ANAT2341 Lab 7: Difference between revisions

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{{Header}}
==Organogenesis Lab==
=Muscle Development =


== Introduction ==
Please note the different location for this week’s practical class: Wallace Wurth Teaching Lab 116.
This laboratory concerns the development and differentiation of skeletal muscle, fibre type differentiation,  muscle stem cells and muscle disease.  


The histology of skeletal muscle has been covered in ANAT2241.


'''PRACTICAL CLASS PROGRAM'''


==Objectives==
* Weekly Quiz + revision (15 minutes)
* Practical class activities (90 minutes)
* Practical Class Revision (15 minutes)


# Understand the origin, differentiation and development of skeletal muscle tissue. 
# Know what is meant by patterning, conversion and adult plasticity of muscle fibre type.
# Develop an understanding of research methods for studying skeletal muscle abnormalities.


==Muscle Contraction==
'''PRACTICAL CLASS ACTIVITIES (90 minutes)'''
{|
! Crossbridge animation
! Component proteins
|-
| [[File:Actin_myosin_crossbridge_3D_animation.gif|link=File:Actin myosin crossbridge 3D animation.gif]]
| [[File:Actin_myosin_crossbridge_3D_animation.jpg|link=File:Actin myosin crossbridge 3D animation.gif]]
|-
! Sarcomere Animation
! Muscle Fibre Types
|-
| [[File:Sarcomere_animation.gif]]
| [[File:Muscle fiber types.jpg]]
|}


{|
* Fertile egg dissections, stage definition, and annotations of structures (first 60 minutes)
| [[File:Skeletal muscle structure cartoon.jpg|350px]]
* Observation of skeletal preparations of chicken and mouse foetuses (first 60 minutes)
| [[File:Skeletal muscle histology 016.jpg|350px]]
* Group presentation of annotated embryo images (final 30 minutes)
|-
|Skeletal muscle structure cartoon
| Skeletal muscle sarcomeres
|}


==Sarcomere - Electron Microscopy==
{|
! Virtual Slides
|-
| valign=bottom|{{SlideSkeletalMuscleEM01}}
| valign=bottom|{{SlideSkeletalMuscleEM02}}
| valign=bottom|{{SlideSkeletalMuscleEM03}}
|-
|}


[http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/CorePages/Muscle/Muscle.htm#SKELETAL Skeletal Muscle Histology]
'''LEARNING OBJECTIVES'''


==Muscular Dystrophies==
* Understanding early neurulation, mesoderm and heart development, and being able to identify the defining structures in the chicken embryo.
Dystrophy refers to the degeneration of a tissue, muscular dystrophy is degeneration of skeletal muscle.
* Understanding craniofacial and limb development and being able to identify the defining structures in chicken embryos.
* Understanding the development of the musculoskeletal system and being able to identify the defining structures in chicken embryos.
* Be able to apply basic practical laboratory skills and work with embryo and regeneration models.
* Be able to work effectively within a small team to complete academic tasks.
* Be able to present embryonic observations effectively and appropriately to an audience
* Be able to self-manage and work independently with an ability to take responsibility for their own learning, and an appreciation of the value of learning.


* '''Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy''' - (DMD) The most common occuring in Boys and in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD).
* '''Autosomal Recessive Muscular Dystrophy''' - Dystroglycan, a protein that associates with both dystrophin and membrane molecules, is a candidate gene for the site of the mutation in autosomal recessive muscular dystrophies. A knockout mouse has been generated that has early developmental abnormalities.
* '''Myotonic Dystrophy''' - An inherited disorder in which the muscles contract but have decreasing power to relax. With this condition, the muscles also become weak and waste away. The myotonic dystrophy gene, found on chromosome 19, codes for a protein kinase that is found in skeletal muscle, where it likely plays a regulatory role. The disease is "amplified" through generations probably by a similar GC expansion associated with Huntington disease.
* '''Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy''' - (FSHD) This form of muscular dystrophy is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder characterized by progressive muscle weakness and wasting that typically begins in the face, shoulder-girdle and upper arm. Currently thought to relate to an impaired muscle regeneration process.




[[File:Chicken_Embryo_Hamburger_stages.jpg|600px|link=Hamburger Hamilton Stages]]


== Lab 7 Assessment Questions==
''These are the Hamburger stages of chicken development''




TBA
See also the [https://www.jove.com/video/306/windowing-chicken-eggs-for-developmental-studies JoVE article on chicken egg preparation]: <pubmed>18989413</pubmed>




===Search ===
===Additional Chicken Links===
[[File:Viktor Hamburger.jpg|thumb|alt=Viktor Hamburger|link=Embryology History - Viktor Hamburger|Viktor Hamburger (1900 – 2001)]]
More about chicken embryogenesis: [[Chicken Development]] | [[Hamburger Hamilton Stages]]
<br>
{{Chicken links}}
<br>


* '''Bookshelf''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=Books&cmd=search&term=muscle_development muscle development] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=Books&cmd=search&term=muscle_fiber_type muscle fiber type] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=Books&cmd=search&term=troponin troponin]
<gallery>
File:HHstage1-4.jpg|stage 1-4
File:HHstage5-10.jpg|stages 5-10
File:HHstage11-14.jpg|stages 11-14
File:HHstage15-18.jpg|stages 15-18
File:HHstage19-21.jpg|stages 19-21
File:HHstage22-25.jpg|stages 22-25
File:HHstage26-28.jpg|stages 26-28
File:HHstage29-32.jpg|stage 29-32
</gallery>


* '''Pubmed''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?itool=toolbar&cmd=search&term=muscle_fiber_type muscle fiber type] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?itool=toolbar&cmd=search&term=troponin troponin] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?itool=toolbar&cmd=search&term=Gtf2ird1 Gtf2ird1] |
[[File:Mouse_vs_Human_embryogenesis.jpg]]


''This figure compares the human and mouse developmental stages''


More about Mouse embryogenesis: [[Mouse Timeline Detailed]]




== Terms ==
{{Chicken}}


'''anterior tibialis''' - (tibialis anterior) skeletal muscle situated on the lateral side of the tibia and is a direct flexor of the foot at the ankle-joint.
===External Links===
 
'''cis-acting elements''' -  DNA sequences that through transcription factors or other trans-acting elements or factors, regulate the expression of genes on the same chromosome.
 
'''enhancer''' - A cis-regulatory sequence that can regulate levels of transcription from an adjacent promoter. Many tissue-specific enhancers can determine spatial patterns of gene expression in higher eukaryotes. Enhancers can act on promoters over many tens of kilobases of DNA and can be 5' or 3' to the promoter they regulate.
 
'''extensor digitorum longus'''  - (EDL) skeletal muscle situated at the lateral part of the front of the leg and extend the phalanges of the toes, and, continuing their action, flex the foot upon the leg.
 
'''Gtf2ird1''' - General Transcription Factor 2 -I Repeat domain-containing protein 1.  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=604318 OMIM: Gtf2ird1]
 
'''MusTRD1'''  - muscle TFII-I repeat domain-containing protein 1.
 
'''MyHC''' - acronym for myosin heavy chain.
 
'''myoblast''' - the undifferentiated mononucleated muscle cell progenitor, which in skeletal muscle fuses to form a myotube, that in turn expresses contractile proteins to form a muscle fibre.
 
'''myosin heavy chain''' - protein forming the thick filament of the sarcomere and the motor for actin-myosin contraction. There are 17 different myosin classes.
 
'''myotube''' - the initial multinucleated cell formed by fusion of myoblasts during skeletal muscle development.
 
'''promoter''' - A regulatory region a short distance upstream from the 5' end of a transcription start site that acts as the binding site for RNA polymerase II. A region of DNA to which RNA polymerase IIbinds in order to initiate transcription.
 
'''regulatory sequence''' - (regulatory region, regulatory area) is a segment of DNA where regulatory proteins such as transcription factors bind preferentially.
 
'''soleus''' - skeletal muscle situated immediately in front of the gastrocnemius and when standing taking its fixed point from below, steadies the leg upon the foot and prevents the body from falling forward.
 
'''Troponin''' - striated muscle contraction is regulated by the calcium-ion-sensitive, multiprotein complex troponin and the fibrous protein tropomyosin. Troponin has 3 subunits (TnC, TnI, TnT) and is located on the actin filament. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=191040 OMIM: Troponin I slow]
 
'''visuospatial deficiency''' -  performing the Delis hierarchical processing task, subjects are asked to copy a large global figure made of smaller local forms. Both Down syndrome (DS) and William-Beuren syndrome (WBS) groups fail but in different ways. WBS individuals produce the local elements and DS individuals produce only the global forms. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12952863?dopt=Abstract PMID: 12952863] [http://hmg.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/12/suppl_2/R229#DDG299F2 Hum Mol Genet.]
 
'''William-Beuren syndrome''' - (WBS) rare developmental disorder (1/20,000–1/50,000 live births). A contiguous gene deletion syndrome resulting from the hemizygous deletion of several genes on chromosome [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Omim/getmap.cgi?l194050 7q11.23]. The syndrome has associated craniofacial abnormalities, hypersociability and visuospatial defects. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=194050 OMIM: William-Beuren syndrome]
 
 
 
== External Links ==
{{External Links}}
{{External Links}}


* Blue Histology [http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/CorePages/Muscle/Muscle.htm#SKELETAL Skeletal Muscle histology]
* JOVE - [http://www.jove.com/science-education/5153/an-introduction-to-the-chick-gallus-gallus-domesticus An Introduction to the Chicken]
* [http://currents.plos.org/md/ PLOS Currents - Muscular Dystrophy]
* [http://omim.org/entry/310200 OMIM]
* Primer [http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0020348 Skeletal Muscle Fiber Type: Influence on Contractile and Metabolic Properties]
 
 
{{Glossary}}
 
{{Footer}}
 
 
==References==
 
<references/>
 
{{2016ANAT2341}}

Latest revision as of 10:38, 22 October 2019

Organogenesis Lab

Please note the different location for this week’s practical class: Wallace Wurth Teaching Lab 116.


PRACTICAL CLASS PROGRAM

  • Weekly Quiz + revision (15 minutes)
  • Practical class activities (90 minutes)
  • Practical Class Revision (15 minutes)


PRACTICAL CLASS ACTIVITIES (90 minutes)

  • Fertile egg dissections, stage definition, and annotations of structures (first 60 minutes)
  • Observation of skeletal preparations of chicken and mouse foetuses (first 60 minutes)
  • Group presentation of annotated embryo images (final 30 minutes)


LEARNING OBJECTIVES

  • Understanding early neurulation, mesoderm and heart development, and being able to identify the defining structures in the chicken embryo.
  • Understanding craniofacial and limb development and being able to identify the defining structures in chicken embryos.
  • Understanding the development of the musculoskeletal system and being able to identify the defining structures in chicken embryos.
  • Be able to apply basic practical laboratory skills and work with embryo and regeneration models.
  • Be able to work effectively within a small team to complete academic tasks.
  • Be able to present embryonic observations effectively and appropriately to an audience
  • Be able to self-manage and work independently with an ability to take responsibility for their own learning, and an appreciation of the value of learning.


Chicken Embryo Hamburger stages.jpg

These are the Hamburger stages of chicken development


See also the JoVE article on chicken egg preparation: <pubmed>18989413</pubmed>


Additional Chicken Links

Viktor Hamburger
Viktor Hamburger (1900 – 2001)

More about chicken embryogenesis: Chicken Development | Hamburger Hamilton Stages

Chicken Links: Introduction | Chicken stages | Hamburger Hamilton Stages | Witschi Stages | Placodes | Category:Chicken
Historic Chicken Embryology  
1883 History of the Chick | 1900 Chicken Embryo Development Plates | 1904 X-Ray Effects | 1910 Somites | 1914 Primordial Germ Cells

1919 Lillie Textbook | 1920 Chick Early Embryology | 1933 Neural | 1939 Sternum | 1948 Limb | Movie 1961 | Historic Papers


  • stage 1-4

    stage 1-4

  • stages 5-10

    stages 5-10

  • stages 11-14

    stages 11-14

  • stages 15-18

    stages 15-18

  • stages 19-21

    stages 19-21

  • stages 22-25

    stages 22-25

  • stages 26-28

    stages 26-28

  • stage 29-32

    stage 29-32

Mouse vs Human embryogenesis.jpg

This figure compares the human and mouse developmental stages

More about Mouse embryogenesis: Mouse Timeline Detailed


chicken

External Links

External Links Notice - The dynamic nature of the internet may mean that some of these listed links may no longer function. If the link no longer works search the web with the link text or name. Links to any external commercial sites are provided for information purposes only and should never be considered an endorsement. UNSW Embryology is provided as an educational resource with no clinical information or commercial affiliation.

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