Talk:Neural - Cranial Nerve Development
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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, June 26) Embryology Neural - Cranial Nerve Development. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Talk:Neural_-_Cranial_Nerve_Development |
MeSH Terms: Cranial Nerves/embryology
Cranial Nerves
CN I Olfactory
sensory - olfactory receptor neuron axons
olfactory epithelium to cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone then to the olfactory bulb
CN II Optic
sensory - retinal ganglion neuron axons
development - CNS out-pouching of the diencephalon (optic stalks)
optic nerve fibres covered with myelin produced by oligodendrocytes
ensheathed in all three meningeal layers (dura, arachnoid, and pia mater)
CN III Oculomotor
motor - innervates muscles that enable most eye movement
development - oculomotor nerve is derived from the basal plate of the embryonic midbrain
CN IV Trochlear
motor - innervates the superior oblique muscle that enables eye movement
CN V Trigeminal
CN VI Abducent
CN VII Facial
CN VIII Acoustic
CN IX Glossopharyngeal
lies anterior to the medulla oblongata
mixed motor/sensory
Branchial motor (special visceral efferent) – supplies the stylopharyngeus muscle.
Visceral motor (general visceral efferent) – provides parasympathetic innervation of the parotid gland via the otic ganglion.
Visceral sensory (general visceral afferent) – carries visceral sensory information from the carotid sinus and carotid body.
General sensory (general somatic afferent) – provides general sensory information from inner surface of the tympanic membrane, upper pharynx (GVA), and the posterior one-third of the tongue.
Visceral afferent (special visceral afferent) – provides taste sensation from the posterior one-third of the tongue, including circumvallate papillae.
CN X Vagus
CN XI Accessory
CN XII Hypoglossal
2016
G-Protein α-Subunit Gsα Is Required for Craniofacial Morphogenesis
PLoS One. 2016 Feb 9;11(2):e0147535. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147535. eCollection 2016.
Lei R1,2,3, Zhang K1,2,3, Wei Y1, Chen M4, Weinstein LS4, Hong Y5, Zhu M3, Li H2, Li H1,3.
Abstract
The heterotrimeric G protein subunit Gsα couples receptors to activate adenylyl cyclase and is required for the intracellular cAMP response and protein kinase A (PKA) activation. Gsα is ubiquitously expressed in many cell types; however, the role of Gsα in neural crest cells (NCCs) remains unclear. Here we report that NCCs-specific Gsα knockout mice die within hours after birth and exhibit dramatic craniofacial malformations, including hypoplastic maxilla and mandible, cleft palate and craniofacial skeleton defects. Histological and anatomical analysis reveal that the cleft palate in Gsα knockout mice is a secondary defect resulting from craniofacial skeleton deficiencies. In Gsα knockout mice, the morphologies of NCCs-derived cranial nerves are normal, but the development of dorsal root and sympathetic ganglia are impaired. Furthermore, loss of Gsα in NCCs does not affect cranial NCCs migration or cell proliferation, but significantly accelerate osteochondrogenic differentiation. Taken together, our study suggests that Gsα is required for neural crest cells-derived craniofacial development. PMID 26859889
2014
A fate-map for cranial sensory ganglia in the sea lamprey
Dev Biol. 2014 Jan 15;385(2):405-16.
Modrell MS, Hockman D, Uy B, Buckley D, Sauka-Spengler T, Bronner ME, Baker CV.
Abstract
Cranial neurogenic placodes and the neural crest make essential contributions to key adult characteristics of all vertebrates, including the paired peripheral sense organs and craniofacial skeleton. Neurogenic placode development has been extensively characterized in representative jawed vertebrates (gnathostomes) but not in jawless fishes (agnathans). Here, we use in vivo lineage tracing with DiI, together with neuronal differentiation markers, to establish the first detailed fate-map for placode-derived sensory neurons in a jawless fish, the sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus, and to confirm that neural crest cells in the lamprey contribute to the cranial sensory ganglia. We also show that a pan-Pax3/7 antibody labels ophthalmic trigeminal (opV, profundal) placode-derived but not maxillomandibular trigeminal (mmV) placode-derived neurons, mirroring the expression of gnathostome Pax3 and suggesting that Pax3 (and its single Pax3/7 lamprey ortholog) is a pan-vertebrate marker for opV placode-derived neurons. Unexpectedly, however, our data reveal that mmV neuron precursors are located in two separate domains at neurula stages, with opV neuron precursors sandwiched between them. The different branches of the mmV nerve are not comparable between lampreys and gnatho-stomes, and spatial segregation of mmV neuron precursor territories may be a derived feature of lampreys. Nevertheless, maxillary and mandibular neurons are spatially segregated within gnathostome mmV ganglia, suggesting that a more detailed investigation of gnathostome mmV placode development would be worthwhile. Overall, however, our results highlight the conservation of cranial peripheral sensory nervous system development across vertebrates, yielding insight into ancestral vertebrate traits.
PMID 24513489
2013
Neurosensory development and cell fate determination in the human cochlea
Neural Dev. 2013 Oct 16;8:20. doi: 10.1186/1749-8104-8-20.
Locher H, Frijns JH, van Iperen L, de Groot JC, Huisman MA, Chuva de Sousa Lopes SM1.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Hearing depends on correct functioning of the cochlear hair cells, and their innervation by spiral ganglion neurons. Most of the insight into the embryological and molecular development of this sensory system has been derived from animal studies. In contrast, little is known about the molecular expression patterns and dynamics of signaling molecules during normal fetal development of the human cochlea. In this study, we investigated the onset of hair cell differentiation and innervation in the human fetal cochlea at various stages of development. RESULTS: At 10 weeks of gestation, we observed a prosensory domain expressing SOX2 and SOX9/SOX10 within the cochlear duct epithelium. In this domain, hair cell differentiation was consistently present from 12 weeks, coinciding with downregulation of SOX9/SOX10, to be followed several weeks later by downregulation of SOX2. Outgrowing neurites from spiral ganglion neurons were found penetrating into the cochlear duct epithelium prior to hair cell differentiation, and directly targeted the hair cells as they developed. Ubiquitous Peripherin expression by spiral ganglion neurons gradually diminished and became restricted to the type II spiral ganglion neurons by 18 weeks. At 20 weeks, when the onset of human hearing is thought to take place, the expression profiles in hair cells and spiral ganglion neurons matched the expression patterns of the adult mammalian cochleae. CONCLUSIONS: Our study provides new insights into the fetal development of the human cochlea, contributing to our understanding of deafness and to the development of new therapeutic strategies to restore hearing.
PMID 24131517
Cranial neural crest cells form corridors prefiguring sensory neuroblast migration
Development. 2013 Sep;140(17):3595-600. doi: 10.1242/dev.091033.
Freter S1, Fleenor SJ, Freter R, Liu KJ, Begbie J.
Abstract
The majority of cranial sensory neurons originate in placodes in the surface ectoderm, migrating to form ganglia that connect to the central nervous system (CNS). Interactions between inward-migrating sensory neuroblasts and emigrant cranial neural crest cells (NCCs) play a role in coordinating this process, but how the relationship between these two cell populations is established is not clear. Here, we demonstrate that NCCs generate corridors delineating the path of migratory neuroblasts between the placode and CNS in both chick and mouse. In vitro analysis shows that NCCs are not essential for neuroblast migration, yet act as a superior substrate to mesoderm, suggesting provision of a corridor through a less-permissive mesodermal territory. Early organisation of NCC corridors occurs prior to sensory neurogenesis and can be recapitulated in vitro; however, NCC extension to the placode requires placodal neurogenesis, demonstrating reciprocal interactions. Together, our data indicate that NCC corridors impose physical organisation for precise ganglion formation and connection to the CNS, providing a local environment to enclose migrating neuroblasts and axonal processes as they migrate through a non-neural territory. KEYWORDS: Cranial sensory ganglia; Neural crest; Placode
PMID 23942515
2010
Placodal sensory ganglia coordinate the formation of the cranial visceral motor pathway
Dev Dyn. 2010 Apr;239(4):1155-61. doi: 10.1002/dvdy.22273.
Takano-Maruyama M1, Chen Y, Gaufo GO.
Abstract The parasympathetic reflex circuit is controlled by three basic neurons. In the vertebrate head, the sensory, and pre- and postganglionic neurons that comprise each circuit have stereotypic positions along the anteroposterior (AP) axis, suggesting that the circuit arises from a common developmental plan. Here, we show that precursors of the VIIth circuit are initially aligned along the AP axis, where the placode-derived sensory neurons provide a critical "guidepost" through which preganglionic axons and their neural crest-derived postganglionic targets navigate before reaching their distant target sites. In the absence of the placodal sensory ganglion, preganglionic axons terminate and the neural crest fated for postganglionic neurons undergo apoptosis at the site normally occupied by the placodal sensory ganglion. The stereotypic organization of the parasympathetic cranial sensory-motor circuit thus emerges from the initial alignment of its precursors along the AP axis, with the placodal sensory ganglion coordinating the formation of the motor pathway.
PMID 20235227
Epibranchial ganglia orchestrate the development of the cranial neurogenic crest
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Feb 2;107(5):2066-71. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0910213107. Epub 2010 Jan 19.
Coppola E1, Rallu M, Richard J, Dufour S, Riethmacher D, Guillemot F, Goridis C, Brunet JF.
Abstract
The wiring of the nervous system arises from extensive directional migration of neuronal cell bodies and growth of processes that, somehow, end up forming functional circuits. Thus far, this feat of biological engineering appears to rely on sequences of pathfinding decisions upon local cues, each with little relationship to the anatomical and physiological outcome. Here, we uncover a straightforward cellular mechanism for circuit building whereby a neuronal type directs the development of its future partners. We show that visceral afferents of the head (that innervate taste buds) provide a scaffold for the establishment of visceral efferents (that innervate salivatory glands and blood vessels). In embryological terms, sensory neurons derived from an epibranchial placode--that we show to develop largely independently from the neural crest--guide the directional outgrowth of hindbrain visceral motoneurons and control the formation of neural crest-derived parasympathetic ganglia.
PMID 20133851
2002
Cranial nerve development: placodal neurons ride the crest
Curr Biol. 2002 Mar 5;12(5):R171-3.
Barlow LA.
Abstract
Neurons of the vertebrate cranial sensory ganglia arise from both neural crest and a series of ectodermal thickenings termed neurogenic placodes. Recent results lend insight into how these two populations of cells coordinate their development, and subsequently innervate their central target, the hindbrain.
PMID 11882306
