Talk:Musculoskeletal System - Bone Development Timeline
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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2026, August 14) Embryology Musculoskeletal System - Bone Development Timeline. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Talk:Musculoskeletal_System_-_Bone_Development_Timeline |
2009
An image-based skeletal tissue model for the ICRP reference newborn
Phys Med Biol. 2009 Jul 21;54(14):4497-531. Epub 2009 Jun 26.
Pafundi D, Lee C, Watchman C, Bourke V, Aris J, Shagina N, Harrison J, Fell T, Bolch W.
Department of Nuclear and Radiological Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
Abstract Hybrid phantoms represent a third generation of computational models of human anatomy needed for dose assessment in both external and internal radiation exposures. Recently, we presented the first whole-body hybrid phantom of the ICRP reference newborn with a skeleton constructed from both non-uniform rational B-spline and polygon-mesh surfaces (Lee et al 2007 Phys. Med. Biol. 52 3309-33). The skeleton in that model included regions of cartilage and fibrous connective tissue, with the remainder given as a homogenous mixture of cortical and trabecular bone, active marrow and miscellaneous skeletal tissues. In the present study, we present a comprehensive skeletal tissue model of the ICRP reference newborn to permit a heterogeneous representation of the skeleton in that hybrid phantom set-both male and female-that explicitly includes a delineation of cortical bone so that marrow shielding effects are correctly modeled for low-energy photons incident upon the newborn skeleton. Data sources for the tissue model were threefold. First, skeletal site-dependent volumes of homogeneous bone were obtained from whole-cadaver CT image analyses. Second, selected newborn bone specimens were acquired at autopsy and subjected to micro-CT image analysis to derive model parameters of the marrow cavity and bone trabecular 3D microarchitecture. Third, data given in ICRP Publications 70 and 89 were selected to match reference values on total skeletal tissue mass. Active marrow distributions were found to be in reasonable agreement with those given previously by the ICRP. However, significant differences were seen in total skeletal and site-specific masses of trabecular and cortical bone between the current and ICRP newborn skeletal tissue models. The latter utilizes an age-independent ratio of 80%/20% cortical and trabecular bone for the reference newborn. In the current study, a ratio closer to 40%/60% is used based upon newborn CT and micro-CT skeletal image analyses. These changes in mineral bone composition may have significant dosimetric implications when considering localized marrow dosimetry for radionuclides that target mineral bone in the newborn child.
PMID: 19556686
High and low birth weight and its implication for growth and bone development in childhood and adolescence
J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2009 Jan;22(1):19-30.
Fricke O, Semler O, Stabrey A, Tutlewski B, Remer T, Herkenrath P, Schoenau E.
Children's Hospital, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany. frickeo@uni-koeln.de Abstract AIM: To investigate the relationship of birth weight (BW) to anthropometric measures, local body composition and bone development.
POPULATION AND METHODS: 284 individuals (age 5-19 yr, 145 females) were recruited from the Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed (DONALD) study. Parameters of bone development (cortical bone mineral density [BMDcort], endosteal circumference [CE]) and of local body composition (cross-sectional fat area [FA]) were analyzed by pQCT at the forearm. Parameters were transformed into SD scores to adjust for age or height.
RESULTS: BW predicted weight-SDS (R = 0.221), height-SDS (R = 0.260) and FA-SDS (R = 0.150). Individuals with lower BW (< 10th percentile) had lower weight-SDS (p < 0.01), height-SDS (p < 0.01), BMDcort-SDS (p = 0.02) and higher CE-SDS (p = 0.05). BMDcort was correlated with BW (r = -0.319) and FA (r = -0.283) in pubertal females.
CONCLUSION: BW is characterized by direct and indirect effects on growth, body composition and bone development.
PMID: 19344071 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19344071
2004
Studies on the time frame for ossification of the medial clavicular epiphyseal cartilage in conventional radiography
Int J Legal Med. 2004 Feb;118(1):5-8. Epub 2003 Oct 8.
Schmeling A, Schulz R, Reisinger W, Mühler M, Wernecke KD, Geserick G.
Institut für Rechtsmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Charité der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Hannoversche Strasse 6, 10015 Berlin, Germany. andreas.schmeling@charite.de
Abstract
Radiological assessment of the degree of ossification of the medial clavicular epiphyseal cartilage plays a vital part in forensic age diagnosis of living adolescents and young adults. A total of 873 plain chest radiographs requested by the staff medical officer for members of staff aged 16-30 at the University Hospital Charité were evaluated retrospectively. Of these X-rays 699 permitted an assessment of ossification of at least 1 side of the clavicle. In addition to the customary stages (1: non-ossified epiphysis, 2: discernible ossification centre, 3: partial fusion, 4: total fusion) a stage 5 was also defined, characterised by the disappearance of the epiphyseal scar following total fusion. The earliest age at which stage 3 was detected in either gender was 16 years. Stage 4 was first observed in women at 20 years and in men at 21 years. In both genders, the earliest observation of stage 5 was at 26 years. It was concluded that plain chest radiographs can essentially be used to assess clavicular ossification. In practice, if overlap in posterior-anterior views impedes evaluation, a lateral view should also be taken to facilitate age estimation. In forensic practice the reference values of the present paper should be applied.
PMID: 14534796 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14534796
