Book - Aids to Embryology (1948) 14
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Baxter JS. Aids to Embryology. (1948) 4th Edition, Bailliere, Tindall And Cox, London.
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Chapter XIV The Transmission Of Hereditary Characters
Every potential individual, that is, every fertilised ovum, commences development with a complement of hereditary factors (genes) derived from both parents at the time of union of the germ cells in fertilisation. These inherited factors operate during development, both before and after birth, to produce an individual resembling the parents. The environment, both prenatal and post-natal, may influence some of these hereditary characters and modify them, but there are certain characters which cannot be affected by the environment and hence are said to be determined at fertilisation. Examples of these are the blood group to which the person belongs and the colour of the eyes. The study of these hereditary factors, and the laws which govern their transmission from parents to offspring, is known as the science of genetics.
HEREDITARY CHARACTERS 169
Genetic laws are fundamentally the same for plants
and animals, and since many generations of plants and
lower animals can be investigated in a relatively
short period of time, the study of genetics has largely
been based on them. In addition, certain forms
possess chromosomes particularly favourable to the
genetic analysis of experimental procedures. But
in all cases where genetic laws have been tested in
lower forms they have been found applicable to
human hereditary.
Parent ^ Tfc\l (T) "H Dw&rf (d)
fj. AU hybrid Tidls (Td)
1 ^ l
Td
Td
Hybrid Tidls
dd
Pure Dvj&rfs
1 1 1 r
Td Td dd TT
1
i
d Td dd
k dd
All Pure
Ow^ris
y IG< 42 . — Schematic Table showing Mendelian Inheritance AS APPLIED TO TALL AND DWARF PEAS.
T = tall ; d = dwarf.
The fundamental genetic laws are based on the
experiments of Mendel (1866) on garden peas. Mendel
studied the inheritance of a number of characters of
this form, of which tallness and dwarfness may be
taken as a typical example. If a tall pea and a
dwarf pea were cross-fertilised and the resultant
peas planted, all of the plants that grew from them
were tall. These he called the first filial generation
(Fj). These tall cross-bred plants were allowed to
produce peas by self-fertilisation, and when such
were sown the second filial generation (F a ) showed
some plants that were tall and some that were dwarf,
AIDS TO EMBRYOLOGY
170
in the proportion of three tall to one dwarf. Peas derived from self-fertilisation of each of the dwarf plants were then sown, and they produced dwarf plants only ; seed from some of the self -fertilised tall plants produced both tall and dwarf offspring, in the proportion of three tall to one dwarf ; the remainder of the seed from the tall plants produced nothing but tall offspring in the third (F s ) generation (see Fig. 42 for details).
From these experiments it is clear that an attempt was being made by nature to separate the original pure characters of tallness and dwarfness in the
Parents
— Y
+ dd
4
P&rent G&mefes
T
»
d
j 1
F 1
.Td
Fj. Q&metes
_T.
d. T. d.
F t T ~ v7~ 1 ' >
F * TT. Td. Td. dd.
Fig. 43. — Schematic Table to show Segregation of the Tall and Dwarf Genes in the Gametes of Peas.
T = tall ; d = dwarf.
parent stock from the hybrids. This is known as the law of segregation. The character of tallness, which was found in the F x generation, is known as a dominant character since it overshadows the recessive character of dwarfness. These characters are known to be caused by certain elements on the maternal and paternal chromosomes called genes.
Consideration of Fig. 43 will indicate how these dominant and recessive factors become separated out during breeding. The parent stock possessed either the character of tallness or dwarfness in pure form, that is, when self -fertilised they always bred true. The first filial generation (Fj) were all tall since the
HEREDITARY CHARACTERS 171
gene for dwarfness was present but masked by the dominant tall (T) gene. The gametes (sex cells) of the Fj generation contained the genes for tallness and dwarfness in equal numbers so that when such plants were self-fertilised the dominant T gene would be present in three out of four of the offspring and they would all be tall plants. In one out of the four, two d (dwarfness) genes would be present and hence these plants would be dwarfs, and on further selffertilisation would continue to breed truly dwarf. One of the three tall plants would contain only genes for tallness and so on self-fertilisation it would continue to breed true for the character of tallness. The remaining two tall plants contained Td genes, and further inbreeding of them would result in the formation of dominant and recessive forms in the ratio of three dominant to one recessive.
In human genetics there are certain clear-cut cases of inheritance due to dominant factors. Examples of these are congenital brachydactyly, syndactyly, and congenital night blindness. Also black hair colour is dominant over brown hair colour, and so is brown iris colour over blue.
Mendelian laws have been applied to animals and they have been found to hold equally good for them. For example, the colour of the ordinary brownishgrey wild mouse is due to bands of pigment in its hair ; black at the base and yellow at the tip. This is known as “ agouti †colouration. But in fancy mice there is a variety in which the hair appears black, due to the absence of the yellow tip to the hair. If a pure agouti mouse is crossed with a black or non-agouti, the offspring at Fj are all agouti in colour — that is, the agouti factor is dominant over the non-agouti, which is the recessive factor. If however these hybrids are inbred, the F 2 generation comes out as 25 per cent, pure agouti, 50 per cent.
172
AIDS TO EMBRYOLOGY
hybrid agouti, and 25 per cent, pure non-agouti.
This shows the Mendelian ratio of 1 : 2 : 1.
In both the agouti (A) and the non-agouti (b) mice there is a variety with straight hair (S) and a variety with wavy hair (w). If a non-agouti wavy mouse (bw) be crossed with an agouti straight mouse (AS), the F! animals will be agouti straight (AbSw) since A is dominant over b, and S over w. Then if these F x hybrids are inbred the genes will be segregated out as follows :
Agouti straight (AS)
Agouti wavy (Aw)
Non-agouti straight (bS)
Non-agouti wavy (bw) .
9
3
3
1
In these experiments two new types have been
produced — the agouti wavy and the non-agouti
straight. The combinations of dominant and recessive characters which have produced these adult
forms are shown in Fig. 44. It will be seen that the
AbSw hybrids gave rise to four gametes in equal
numbers :
AS : Aw : bS : bw.
These combinations take place in the ova as well as
in the spermatozoa and since every kind of ovum is
likely to be fertilised by any kind of spermatozoon,
there are 4 s = 16 possible combinations yielding 9
agouti straight, 3 non-agouti straight, 3 agouti wavy
and 1 non-agouti wavy. The several genes of the
cross are being segregated out as is shown in Fig. 44.
This rule holds good for other possible combinations.
The blood groups A, B, AB and O are transmitted from parents to offspring in accordance with Mendelian laws. The principles involved may be briefly stated as follows :
When red blood corpuscles of one animal species
173
HEREDITARY CHARACTERS
are mixed with the serum of another species they
become clumped together or agglutinated. There is
in the serum a substance (an agglutinin) which
AS
Aw
bS
bw
Sperms
" J t
A5
A A 55
Pure Agouti.
^ure
Straight.
AASw Pure Agouti. Hybrid Straight.
AbS5
Hybrid Agouti.
Pure
Straight.
AbSw Hybrid Agouti, | Hybrid
Straight. I
Aw
A A5w
Pure Agouti. Hybrid
Straight.
AAww
Pure Agouti. Pure Wave.
AbSw
Hybrid Agouti. Hybrid Straight.
Abww 1 Hybrid j
Agouti.
Pure Wave. #
bS
AbSS
Hybrid Agouti .
Pure
Straight.
AbSw
4
Hybrid
Agouti.
Hybrid
Straight.
bbSS
Pure
Mon Agouti . Pure
Straight.
bbSw
Pure
Mon Agouti . Hybrid Str&igW t .
bw
Ab Sw
Hybrid Agouti . Hybrid Straight.
Abww
Hybrid Agout i .
Pure
Wave
bbSw
Pure
Non Agouti . Hybrid Straight.
bbw w
Pure
Non Agouti.
Pure
Wave.
F IG . 44. — Schematic Table to show the possible Com
BINATIONS OF THE GENES FOR STRAIGHT HAIR, WAVY
Hair, Agouti Colour and Non-Agouti Colour in Mice. A = agouti ; S = straight ; b = non-agouti ; w - wavy.
attaches itself to an agglutinable substance (agglutinogen) in the red cells and clumping occurs. In man, blood cannot be transfused from one person to another unless the two bloods are compatible. The important factor is the agglutinogen in the red
174
AIDS TO EMBRYOLOGY
cells of the donor ; if that is incompatible with the
agglutinin in the recipient’s serum, serious consequences will result in transfusion. From the standpoint of heredity the A and the B agglutinogen
factors are dominant over the O factor. If a child’s
blood belongs to either group A or B one or other of
its parents must have blood belonging to such a
group.
Genes do not always act in the relatively simple manner just described. There may be incomplete
Parents
XhY
[H&emopluVic
Daughter free from
disease but CAN
TRANSMIT.
XbX?
Marries
Son free from
® AY disease but
CANNOT TRANSMIT,
normd male.XY
XkY <?
T
XwX?
~~\ —
XX?
“1
XY o* *
fUemophi'ic Son. Daughter free Normal Daughter. Normal Son.
from disease but CA N
TRANSMIT.
Fig. 45. — Schematic Table to show the Transmission of
HAEMOPHILIAC GENES THROUGH THREE GENERATIONS.
X, female chromosome with non-haemophiliac gene ; Xh, female chromosome with haemophiliac gene ; Y, normal male
chromosome.
action of a gene or there may be a lethal gene present. An example of the latter is the disease in man called Huntingdon’s chorea. Here the disease appears first about 35 years of age and the patient rarely lives longer than ten to twelve years after that time. The carrier is eventually killed by his or her predisposition to the disease but only after he or she has passed on the lethal gene to the offspring.
Sex-linked characters are important in certain rare diseases such as haemophilia. The factor here is
175
HEREDITARY CHARACTERS
transmitted on an X chromosome. If a haemophiliac male marries a normal unrelated female all their daughters must necessarily receive one haemophiliac X chromosome from the father and a normal X chromosome from the mother. The sons all receive a normal Y chromosome from the father and a normal X chromosome from the mother. They therefore do not suffer from the disease, nor can they transmit it to their offspring. But the daughters all have a haemophilac X chromosome, and they will necessarily transmit the disease to 50 per cent, of their sons after marriage with a normal male.
APPENDIX
OSSIFICATION TIMES
The ossification periods have been widely studied, but the work of Hess (i9 2 3)> although differing in some respects from that usually given in textbooks on osteology, is now recognized as being the most accurate series of observations at present available. These observations may be summarized as follows :
7th week : Mandible, diaphysis of clavicle.
8th week : Diaphysis of humerus, radius, and ulna. 9th week : The terminal phalanges, the 2nd and 3rd basal phalanges, and the 2nd and 3rd metacarpal bones of the hand ; the ilium ; the 2nd and 3rd metatarsals, and the terminal phalanges of the foot bones.
10th week : 1st rib, and the 4th and 1st basal phalanges of the hand.
10th to 12th week : 4th, 5th, and 1st metatarsals.
176 AIDS TO EMBRYOLOGY
nth to 1 2th week : The basal phalanx of the 5th digit, and the middle phalanges of the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th digits of the hand.
13th to 14th week : All the remaining metatarsals and the phalanges of the foot except the last phalanx of the 5th digit.
13th to 1 6th week : The middle phalanx of the 5th finger.
1 6th to 17th week : Descending ramus of ischium.
17th to 20th week : Odontoid process of axis.
2 1st to 24th week : Sternum.
2 1st to 28th week : Descending ramus of pubis.
2 1st to 29th week : Calcaneus (os calcis).
24th to 32nd week : Talus (astragalus).
33rd to 36th week : Last phalanx of the 5th digit of foot.
35th to 48th week : Distal epiphysis of femur, and occasionally the proximal epiphysis of tibia.
The wide variation in these figures might be accounted for by the statement of Pryor (1927), that
ossification begins at an earlier date in female foetuses
than in the male.
INDEX
Accessory tubercle of pinna, 74
Acoustico-facial complex, 71
Acrocephaly, 167
Acrosome, 3
Adrenal gland, 61
Alimentary canal, 75
Allantois, 34, 141, 142
Amnion, 15, 32
Amnio tic cavity, 15, 16
fluid, 33
Amastia, 43
Anencephaly, 59
Angiogenesis, 34
Aorta, branches of, 114
coarctation of, 118
Aortic arches, 109
trunk, 105
Appendicular skeleton, 166 Appendix, 92 Artery or arteries, axial, lower limb, 116 femoral, 116 intersegmental, 113 pulmonary, 117 radial, 115 ulnar, 115 of upper limb, 115 anomalies of, 118 development of, 116 Atresia, of aorta, 108 intestinal, 93 of pulmonary artery, 108 Atria, development of, 104 Atrio-ventricular bundle, 106 Auditory apparatus, development of, 73 Auditory nerve, 71 ossicles, 74
Autonomic nervous system, 61 Axial skeleton, 161
Bicornuate uterus, 151
Bipartite uterus, 151
Bladder, development of, 143
Blastocyst, 14
Blood cells, 130
Body stalk, 99
Bone, histogensis of, 159
Bony labyrinth, 72
Bowman’s capsule, 140
Brain, development of, 58
Branchial arch arteries, 109
Branchio-motor cells, 52
Breast, anomalies of, 43
Buccopharyngeal membrane,
36, 75
Bulbus cordis, 100
Caecum, 90, 92
Canal of Schlemm, 66
Cardiogenic area, 100
Carotid body, 112
sinus, 1 12
Central nervous system, anomalies of, 59 Cerebral aqueduct, 53 commissures, 56 cortex, 57 Cervix, 148 Chorion, 29, 99 frondosum, 31 laeve, 31 Choroid, 66 Chromaffin cells, 61 Chromosomes, 9 Circulation, at birth, 128 foetal, 128
Circulatory system, 99 Cleft palate, 86 sternum, 167
Clitoris, hypertrophy of, 155 Cloaca, 1 41 persistent, 144 Cloacal membrane, 75 Club-foot, congenital, 167 Coarctation of aorta, 118 Cochlea, 71, 73
Coelom, extra-embryonic, 19 Coelomic cavities, 132 Coloboma, congenital, 67 Colon, 92 Cornea, 66 Corona radiata, 8 Coronary sinus, 105
1 77
12
AIDS TO EMBRYOLOGY
178
Corpus albicans, 21 callosum, 57 luteum, 20, 21 striatum, 56 Corti, organ of, 72 Cotyledons, 31 Crista acoustica, 71 Cyclopia, 68
Cystic kidney, congenital, 140 Cuvier, duct of, 119
Deafness, congenital, 74 Decidua capsularis, 29, 31 Deciduous teeth, 80 Dental fibrils of Tomes, 81 papilla, 80 Dextrocardia, 108 Diencephalon, 48, 53 Dorsal aorta, branches of, 112 Double heart, 108 Ductus arteriosus, no persistence of, 118 Ductus reuniens, 71 Duodenal stenosis, 93 Duodenum, 91 Dura mater, 58 Dwarfism, 167
Dysostosis cleido-cranialis, 167
Ear, anomalies of, 74 Ectoderm, 35, 3 8 Ectopia testis, 153 vesicae, 144 Embryo, 15 age of, 38 Embryonic axis, 1 7 disc, 17 mesoderm, 18 Encephalocoele, 59 Endochondrial ossification, 159 Entoderm, 35, 3 8 Epibranchial placodes, 7 5 Epididymis, duct of, 146 Epiglottis, 99 Epispadias, 155 Epoophoron, 148 Eye, 63
congenital cystic, 68 development of, 67 Eyelids, 66
Face, 77
anomalies of, 85 Facial cleft, oblique, 86 Femoral artery, 116 Fertilization, 24 Foetal age, estimation of, 39 Foetal circulation, 128 Follicular atresia, 8, 20 Follicle stimulating hormone, 20, 23 Foramen, caecum, 79 of Majendie, 52 ovale, 108
patent interventricular, 108
Gall bladder, 94
Gartner, duct of, 148
Genitalia, female, 154
male, 153
Genetics, 169
Genital glands, descent
of, 151
Genital glands and ducts, 144 Genital system, anomalies of, 151
development of, 150 Genitals external, 154 Germinal epithelium, 5 Gigantism, 167 Glaucoma, congenital, 68 Glycogen, 23 Gonads, 151 Graffian follicle, 6 Gubemaculum, 15 1 Gut, fore, 75 hind, 75 mid, 75 primitive, 87 Gynaecomastia, 43
Haemocytoblasts, 131
Hair, 41
Hare lip, 86
Haploid number, 13
Heart, 100
anomalies of, 108 development of, 107 valves, 106 Hensen’s node, 17, 18
INDEX
179
Hereditary characters, 168
Hermaphroditism, 155
Hernia, congenital
inguinal, 153
Hippocampal gyrus, 57
Hormone, follicle
stimulating, 20
luteal, 21, 23
Horseshoe kidney, 14 1
Hyaloid artery, 66
Hydrochloric acid, 89
Hydramnios, 34
Hydrocephalus, congenital, 59
Hymen, 149, 150
imperforate, 151
Hyoid arch, 76
Hypermastia, 43
Hypophysis, 54
Hypospadias, 155
Imperforate hymen, 151
Implantation, 26
interstitial, 28
Incus, 72
Infundibulum, 55 Inferior vena cava, 122, 128 Interatrial septa, 102 Interventricular septum, 105 Intestine, 89
non-rotation of, 94 Intestinal atresia, 93 Intestinal tract, anomalies of, 93 Iris, 67
Kidney, development of, 140
pelvic, 14 1
Labia minora, hypertrophy of,
155
Lachrymal glands, 66 Lactiferous ducts, 43 Lamina, alar, 48, 51 basal, 48, 51 Lanugo, 42 Lens, 64
Ligament of Marshall, 122 Limb muscles, 158 Lissauer’s bundle, 46
Liver, 89, 94
anomalies of, 98 development of, 97 Lymphatic vessels and glands, 129 Lymphoblasts, 131
Malleus, 72
Majendie, foramen of, 7 2 Mammary glands, 42 Mandible, 162 Marshall, ligament of, 122 Maxillary process, 162 Meckel’s cartilage, 72 diverticulum, 93 Medulla oblongata, 49 Mendelian laws, 171 Meninges, 58 Meningocoele, 59 Menstruation, 21 Mesencephalon, 48, 53 Mesoderm, 35
extra-embryonic, 19 Mesogastrium, dorsal, 89 Mesonephros, 136 Metanephros, 138 Metencephalon, 49, 52 Microcephaly, 59 Mid-brain flexure, 51 Milk teeth, 80 Mitosis, 8 Mucin, 23
Mullerian duct, 146 tubercle, 146 Myelencephalon, 49, 51 Myelocytes, 131 Myotomes, 157
Nails, 41
Naso-lachrymal duct, 41 groove, 77
Nerve, abducent, 60, 62 auditory, 60 facial, 60, 62 glossopharyngeal, 60, 62 hypoglossal, 60, 62 oculomotor, 60, 62 olfactory, 60 optic, 60
trigeminal, 60, 62
trochlear, 60, 62
vagus and accessory, 60, 62
i8o
AIDS TO EMBRYOLOGY
Neuroblasts, 48
Neurocranium, 162
Neuroglia, 48
Notochord, 35
Notochordal canal, 17
Nucleus ambiguus, 51
Oesophagus, 88
Oestrogen, 23
Olfactory organ, 63
pit, 77
tract, 57
Oligamnios, 34
Oogenesis, 6
Optic cup, 63
Oro-nasal groove, 77
Ossicles, auditory, 74
Osteoblasts, 159
Osteoclasts, 159
Otocyst, 69
Ovaries, absence of, 151 Ovary, 5
round ligament of, 153
Palate, 78
Palatine tonsil, 85
Pancreas, 95
anomalies of, 98
development of, 97
Paradidymis, 147
Parathyroids, 84
Parotid gland, 82
Paroophorn, 148
Patent interventricular
foramen, 108
Pelvic kidney, 141
Penis, double, 155
Pericardial cavity, 132
Peripheral nervous system, 62
Persistent foramen ovale, 108
Pharyngeal region, 75
anomalies of, 85
development of, 85
Pharyngeal grooves, 83
pouches, 83
Pharyngo-tympanic tube, 74 Phimosis, 155 Pineal gland, 54 Pinna, 73
accessory tubercles of, 74
Pituitary gland, 54
Placenta, 15, 31
Placodes, epibranchial, 75
Plagiocephaly, 167
Pleural cavities and
diaphragm, 134
Polydactyly, 167
Pontine nuclei, 52
Prepuce, 155
Primitive atrium, 100
ventricle, 100
Processus vaginalis, 15 1
Progesterone, 20, 24
Pronephros, 136
Pronucleus, female, 13
male, 12
Prostate gland, 142 Pulmonary arteries, 117 trunk, 105
Puncta lachrymalia, 68
Rachischisis, 59, 166
Rathke’s pouch, 55
Rectum, malformations
of, 93
Reichert’s cartilage, 72 Rennin, 89
Respiratory system, 98
Rhombic lip, 52
Ribs, supernumerary, 166
Saccule, 73
Salivary glands, 82
Scaphocephaly, 167
Schlemm, canal of, 66
Schlera, 66
Schlerotomes, 161
Scrotum, 15 1
Sebaceous glands, 42
Segmentation nucleus, 13
Septum, posterior median, 48
transversum, 36
Sinus, inferior sagittal, 120
superior sagittal, 120
venosus, 100, 105
Situs inversus, 94
Skeleton, anomalies of, 166
Skin, 40
Skull, 1 61
Somites, 157
INDEX
181
Spermatogenesis, 2, 26
Spermatozoon, 4, 26
Sphenoid, 162
Spinal cord, 46
anomalies of, 48
development of, 47
Spinal nerves, 59
Splanchnopleure, 19
Spleen, 131
Split tongue, 86
Spongioblasts, 48
Stomach, 88
Stomatodaeum, 36, 77
Stenosis of aorta, 108
of pulmonary artery, 108 Stratum basale, 22 spongiosum, 21 Sublingual gland, 82 Submandibular gland, 82 Sudoriferous glands, 42 Sulcus, calcarine, 58 central, 58 collateral, 58 hypothalamieus, 53 limitans, 53 terminahs, 79 Superior vena cava, 128 Sweat glands, 42 Syndactyly, 167 Synotus, 74
Teeth, decidual or milk, 80
enamel of, 80
permanent, 80
Telencephalon, 48, 55
Testis, 1, 145
absence of, 151
fused, 15 1
Thalamus, 53
Theca interna, 7
Thymus, 83
Thyro-glossal duct, 79
Thyroid, 84
Tomes’ dental fibrils, 81 Tongue, 79 split, 86 Tonsils, 83 Trabeculae, 95 Trophoblast, 15 Tunica albuginea, 145
Tympanic antrum, 74
cavity, 72
membrane, 73
Umbilical cord, 31, 35
hernia, congenital, 93
veins, 95
Urachus, cysts of, 144 Ureter, 140 double, 1 41 Ureteric bud, 140 Urethra, 142 stenosis of, 155 Urorectal septum, 141 Uterine milk, 5, 148 tubes, 5, 148 Uterus, 5
round ligament of, 153
\
Vagina, anomalies of, 151
Valves, atrio-ventricular, 105
Vas deferens, 147
Vasa efferentia, 147
Veins, anterior cardinal, 119
posterior cardinal, 122
anomalies of, 128
Vena cava, inferior, 105
superior, 105
Venous system, 118
development of, 126
Villi, 15
anchoring, 30 chorionic, 29 Viscerocranium, 164 Vitreous humour, 66 Vocal cords, 99
Wharton’s jelly, 35
Witch’s milk, 43
Yolk sac, I 5 -I 7 , 34 , 99
Zona pellucida, 6,
Zygote, 12
12, 15
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AIDS TO ORTHOPAEDIC SURGERY AND FRACTURES. By J. E. Zieve, M.A., F.R.C.S. Third Ed. In preparation.
AIDS TO SURGICAL ANATOMY. By J. S. Baxter, M.Sc., F.R.C.S. I. Second Ed. Pp. viii + 193, with 26 figs.
4 s. 6d.
AIDS TO MATERIA MEDICA. By G. H. Newns, M.D.,
M.R.C.P. Third Ed. Pp. viii + 21 1. 5 s.
AIDS TO FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY. By J. H. Ryffel, B.Ch., B.Sc. Twelfth Ed. In preparation.
STUDENTS’ AIDS SERIES (continued)
AIDS TO ANAESTHESIA. By Victor Goldman, M.R.C S
L. R.C.P., D.A. Second Ed. Pp. viii + 278. 7 s. 6d.
AIDS TO MEDICAL TREATMENT. By T. II. Crozier,
M. D., D.P.H., M.R.C.P. Second Ed. In preparation .
AIDS TO MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS. By G. E. F. Sutton, M.C., M.D., M.R.C.P. Sixth Ed. Pp. viii + 308, with 40
figs. 6s *
AIDS TO SURGICAL DIAGNOSIS. By Sir Cecil Wakeley, K.B.E., C.B., D.Sc., F.R.C.S., F.R.S. Second Ed. Pp. viii + 172, with 6 figs.
AIDS TO DERMATOLOGY. By R. M. B. MacKenna, M.D., B Ch., F.R.C.P. Third Ed. Pp. viii + 3°9, with 5 figs. 6s.
AIDS TO DISEASES OF CHILDREN. By F. M. B. Allen, M.D., F.R.C.P. Eighth Ed. Pp. viii + 268. 6s.
AIDS TO NEUROLOGY. By E. A. Blake Pritchard, M.D., M.R.C.P. Pp. viii + 376, with 43 figs. os. 6a.
AIDS TO OPHTHALMOLOGY. By P. McG. Moffatt, F.R.C.S. Eleventh Ed. 6s * 6d *
AIDS TO PSYCHIATRY. By W. S. Dawson, M.D., F.R.C.P., D.P.M. Fifth Ed. Pp. viii + 306. 6s.
AIDS TO PSYCHOLOGY. By John H. Ewen, M.R.C.S., M.R.C.P., D.P.M. Third Ed. In preparation.
AIDS TO TROPICAL MEDICINE. By J. C. Broom, M.D. Fourth Ed. Pp. viii + 203, with 30 figs. 5 s.
AIDS TO TROPICAL HYGIENE. Edited by Lucius Nicholls, M.D., Third Ed. Pp. viii + 217, with 6 figs. 6 s.
AIDS TO THE DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF VENEREAL DISEASES. By T. E. Osmond, M.B., M.R.C.S. Pp. vi + 138, with 3 figs. 5s *
AIDS TO THE ANALYSIS OF FOODS AND DRUGS. By
J. R. Nicholls, D.Sc., F.I.C. Sixth Ed. Pp. via + 424
I US.
AIDS TO QUALITATIVE INORGANIC ANALYSIS By R. G. Austin, B.Sc., F.R.I.C., F.R.M.S. Second Ed. Pp. x + 208, with 9 illustrations. 5s *
AIDS TO BIOCHEMISTRY. By E. A. Cooper, D.Sc., F.R.I.C. Fourth Ed.
AIDS TO INORGANIC CHEMISTRY. By R. G. Austin, B.Sc., F.R.I.C., F.R.M.S. Pp. x + 348, with 6 ngs. 5 s. 6d.
AIDS TO ORGANIC CHEMISTRY. By S. F. Smith, M.B., B.S. Third Ed. Revised by Ian Leslie, B.Sc. Pp. vui + 120.
AIDS TO PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. By R. G. Austin,
B.Sc., F.R.I.C., F.R.M.S. Second Ed. In preparation .
AIDS TO DISPENSING. By G. M. Watson. Fourth Ed,
In preparation .
STUDENTS’ AIDS SERIES (continued)
AIDS TO PHARMACEUTICAL LATIN. By G. E. Trease, B.Pharm., Ph.C. Second Ed. Pp. vi + 170. 4 s.
AIDS TO FORENSIC PHARMACY. By M. E. Campbell, Fourth Ed. In preparation.
AIDS TO THE MATHEMATICS OF PHARMACY. By A. W. Lupton, M.C., Ph.C. Second Ed. Pp. vi + 122. 4 s.
AIDS TO PHYSICS. By F. J. Jackson, B.Sc., Ph.C., M.P.S. 2 vols. In preparation.
AIDS TO PUBLIC HEALTH. By Llywelyn Roberts, M.D., D.P.H. Fifth Ed. Pp. viii 4- 259, with 4 figs. 6s.
AIDS TO SANITARY SCIENCE AND LAW. Revised by William Hanna, M.D., D.P.H. Third Ed. Pp. vi 4- 362.
5 s. 6d.
OTHER BOOKS
HANDBOOK OF BACTERIOLOGY. By J. W. Bigger, M.D., Se.D.(DubL). Sixth Ed. In preparation.
BUCHANAN’S MANUAL OF ANATOMY. Edited by F. Wood Jones, D.Sc., F.R.S., F.R.C.S. Seventh Ed. Pp. viii 4 - 1616, with 847 illustrations. 45 s.
ELECTROTHERAPY AND ACTINOTHERAPY FOR STUDENTS. By E. Bellis Clayton, M.B., B.Ch.
In preparation.
GREEN’S MANUAL OF PATHOLOGY. Revised by H. W. C. Vines, M.A., M.D. Seventeenth Ed. In preparation.
A METHOD OF ANATOMY. By J. C. B. Grant, M.B., Ch.B., F.R.C.S. Third Ed. Pp. xxiv + 822, with 729 illustrations. 33s.
DISEASES OF THE SKIN. By R. W. MacKenna, M.D., M.R.C.P. Fourth Ed. Pp. xiv + 557, with 214 illustrations. 25 s.
MAY & WORTH’S DISEASES OF THE EYE. Edited by M. L. Hine, M.D., F.R.C.S. Tenth Ed. In preparation.
ROSE & CARLESS’ MANUAL OF SURGERY. Edited by Sir Cecil Wakeley, K.B.E., C.B., D.Sc., F.R.C.S., F.R.S. Seventeenth Ed. 2 Vols. Vol. I. Pp. xii + 840. Vol. II. Pp. iv 4 - 926, with 1130 illustrations. 35 s.
STEDMAN’S PRACTICAL MEDICAL DICTIONARY. Edited by N. B. Taylor, M.D. Sixteenth Ed. Pp. xii 41292, with 450 illustrations. 42 s.
For further information on these and other Bailliire books, please apply to the publishers.
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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, April 27) Embryology Book - Aids to Embryology (1948) 14. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Book_-_Aids_to_Embryology_(1948)_14
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