Talk:Book - Embryology of the Pig
Contents
Preface to Third Edition vii
Preface TO First Edition ix
Acknowledgment xi
1. Foreword to the Student 1
2. The Reproductive Organs; Gametogenesis . ... 6
3. The Sexual Cycle; Fertilization 28
4. The Process of Cleavage and the Formation and
Early Differentiation of the Germ Layers . . 37
5. The Early Development of the Body Form and the
Establishment of the Organ Systems 60
6. The Extra-embryonic Membranes and the Relation OF THE Embryo to the Uterus 94
7. The Structure of Embryos from Nine to Twelve Millimeters in Length 107
8. The Development of the Nervous System 140
9. The Development of the Digestive and Respiratory
Systems and the Body Cavities 173
10. The Development of THE Urogenital System . . .197
1 1 . The Development of the Circulatory System . . 227
12. The Histogenesis of Bone and the Development
OF THE Skeletal System 271
13. The Development of the Face and Jaws and the
Teeth 293
Bibliography 317
Index 341
xiii
INDEX
345
Gametogcnesis,/4-'8, 9, 12, 15
Ganglia, cranial, /92, 111, 164
(specific ganglia by name)
spinal, /60,/85, 115, 151
sympathetic, /85, 151
Gasserian ganglion ( = semilunar ganglion of cranial nerve V, q.v.) Gastro-hepatic omentum, 194 Geniculate ganglion, /92, 169 Genital, eminence, 225 folds, 225 orifice, 226 ridge, see gonadial swellings, 225 tubercle, /1 22, 225 Genitalia, external, /1 32, 225 Germ cells, sec gametes Germ layers, derivatives of,/27
embryological importance of, 57 formation of. Chap. IV Germ plasm, history of,/4, 9 Germinal ridge, 211
Germinal sfX)t (~ nucleolus of ovum), 18 Germinal vesicle (= nucleus of ovum), 18
Gill arches, /31,/41, /1 68-172, 62, 108, 294
Gill clefts, 108, 118
Gill furrows, 118
Gingiva, 304
’glia fibers, 149
Glomerular capsule, 203
Glomerulus, /1 17, 203
Glossopharyngeal nerve, /94, 111, 170
Glottis, 188
Gonadial ridge, 211
Gonadotropic hormones, 33
Gonads, differentiation of, 12, 14
first appearance of,/106,/108, 211 migration of, /1 24, /1 25, 217, 218, 222 Graafian follicle (— ovarian follicle, q.v.) Granular zone of follicle ( ~ stratum granulosum, q.v.)
Gray matter of cord, 142, 151 Growth, appositional, 278 differential, 47 interstitial, 278 subperiosteal, 286
Gubernaculum,/124,/129,/131, 219 Gum, 303
Gut, delimitation of embryonic, 72 early differentiation of, 80
Gut — (Continued)
fore-, mid- and hind-,/37, 75 later changes in, 173-188 pre-oral and post-cloacal,/37, 76 primitive, /1 6, /22,/37, 43
Haploid number of chromosomes, 22 Haversian, canals, 282 lamellae, /1 56, 282 Head, differentiation of, 61 precocity of, 54
Head process (= notochord, q.v.)
Heart, changes in at birth, 268
course of blood through fetal, 263 establishment of,/43,/44, 84 loop formation, /1 42, 254 partitioning of, /1 45-1 50, 256 regional differentiation of, /1 42, 254 structure of at birth, /1 49, /1 50, 263 structure of in 10-mm. embryo, 125 Heat, period of, 29 Hensen’s node,/22,/23, 50 Hepatic diverticulum, /40, /1 03-1 05, 120, 184
Hepatic ducts, /1 03-105, 185
Hepatic portal circulation, /1 41, 241, 249
Hepatic sinusoids, 185, 250
Hepatic tubules, 185
Hind-brain ( = rhombencephalon, q.v.)
Hind-gut, /26,/37, 74
Holoblastic cleavage, 38
Homolecithal ( = isolecithal, q.v.)
Hormone, definition of, 26 gonadotropic, 33 of corpus luteum, 33 of ovarian follicle, 33 Hydatid, /125, 217 Hyoid arch,/168-170, 108 Hyomandibular cleft, /1 69, 108 Hyomandibular pouch, 117 Hypoglossal nerve, /92, 172 Hypophysis, /87, 118, 158
Infundibulum, /1 06, 110, 158 Inguinal, canal, /1 29, 222 hernia, 222
ligament, /1 23, /1 24, /1 25, 218, 222 ring, /1 30
Inhibitory control, 145 Inner cell mass, /1 5, 41 Insemination, 34
346
INDEX
Interatrial foramen, definitive ( = forainm
ovale), /149,/1 50, 257, 264
primum,/147, 257
secundum, /145,/148, /1 49, 259
Interatrial septum, primum,/147“150, 257
secundum, /1 48-1 50, 259
Intermediate mesoderm, see mesoderm
Interstitial growth, 278
Intersubcardinal anastomosis, /77, /1 30, 138, 245
Intel ventricular septum, /1 45-1 40, 126, 256 Intestines, coiling of, /1 02, 182 elongation of, 120
Intra-embryonic coelom, see coelom Intramembranous bone formation, /1 51, 272 Isolecithal ova, 37 Isthmus of enamel organ, /1 82
Jacobson’s organ, /1 78 Jaws, 293
Jugular ganglion, /92, 171
Kidney, sec metanephros
Labia, majora, minora, /1 32, 225 Labio-dental ledge (lamina), /1 76, 302 Labio-gingival lamina, /1 77, 304 Lacuna, of bone, 275 of cartilage, 278
Lamellae of bone, /1 52, /1 56, 275 Lamina terminalis,/65,/88 Laryngo-tracheal (tracheal) groove,/41 ,/69, 80, 118, 188 Larynx, J97, /1 06, 188
Lateral limiting sulci ( = body folds, lateral, q.v.)
Lateral mesoderm, see mesoderm Lateral plates of spinal cord, 1 56 Lateral telencephalic vesicles, /60, /87, 110, 160
Lens of eye,/41,/63, 117 Ligamentum, latum, see broad ligament teres, see round ligament Ligamentum venosus, 270 Limiting membranes of cord,/81, 147 Liver, /40, /1 03-1 05, 80, 119, 184 Loculus, 103 Lumbo-sacral flexure, 66 Lumbo*sacral plexus, /1 38 Lung buds,/40,/74,/107, 80, 118, 189 Lungs, formation of, /1 07, 189
Lungs “ {Continued)
growth oi,/113, 196 pleural covering off, 1 89 Lymphatic system, 250
Manunary glands, 110 Mandible, 203
Mandibular arch, /1 68-1 72, 62. 108, 294 Mantle layer of cord,/81, 147 Marginal layer of cord. /81, 148 Marrow canal, /1 58. 285 Marrow of bone, /1 52, 251 Marrow spaces, 276 Massa intermedia, 160 Maternal placenta, 103 Matrix, of bone, 272, 309 cartilage, 278 dentine, 309
Maturation of gametes, /8, 14, 20 Maxilla ( = maxillary bone), 294 Maxillary bones, 294 Maxillary process, /1 68-1 72, 294 Meckel’s cartilage, /1 75 Medulla, /87, 156
Medullary plate ( = neural plate, q v.) Medullary velum, sec metatcla Meiotic divisions, 21 ‘^Membrane bone,†272 Meroblastic cleavage, 38 Mesencephalon, /36,/60,/87, 71, 110, 157 Mesenchyme (a collective term for wandering mesoderm cells), 81, 87, 181, 189, 191, 213, 271, 277, 307, 312 Mesenteries, /1 08, /1 1 1, 191 Mesoblast (= mesoderm, q.v ) Mesocardium, dorsal, /43, /1 44, 87, 254 Mesocoele ( == lumen of mesencephalon) Mesocolon, 194 Mesoderm, derivatives of,/27 differentiation of, 80 dot sal, /42, 54 early growth of,/20, 47 formation of, /1 9, 47 intermediate, /42, 54, 83, 202 intra- and extra-embryonic, 47 lateral, /42, 54, 83 of head, 191 (see also mesenchyme) somatic and splanchnic, /22, 83 somites of, /42, 54, 80 Meso-dicncephalic boundary, 110
INDEX
347
Mesogastrium, /111, 181, 194
Meso-mrtcnccphalic boundary, 1 1 1
Mesonephric ducts, /38, /1 14, /1 24, 83, 123,
198, 213
Mesonephric tubules, formation of, /38,
/ 115 ,/ 116 , 201
relation of blood vessels to, /1 17, 203 Mesonephros, fate of in female, /1 25, 217 fate of in male, /1 24, 213 formation of,/38-41, 84, 123, 201 relations to pronephros, 197 relative si/e at various ages, /1 18, 203 Mesothelium ( = epithelial layer of mesoderm lining the coelom)
Metacoele ( = lumen of metencephalon) Metamerism, 54, 63, 69, 116 Metanephric diverticulum, 205 Metanephric duct,/79, /1 18, /1 20, 203 Metanephric tubules, /121 , 206 Metanephros, J\ 20
formation of, /1 14, /1 18, 123, 205 relations to mesonephros, 1 97 Metatela ( — thin roof of 4th ventricle of brain), /1 06
Metencephalon, /60,/87, 110, 111, 157 Metestrum, 29
Mid-brain, see mesencephalon Mid-gut, /37, 74 Milk ridge, /33,/34, 110 Mitosis, significance of, 21 Monestrous cycle, 29 Morula, /1 4, 41 Motor paths of cord,/80, 154 Mouth (oral cavity), /1 68-1 74, 293 Mullerian ducts, /1 23, /1 24, /1 25, 214-217 Muscle plate, sed myotome Myelencephalic tela ( == thin roof of myclencephalon),/106
Myelencephalon,/60,/87, 110, 111, 156 Myeloblasts, /1 52
Myelocoele ( = lumen of myelencephalon) Myelo-metencephalic boundary, 111 Myocardium, 85 Myocoelc, /42, 81 Myotome, /42, 81, 301
Nares, 296
Nasal chambers, /93, 296, 301
Nasal choanae, 296
Nasal pit ( «= olfactory pit, q.v.)
Nasal processes, 294
Nasal septum, /1 74, 302
Naso-lacrimal, duct, 296
groove, /1 69, /1 70, 297
Nasolateral process, /1 68-1 72, 294
Nasomedial process, /1 68-1 72, 294
Naso-optic furrow ( = naso-lacrimal groove,
q.v.)
Nephric organs of vertebrate, /1 14, 198 Nephric tubules, /1 14, 198 Nephrogenous cord,/38. 202, 205 Nephrogenous tissue of metanephros /60, /78, 123, 205 Nephrostome, 202
Nephrotomic plate ( = intermedian* mesoderm, q.v.)
Nerve, abducens. 111, 169
acoustic (auditory). 111, 169 chorda tympani, 169 cochlear, 169 facial, 111, 169
glossopharyngeal, /94, 111, 170 hypoglossal, 111, 172 mandibular, 167 maxillary, 167
motor component of mandibular division of trigeminal, /94 oculomotor, /93, 111, 167 olfactory, /9 3, 111, 165 ophthalmic division of trigemmal, 167 optic, 111, 165 phrenic, 116
spinal accessory, 111, 172 trigeminal, 111, 167 ti'ochlear, 111, 167 vagus, /94, 111, 171 vestibular, 169 Nerve fibers, 142 Nerves, 141
Nen^es, cranial, /91,/92, 111, 164-172 nuclei of, 165
Nerves, spinal, compionents of,/85, 151, 165 formation of, 151 roots of,/85, 115 Nerves, sympathetic, /85, 116 Neural arch, 286
Neural canal ( = lumen of neural tube) Neural crest, formation of, /35, 69 differentiation of, 115 Neural folds, /28, 56, 68 Neural groove, 57
closure of,/28,y29,/35, 68
348
INDEX
Neural plate, /26,/36, 56, 67
Neural tube,/35,/83, 67
Neuroblasts, /84, 148, 151
Neuroglia, /82, 149
Neuromeres,/41, 69, 111
Neuron arcs,/80, 141
Neurons, 140
functional classes of,/85, 141, 164 Neuropore, anterior, /29, 71
posterior (= sinus rhomboidalis, q.v.) Nipples, /34, no
Node, primitive ( = Hensen’s node, q.v.) Nodose ganglion, /92, 171 Non-deciduous placenta, 105 Notochord, formation of,/20,/22, 49 significance of, 50
Nuclei of origin of cranial nerves, 165 Nucleus, Deiter’s,/80, 144 red,/80, 144
Oblique vein of Marshall, see veins, oblique of left atrium Occipital bone, /1 66-1 67 Occipital lobe, 163 Oculomotor nerve, /9 3, 168 Odontoblasts, /1 80-1 83, 307, 309 Olfactory bulb, 162, 165 Olfactory nerve, /93, 167 Olfactory pits, /70, /1 68-1 72, 116, 165, 293, 296
Olfactory tract, 162, 165 Omental bursa, 181 Omentum, 194 Oficytes, 17, 20 Oogenesis, /6, 15 Odgonia, 15 Odtid, 20
Optic chiasma,/65, 159, 165 Optic cup, 117
Optic lobes (= superior colliculi), /80, 157 Optic nerve, 167 Optic stalk, /63, 117 Optic vesicle, /36,/41, 71, 110, 117 Opticoclc ( ~ lumen of primary optic vesicle)
Oral cavity, /1 68-1 74, 293 Oral plate, /40, 74, 173 Ossein fibers, 274
Ossification centers, /1 58, /1 63, /1 65-1 67, 283, 288
Osteoblasts, ^51, /152,/155, 273
Ostium primum ( — interatrial foramen
primum, q.v.)
Ostium secundum = interatrial foramen secundum, q.v.)
Ostium tubae abdominale, 216 Ostium urogenitale,/! 18,/132, 210, 225 Otic vesicle (= auditory vesicle, q.v.) Otocyst (= auditory vesicle, q.v.)
“Outer table†(of bone), 282 Ovarian follicle, /7, 17 rupture of, 19
Ovary, early differentiation of, 14 formation of, 211 migration of, 225 relations of,/l,/2, 6 structure of, /6
Oviducts ( == uterine tubes, q.v.)
Ovigcrous cords (tubes), /6, 15 Ovulation, /9, 1 9 Ovum, discharge of, 19 fertilization of, /ll, 34 maturation of,/8, 20 yolk, distribution in, 37
Palatal shelves, 301 Palate, /1 74, 301 Pallium, 162
Pancreas,/76,/103-105, 80, 119, 185
Pancreatic ducts, 186
Papillary muscles, /1 49, 263
Paradidymis, /1 24, 213
Paraganglionic chromaffin bodies, 223
Parathyroids, /98, 178
Parietal lobe, 163
Paroophoron, /1 25
Pelvic cavity of kidney, 205
Pelvis of kidney, /1 1 9
Penis, /1 32, 225
Pericardial coelom, see coelom
Perichondrium, /1 54, 278
Periosteal bud, /1 55, 280
Periosteum, /1 55, 280, 286
Peritoneal coelom, see coelom
Peritoneum, 218
Petrosal ganglion, /92, 170
Phallus (= genital tubercle), /99, /1 32, 225
Pharyngeal derivatives, /96, 173
Pharyngeal ]X)uches,/41,/62,/95, 117, 173
Pharynx, /38,/40,/60,/98, 80, 118, 173
Pigmented layer of retina, 117
Pineal gland, sec epiphysis
INDEX
349
Pituitary gland, see hypophysis
Placenta, /55~57, 103
Pleura, 189
Pleural canal, /1 10
Pleural coelom, see coelom
Pleuro-pcricardial fold, /1 1 3, /1 6 1 , 195
Pleuro-peritoneal canals, 195
Pleuro-peritoneal fold, /1 1 0, /1 1 1 , /1 60, 195
Pocket, Rathke’s, /40,/65, /95, /106, 118,
158
Seessel’s,/40,/65,/95, 118 Polar bodies, /4, 20 Polyestrous cycle, 30 Pons,/87, 157
Post-anal gut ( = post-cloacal gut, q v.) Post-branchial bodies, /96, 178 Post-cardinal (contraction of posterior cardinal vein, q.v.)
Post-cloacal gut,/37, 76, 120 Posterior intestinal jxjrtal, /37, 74 Postestrum, 29
Postnatal changes in circulation, 268 Pregnancy, duration of in pig, /34 legend Premaxillary, bones, 295 process, /1 74 Pre-oral gut,/37, 76, 118 Prepuce, 225
Pre vertebral sympathetic chain, 1 1 6 Primary follicle, /6, 17 Primitive groove, /22, 47 Primitive gut, origin of,/16,/21,/22, 43 differentiation of,/26,/37, 72 Primitive knot or node (= Hensen’s node, q.v.)
Primitive streak, as a growth center, 47, 54 fate of, 61 I
formation of,/20,/23--25, 45 location of,/20,/23~25,/28, 61 Processus vaginalis (= lumen of scrotal pouch), /1 31
Proctodaeum,/37,/65, 74, 120, 209 Proestrum, 29 Progesterone, 33 Pronephric duct, /1 14, 198 Pronephric tubules,/! 15, 198, 199 Pronephros,/114,/118, 122, 198, 199 Pronuclei, 36
Prosencephalon, /36, 71, 110 Prosocoelc ( « lumen of prosencephalon) Prostate gland, /3, /1 24, 213 Prostatic sinus, 217
Pulp, of enamel organ ( =* stellate reticulum, q.v.)
of tooth, /1 80-1 82, 307 Pyriform lobe, 162
Ramus, communicans,/85, 116 dorsalis, /85, 116 ventralis,/85, 116 Raphe, scrotal, /1 32, 225 Rathke’s pocket,/40,/65,/95,/106, 118, 158 Recapitulation, 174, 230 Recessus opticus, /65, 110 Rectum, 209
Reduction division of gametes, /8, 22 Reflexes, /80, 142 Retina, 117
Rhinencephalon, 162, 165 Rhombencephalon, /36, 71, 110, 111 Rhomboidal sinus, /28, 71 Rib, /1 60-1 67, 288, 292 Rickets, 274
Roof plate of neural tube, 1 56 Roots, of spinal nerve, /85, 151 of teeth, 312
Round ligament, of liver, 270 of ovary, /1 25, 222 of uterus, /1 25, 223 Rutting season, 29
Saccus vaginalis, see scrotal pouch Sacral plexus, 116 Sclerotomes, /42, /1 59, 81, 287 Scrotal p>ouches, 219, 225 Scrotum, /1 3 1 , /1 32 SeessePs pocket,/40,/65,/95, 118 Segmentation, 37 Segmentation cavity, 41 Segments, primitive, see somites Semen, 9
Semicircular canals, 169 Semilunar ganglion, /92, 169 Seminal vesicles, /3, 8, 213 Seminiferous tubules, /3,/5, 13 Semiplacenta, 103 Sense organs, 116 Sensory paths of cord, /80, 153 Septum, interatrial, 257, 258
interventricular, /1 45-1 49, 126, 256 nasal, 302
primum,/147-150, 257 secundum, /1 48-1 50, 259
INDEX
350
vSeptum — {Continued) spurium,/148, 263 transversum,/59,/lll, 122, 194 Serosa, 97 Sertoli cells, 14 Sex cells, primordial, 10 Sex determination, 23 Sexual ducts of, adult male, /3, 7 female embryo, 214 male embryo, 213 Sexually indifferent stage, 211 Sheath, myelin, 154 Sinus, cervical, /32, /1 69, 109 coronary, see veins prostatic, 217 rhomboidalis,/28, 71 urogenital, 209
venosus,/46,/144, 126, 254, 257, 263 Sinusoids, of liver, 185, 250 Skeleton, progress of ossification in, /165167, 288, 292
Somatic afferent nerve fibers, /85, 152 Somatic efferent nerve fibers, /85, 1 53 Somatic mesoderm, see mesoderm Somatopleure, /22, 52 Somites, differentiation of,/42, 80 first appearance of,/25, 54 Spacing of embryos in uterus, 102 Species number of chromosomes, 21 Spermatid, 14 Spermatocyte, 14 Spermatogenesis, /5, 12 Spermatogonia, 13 Spermatozoa (spermia), 13, 14 Spinal accessory nerve, see accessory nerve Spinal cord, see cord Spinal ganglia, see ganglia Spinal nerves, see nerves Spinous process, 288 Spiral ganglion, 169 Splanchnic mesoderm, see mesoderm Splanchnopleure,/22, 52 Spleen, /lOl, 238 Spongioblasts, 148 Stellate reticulum, /1 81, 305 Stomach, formation of, /37, 80, 119 rotation of , /1 0 1 , 181 Stomodaeal depression, /9 5 Stomodaeal membrane (plate), 173, 293 Stomodaeum, /37, 74, 293 Straight collecting tubules of kidney,/! 1 9, 205
Stratum granulosum,/7, 18
Sub-cardial sinus, see veins
Sub-caudal fold, 74 ^
Sub-cephalic fold, 74 Subperiosteal lamellae, /1 57 Sulcus limitans, 1 57 Sulcus rhinalis, 1 62
Superior ganglion (of 9th cranial nerve), /92, 170
Suprarenal (adrenal), /1 00, /1 06, /1 27, /1 28, 223
Supra-segmental system, 144 Supratonsillar fossae, 177 Sylvian aqueduct, 158 Sympathetic ganglia, see ganglia Sympathetic nerve cord, 116 Sympathetic nerve roots, see ramus coinmunicans Synapses, 140
Teeth, attachment in jaw, 312 eruption of, /1 85, 312 formation of, /1 75-1 83, 302 growth lines in, /1 84 primordia of permanent,/! 80, /1 85, 304, 313
relations of in jaw, /1 84 replacement of, /1 86, 313 Tela choroidea ( = thin roof of 3rd and 4th brain ventricles), /1 00 Telencephalon, formation of, 110 lateral vesicles of,/60,/87, 110 later development of,/80,/87, 160 median, 110
Telocoele ( = lumen of telencephalon) Telo-dienccphalic boundary, 110 Telolecithal ova, /1 2, 37 Temporal lobe, 163 Tendinous cords, /1 49, 263 Testis, appendix of, /1 24, 217 descent of, /1 27-1 31, 217 early differentiation of, 12 formation of, 211 relations of,/3, 7 structure of,/3,/5 Thalamus, /80, /1 00, 160 Theca of ovarian follicle,/?, 19 Thymus, /94,/96,/97,/98, 178 Thyroid, /95,/96,/97,/98, 178 Tomes’ processes (fibers), /1 83, 310 Tongue, /1 73, 295
INDEX
351
Tonsils, 177
Torsion, 66
Trabeculae of bone, /1 51, 274 Trabeculae carneae,/145,/146, 126, 256 Trachea, /64,/73,/99, 118, 188 Tracheal (laryngo-tracheal) groove, 80, 118, 188
Transverse prcx'css, /1 63, 290 Trigeminal nerve, 168 Trochlear nerve, 168 Trophectoderm, 98, 103 Trophoblast, /1 5, 42, 97 Trophoderm, 98, 106 True placenta, 105 Truncus arteriosus, 126, 256, 261 Tuberculum irnpar, 297 Fuberculum posterious,/65, 110 Tubules, hepatic, 184
renal, see metanephne seminiferous, /3,/5, 8, 12, 213 Tunica vaginalis, /1 31 , 222 Tympanic cavity, 175
Ultimobranchial body (— postbranchial body, q.v.)
Umbilical cord, 250 Ureter, 205
Urethra, /118,/124,/125, 211, 226 Urethral groove, 225 Urinary bladder, /1 22, /1 24, 210 Uriniferous tubules, see metanephne tubules Urogenital sinus, /1 22, 209 Urorectal fold, /1 22, 209, 225 Uterine mucosa, 106 Uterine tube, 216 Uterus, dimensions of,/2 formation of, 215 position in body, /I, 6 spacing of embryos in,/52,/53, 102 types of, /1 26
Utriculus masculinus (= vagina masculina, q.v.)
Vagina, 7, 215, 226 masculina, 217 Vagus nerve, /94, 111, 171 Valves, aortic, 263
atrio-ventricular, 263 mitral, /1 49
Valves, pulmonary, 263 tricuspid, /1 49
Valvulac venosac,/46,/72,/145,/148, 126, 263
Vas deferens ( = ductus deferens, q.v.)
Vegetative pole, 37
veins, allantoic, /45, 92
azygos, /1 39, 247
capitis, /66, 133
cardinal, anterior, /47, /66, /1 39, 88, 133, 244
cardinal, common, /47, /66, /68, /1 39, 89, 244
cardinal, posterior, /47, /66, /68, /1 39, 88, 134, 245
cava, anterior, /1 39, 244
cava, posterior, /66,/68, /1 39, 138, 245
cervico-thoracic,/139, 244
common revehent hepatic, /39
coronary sinus, /1 39, 247
ductus vcnosus,/66,/68,/140,/141, 250
hepatic, /1 41 , 250
iliac,/139
innominate, /1 39, 244 jugular, int. and ext, /1 39, 134, 244 mesonephric, transverse, /66,/139 mesonephric, ventral. /'66,/139. 135 oblique of left atrium, /1 44 omphalomesenteric, /45, /1 41, 89, 138, 249, 250
portal, /66, /1 41, 139, 249 pulmonary, /1 07, /1 50, 249 renal, /1 39
subcardinal, /66,/68, /1 39, 134, 245 subcardinal sinus, 138, 245 subclavian, /68, /1 39, 244 supracardinal, /1 39, 247 suprarenal, /1 39
umbilical (allantoic), /66,/68, /1 41, 139, 249, 270 vitelline, /45, 89 velum transversum, 110 V^entral ligament of liver ( ~ falciform ligament, q.v.)
VentrEil mesentery, /1 08, 193 Ventral pancreatic bud, /1 03-105, 185 Ventral roots, see nerves, spinal Ventricles, see heart, brain Vertebrae, blastemal stage of, /1 60, 288 cartilage stage of, /1 62, 288 centrum of, 286 formation of, /1 59-1 64, 286 ossification centers in, /1 63, 288 Vestibular ganglion, 169 Vestibule, /1 18, 226
352
INDEX
Viscera, position in adult, /I
Visceral afferent nerve fibers, /85, 153
Visceral arches ( =* gill arches, q.v.)
Visceral efferent nerve fibers, /85, 153 Visceral pouches (=* pharyngeal pouches, q.v.)
Vitamin D, 274
Vitelline circulation, see circulation Vitelline membrane,/?, 18 Voluntary control, /80, 145
White matter of cord, 142, 151 Wolffian body ( = mesonephros, q.v.) Wolffian duct ( = mesonephric duct, q.v.)
X-chromosomc,/8, 23
t
Y-chromosome,/8, 23 Yolk, effect of on cleavage, 37 Yolk-sac, circulation of,/45, 93, 249 fate of, 96, 120 formation of,/26,/37, 74 function of, 96 relations of,/49,/64,/65, 94 Yolk-stalk, /64, 74, 120
Zona pellucida,/7,/14, 18, 41 Zona radiata, 18 footnote