in vitro.
- Stimulation with PHA up-regulated the production of IL-10, IL-6 and TNF-alpha substantially.
- CD3+ T cells in fetal (40.1%) and neonatal (42.4%)
- lower than that of men (59.6%) and pregnant women (53.6%).
CD8+ T cells (9.5%)
gamma delta - T cells (0.5%)
NK cells (4.8%)

Maternal Antibodies

During prenatal development, maternal antibodies are transferred across the placenta to the fetus. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is transferred across the syncytiotrophoblast cell layer is mediated by the Neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn). Once inside placental villi, immunoglobulins then need to enter fetal circulation by crossing the second cellular endothelial cell layer by an as yet unknown mechanism.

During postnatal development, maternal antibodies are transferred by maternal milk across the neonatal gastrointestinal tract epithelium.

Links: Placenta Development | Milk

Histology

The images below are from adult immune Lymph Nodes.

Lymph Node - Subcapsular sinus = marginal sinus
Rabbit Lymph Node
Rabbit Lymph Node
Lymph Node - medullary sinuses and medullary cords
Lymph Node - high endothelial venules
Lymph Node - macrophages

Immune Cells

Human natural killer cells (NK) - originate from CD34(+) hematopoietic progenitor cells.

Adult Lymphocyte Histology

T and B Lymphocytes TEM
T and B Lymphocytes TEM
B lymphocytes TEM
B lymphocyte TEM
B lymphocyte TEM
B lymphocyte TEM
B lymphocyte SEM
Plasma Cell TEM
T2 Lymphocyte TEM
T2 Lymphocyte TEM
lymphocyte rosettes SEM
T lymphocyte SEM
T lymphocyte SEM
T lymphocyte SEM
T lymphocyte SEM
T lymphocyte SEM
T lymphocyte SEM

References

↑ <pubmed>19138383</pubmed>| PMC2646268 | Genome Biology
↑ <pubmed>19906871</pubmed>
↑ <pubmed>19741595</pubmed>
↑ <pubmed>20231472</pubmed>
↑ <pubmed>19443732</pubmed>
↑ <pubmed>19255788</pubmed>
↑ <pubmed>12165087</pubmed>

Reviews

Articles

Search Pubmed

Search Pubmed: Antibody%20 Fetal Antibody | Embryo Immune System Development

Glossary Links

Glossary: A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | Numbers | Symbols | Term Link

Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, April 26) Embryology Immune System - Antibody Development. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Immune_System_-_Antibody_Development

What Links Here?

[1] <pubmed>19138383</pubmed>| PMC2646268 | Genome Biology

[2] <pubmed>19906871</pubmed>

[3] <pubmed>19741595</pubmed>

[4] <pubmed>20231472</pubmed>

[5] <pubmed>19443732</pubmed>

[6] <pubmed>19255788</pubmed>

[7] <pubmed>12165087</pubmed>

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