ANAT2341 Lab 7: Difference between revisions

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==Organogenesis Lab==


Please note the different location for this week’s practical class: Wallace Wurth Teaching Lab 116.


== 1. QUIZ ==


== 2. Guest Lecturer - Hongjun Shi ==
'''PRACTICAL CLASS PROGRAM'''
{|
| width=185px| [[File:Hongjun_Shi_profile_photo.jpg|180px]]


Dr Hongjun Shi
* Weekly Quiz + revision (15 minutes)
| valign=top|'''Somitogenesis and Congenital Vertebral Malformation'''
* Practical class activities (90 minutes)
<br><br>
* Practical Class Revision (15 minutes)
Dr Shi is a researcher at the Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute (VCCRI).


His research is focused on genetic regulation of the somitogenesis and identification of genetic and environmental factors that cause congenital vertebral malformation.
|}


===Introduction===
'''PRACTICAL CLASS ACTIVITIES (90 minutes)'''
[[File:Axial_skeleton.jpg|thumb|150px|Adult axial skeleton]]
The defining feature of vertebrates is the vertebral column which is composed of a series of structurally similar bone units – vertebrae along the body axis. The segmental pattern of the vertebral column is established during early embryo development when the somites are rhythmically produced from the paraxial mesoderm (Bailey and Dale, 2001). Somitogenesis requires the interaction of two components, referred to as the clock and wavefront (Aulehla and Pourquie, 2010; Pourquie, 2011). The wavefront (determination front) determines the future somite boundary and is created by opposing gradients of FGF and Wnt signaling (caudal-rostral) and retinoic acid signaling (rostral-caudal) in the presomitic mesoderm (PSM). At the same time, PSM cells express a number of genes in the FGF, Wnt and Notch signaling pathway in an oscillatory pattern (the clock), and bands of expression appear to move in a caudal-to-rostral direction. When the periodic signal reaches the determination front, a somite can form. Disruption of somitogenesis by genetic mutations results in vertebral defects. For example, in humans and mice, homozygous mutation of the DLL3, LFNG, MESP2, HES7 and RIPPLY2 (Pourquie, 2011) (McInerney-Leo et al., 2015) which are either components or downstream targets of Notch signalling leads to extensive vertebral malformation.


* Fertile egg dissections, stage definition, and annotations of structures (first 60 minutes)
* Observation of skeletal preparations of chicken and mouse foetuses (first 60 minutes)
* Group presentation of annotated embryo images (final 30 minutes)


[[File:Hongjun_Shi_Research_photo01.jpg|600px]]


'''''Figure 1:''' Deletion of Dll3 gene casues failure of Notch1 signalling to restrict to a thin stripe of cells. In stead a broad rostral domain of Notch1 signalling is observed (Chapman et al., 2011).''
'''LEARNING OBJECTIVES'''


In addition to genetic mutations, environmental insults during embryo development may also interfere with somitogenesis. For example, hypoxia during pregnancy can inhibit FGF signaling in the PSM and cause segmentation defects in mice. Heterozygous mutation in the Notch signaling genes increase the susceptibility to segmentation defects when the mice are exposed to mild hypoxia (Sparrow et al., 2012).
* Understanding early neurulation, mesoderm and heart development, and being able to identify the defining structures in the chicken embryo.
* Understanding craniofacial and limb development and being able to identify the defining structures in chicken embryos.
* Understanding the development of the musculoskeletal system and being able to identify the defining structures in chicken embryos.
* Be able to apply basic practical laboratory skills and work with embryo and regeneration models.
* Be able to work effectively within a small team to complete academic tasks.
* Be able to present embryonic observations effectively and appropriately to an audience
* Be able to self-manage and work independently with an ability to take responsibility for their own learning, and an appreciation of the value of learning.




[[File:Hongjun_Shi_Research_photo02.jpg|600px]]


'''''Figure 2:''' Oscillatory pattern of Hes7 expression and Notch signaling in PSM under normal conditions. Under the hypoxic condition, Hes7 protein expression is lost and a broader expression domain of Notch signaling is observed in PSM.'' 
[[File:Chicken_Embryo_Hamburger_stages.jpg|600px|link=Hamburger Hamilton Stages]]


''These are the Hamburger stages of chicken development''




[[File:Hongjun_Shi_Research_photo03.jpg|600px]]
See also the [https://www.jove.com/video/306/windowing-chicken-eggs-for-developmental-studies JoVE article on chicken egg preparation]: <pubmed>18989413</pubmed>


'''''Figure 3:''' Vertebral defects induced by hypoxia (Sparrow et al., 2012).''


===References===
===Additional Chicken Links===
[[File:Viktor Hamburger.jpg|thumb|alt=Viktor Hamburger|link=Embryology History - Viktor Hamburger|Viktor Hamburger (1900 – 2001)]]
More about chicken embryogenesis: [[Chicken Development]] | [[Hamburger Hamilton Stages]]
<br>
{{Chicken links}}
<br>


<pubmed>20182616</pubmed>
<gallery>
<pubmed>21147753</pubmed>
File:HHstage1-4.jpg|stage 1-4
<pubmed>25343988</pubmed>
File:HHstage5-10.jpg|stages 5-10
<pubmed>21620133</pubmed>
File:HHstage11-14.jpg|stages 11-14
<pubmed>22484060</pubmed>
File:HHstage15-18.jpg|stages 15-18
File:HHstage19-21.jpg|stages 19-21
File:HHstage22-25.jpg|stages 22-25
File:HHstage26-28.jpg|stages 26-28
File:HHstage29-32.jpg|stage 29-32
</gallery>


[[File:Mouse_vs_Human_embryogenesis.jpg]]


''This figure compares the human and mouse developmental stages''


More about Mouse embryogenesis: [[Mouse Timeline Detailed]]


Links: [[Musculoskeletal_System_-_Axial_Skeleton_Development|Axial Skeleton Development]] | [[Somitogenesis Molecular Movie]]


{{2017ANAT2341 footer}}
{{Chicken}}
 
===External Links===
{{External Links}}
 
* JOVE - [http://www.jove.com/science-education/5153/an-introduction-to-the-chick-gallus-gallus-domesticus An Introduction to the Chicken]

Latest revision as of 10:38, 22 October 2019

Organogenesis Lab

Please note the different location for this week’s practical class: Wallace Wurth Teaching Lab 116.


PRACTICAL CLASS PROGRAM

  • Weekly Quiz + revision (15 minutes)
  • Practical class activities (90 minutes)
  • Practical Class Revision (15 minutes)


PRACTICAL CLASS ACTIVITIES (90 minutes)

  • Fertile egg dissections, stage definition, and annotations of structures (first 60 minutes)
  • Observation of skeletal preparations of chicken and mouse foetuses (first 60 minutes)
  • Group presentation of annotated embryo images (final 30 minutes)


LEARNING OBJECTIVES

  • Understanding early neurulation, mesoderm and heart development, and being able to identify the defining structures in the chicken embryo.
  • Understanding craniofacial and limb development and being able to identify the defining structures in chicken embryos.
  • Understanding the development of the musculoskeletal system and being able to identify the defining structures in chicken embryos.
  • Be able to apply basic practical laboratory skills and work with embryo and regeneration models.
  • Be able to work effectively within a small team to complete academic tasks.
  • Be able to present embryonic observations effectively and appropriately to an audience
  • Be able to self-manage and work independently with an ability to take responsibility for their own learning, and an appreciation of the value of learning.


Chicken Embryo Hamburger stages.jpg

These are the Hamburger stages of chicken development


See also the JoVE article on chicken egg preparation: <pubmed>18989413</pubmed>


Additional Chicken Links

Viktor Hamburger
Viktor Hamburger (1900 – 2001)

More about chicken embryogenesis: Chicken Development | Hamburger Hamilton Stages

Chicken Links: Introduction | Chicken stages | Hamburger Hamilton Stages | Witschi Stages | Placodes | Category:Chicken
Historic Chicken Embryology  
1883 History of the Chick | 1900 Chicken Embryo Development Plates | 1904 X-Ray Effects | 1910 Somites | 1914 Primordial Germ Cells

1919 Lillie Textbook | 1920 Chick Early Embryology | 1933 Neural | 1939 Sternum | 1948 Limb | Movie 1961 | Historic Papers


  • stage 1-4

    stage 1-4

  • stages 5-10

    stages 5-10

  • stages 11-14

    stages 11-14

  • stages 15-18

    stages 15-18

  • stages 19-21

    stages 19-21

  • stages 22-25

    stages 22-25

  • stages 26-28

    stages 26-28

  • stage 29-32

    stage 29-32

Mouse vs Human embryogenesis.jpg

This figure compares the human and mouse developmental stages

More about Mouse embryogenesis: Mouse Timeline Detailed


chicken

External Links

External Links Notice - The dynamic nature of the internet may mean that some of these listed links may no longer function. If the link no longer works search the web with the link text or name. Links to any external commercial sites are provided for information purposes only and should never be considered an endorsement. UNSW Embryology is provided as an educational resource with no clinical information or commercial affiliation.

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