Talk:Musculoskeletal System - Muscle Development
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Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2026, August 13) Embryology Musculoskeletal System - Muscle Development. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Talk:Musculoskeletal_System_-_Muscle_Development |
2012
Myoblast fusion: lessons from flies and mice
Development. 2012 Feb;139(4):641-56.
Abmayr SM, Pavlath GK. Source Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA. sma@stowers.org
Abstract
The fusion of myoblasts into multinucleate syncytia plays a fundamental role in muscle function, as it supports the formation of extended sarcomeric arrays, or myofibrils, within a large volume of cytoplasm. Principles learned from the study of myoblast fusion not only enhance our understanding of myogenesis, but also contribute to our perspectives on membrane fusion and cell-cell fusion in a wide array of model organisms and experimental systems. Recent studies have advanced our views of the cell biological processes and crucial proteins that drive myoblast fusion. Here, we provide an overview of myoblast fusion in three model systems that have contributed much to our understanding of these events: the Drosophila embryo; developing and regenerating mouse muscle; and cultured rodent muscle cells.
PMID 22274696
2011
Jamb and jamc are essential for vertebrate myocyte fusion
PLoS Biol. 2011 Dec;9(12):e1001216. Epub 2011 Dec 13.
Powell GT, Wright GJ. Source Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Abstract
Cellular fusion is required in the development of several tissues, including skeletal muscle. In vertebrates, this process is poorly understood and lacks an in vivo-validated cell surface heterophilic receptor pair that is necessary for fusion. Identification of essential cell surface interactions between fusing cells is an important step in elucidating the molecular mechanism of cellular fusion. We show here that the zebrafish orthologues of JAM-B and JAM-C receptors are essential for fusion of myocyte precursors to form syncytial muscle fibres. Both jamb and jamc are dynamically co-expressed in developing muscles and encode receptors that physically interact. Heritable mutations in either gene prevent myocyte fusion in vivo, resulting in an overabundance of mononuclear, but otherwise overtly normal, functional fast-twitch muscle fibres. Transplantation experiments show that the Jamb and Jamc receptors must interact between neighbouring cells (in trans) for fusion to occur. We also show that jamc is ectopically expressed in prdm1a mutant slow muscle precursors, which inappropriately fuse with other myocytes, suggesting that control of myocyte fusion through regulation of jamc expression has important implications for the growth and patterning of muscles. Our discovery of a receptor-ligand pair critical for fusion in vivo has important implications for understanding the molecular mechanisms responsible for myocyte fusion and its regulation in vertebrate myogenesis.
PMID 22180726
The histone methyltransferase Set7/9 promotes myoblast differentiation and myofibril assembly
J Cell Biol. 2011 Aug 22;194(4):551-65.
Tao Y, Neppl RL, Huang ZP, Chen J, Tang RH, Cao R, Zhang Y, Jin SW, Wang DZ. Source McAllister Heart Institute, 2 Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, 3 Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 4 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and 5 Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599. Abstract The molecular events that modulate chromatin structure during skeletal muscle differentiation are still poorly understood. We report in this paper that expression of the H3-K4 histone methyltransferase Set7 is increased when myoblasts differentiate into myotubes and is required for skeletal muscle development, expression of muscle contractile proteins, and myofibril assembly. Knockdown of Set7 or expression of a dominant-negative Set7 mutant impairs skeletal muscle differentiation, accompanied by a decrease in levels of histone monomethylation (H3-K4me1). Set7 directly interacts with MyoD to enhance expression of muscle differentiation genes. Expression of myocyte enhancer factor 2 and genes encoding contractile proteins is decreased in Set7 knockdown myocytes. Furthermore, we demonstrate that Set7 also activates muscle gene expression by precluding Suv39h1-mediated H3-K9 methylation on the promoters of myogenic differentiation genes. Together, our experiments define a biological function for Set7 in muscle differentiation and provide a molecular mechanism by which Set7 modulates myogenic transcription factors during muscle differentiation.
PMID 21859860
Origin of vertebrate limb muscle: the role of progenitor and myoblast populations
Curr Top Dev Biol. 2011;96:1-32.
Murphy M, Kardon G. Source Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA. Abstract Muscle development, growth, and regeneration take place throughout vertebrate life. In amniotes, myogenesis takes place in four successive, temporally distinct, although overlapping phases. Understanding how embryonic, fetal, neonatal, and adult muscle are formed from muscle progenitors and committed myoblasts is an area of active research. In this review we examine recent expression, genetic loss-of-function, and genetic lineage studies that have been conducted in the mouse, with a particular focus on limb myogenesis. We synthesize these studies to present a current model of how embryonic, fetal, neonatal, and adult muscle are formed in the limb.
Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
PMID 21621065
2010
To build a synapse: signaling pathways in neuromuscular junction assembly
Development. 2010 Apr;137(7):1017-33.
Wu H, Xiong WC, Mei L.
Program of Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA. Abstract Synapses, as fundamental units of the neural circuitry, enable complex behaviors. The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is a synapse type that forms between motoneurons and skeletal muscle fibers and that exhibits a high degree of subcellular specialization. Aided by genetic techniques and suitable animal models, studies in the past decade have brought significant progress in identifying NMJ components and assembly mechanisms. This review highlights recent advances in the study of NMJ development, focusing on signaling pathways that are activated by diffusible cues, which shed light on synaptogenesis in the brain and contribute to a better understanding of muscular dystrophy.
PMID: 20215342 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20215342
http://dev.biologists.org/content/137/7/1017.full
Muscle-derived collagen XIII regulates maturation of the skeletal neuromuscular junction
J Neurosci. 2010 Sep 15;30(37):12230-41.
Latvanlehto A, Fox MA, Sormunen R, Tu H, Oikarainen T, Koski A, Naumenko N, Shakirzyanova A, Kallio M, Ilves M, Giniatullin R, Sanes JR, Pihlajaniemi T.
Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, and Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 90014 University of Oulu, Finland.
Abstract
Formation, maturation, stabilization, and functional efficacy of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) are orchestrated by transsynaptic and autocrine signals embedded within the synaptic cleft. Here, we demonstrate that collagen XIII, a nonfibrillar transmembrane collagen, is another such signal. We show that collagen XIII is expressed by muscle and its ectodomain can be proteolytically shed into the extracellular matrix. The collagen XIII protein was found present in the postsynaptic membrane and synaptic basement membrane. To identify a role for collagen XIII at the NMJ, mice were generated lacking this collagen. Morphological and ultrastructural analysis of the NMJ revealed incomplete adhesion of presynaptic and postsynaptic specializations in collagen XIII-deficient mice of both genders. Strikingly, Schwann cells erroneously enwrapped nerve terminals and invaginated into the synaptic cleft, resulting in a decreased contact surface for neurotransmission. Consistent with morphological findings, electrophysiological studies indicated both postsynaptic and presynaptic defects in Col13a1(-/-) mice, such as decreased amplitude of postsynaptic potentials, diminished probabilities of spontaneous release and reduced readily releasable neurotransmitter pool. To identify the role of collagen XIII at the NMJ, shed ectodomain of collagen XIII was applied to cultured myotubes, and it was found to advance acetylcholine receptor (AChR) cluster maturation. Together with the delay in AChR cluster development observed in collagen XIII-deficient mutants in vivo, these results suggest that collagen XIII plays an autocrine role in postsynaptic maturation of the NMJ. Altogether, the results presented here reveal that collagen XIII is a novel muscle-derived cue necessary for the maturation and function of the vertebrate NMJ.
PMID: 2084411 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20844119
2009
Centrosome proteins - muscle cell differentiation
- Centrosome proteins form an insoluble perinuclear matrix during muscle cell differentiation. Srsen V, Fant X, Heald R, Rabouille C, Merdes A. BMC Cell Biol. 2009 Apr 21;10:28. PMID: 19383121 | BMC Cell Biol.
- Nuclei of non-muscle cells bind centrosome proteins upon fusion with differentiating myoblasts. Fant X, Srsen V, Espigat-Georger A, Merdes A. PLoS One. 2009 Dec 14;4(12):e8303. PMID: 20011525
- Reorganization of microtubule nucleation during muscle differentiation. Bugnard E, Zaal KJ, Ralston E. Cell Motil Cytoskeleton. 2005 Jan;60(1):1-13.PMID: 15532031
Skeletal Dysplasias Associated with Mild Myopathy—A Clinical and Molecular Review
Good figures for bone
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2875749/?tool=pubmed
Phenotypes induced by NM causing α-skeletal muscle actin mutants in fibroblasts, Sol 8 myoblasts and myotubes
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1756-0500/2/40/
The chemokine Sdf-1 and its receptor Cxcr4 are required for formation of muscle in zebrafish
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1904199
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1904199/pdf/1471-213X-7-54.pdf
Kindlin-2 is required for myocyte elongation and is essential for myogenesis
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2121/9/36
Integrins are required for normal muscle differentiation and disruptions in integrin signaling result in human muscle disease. The intracellular components that regulate integrin function during myogenesis are poorly understood. Unc-112 is an integrin-associated protein required for muscle development in C. elegans. To better understand the intracellular effectors of integrin signaling in muscle, we examined the mammalian homolog of Unc-112, kindlin-2.
Schematic of kindlin-2 function during early myogenesis. A. Undifferentiated C2C12 cells with typical fibroblast-like morphology B. Upon change to differentiation media, control cells withdraw from the cell cycle and elongate. In cells with reduced levels of kindlin-2, cells fail to elongate, and instead maintain a "pro-migratory" phenotype. C. By differentiation day 4, elongated control cells fuse into multinucleated myotubes. Reduced levels of kindlin-2 result in failure of myotube formation, likely as a result of decreased elongation, inadequate cell adhesion and impaired myoblast fusion. One mechanism underlying these alterations is a failure of redistribution of ILK containing focal adhesions.
PITX2 gain-of-function induced defects in mouse forelimb development
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-213X/8/25
Extensive molecular differences between anterior- and posterior-half-sclerotomes underlie somite polarity and spinal nerve segmentation
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-213X/9/30
We have identified a set of genes that warrant further investigation as regulators of somite polarity and vertebral morphogenesis, as well as repellents of spinal axon growth. Moreover the results indicate that, unlike the posterior half-sclerotome, the central region of the anterior-half-sclerotome does not contribute bone and cartilage to the vertebral column, being associated instead with the development of the segmented spinal nerves.
- Figure 1. Somite patterning and fate. Somite development involves two patterning systems operating along the A-P and D-V axes. (i) Unsegmented presomite mesoderm and nascent somites showing the oscillations and gradients of gene activity that determine A-P polarity prior to overt somite formation (green: anterior half-somite; red: posterior half-somite). (ii) Transverse section through an A-half-epithelial somite (esm, left) and a differentiated somite (right). Patterning along the D-V axis sub-divides the somite into dermatome (dr), myotome (m) and sclerotome (s). The sclerotome is further sub-divided into ventral (v), central (s, red) and (d) dorsal regions. (iii) Representation of two somites viewed laterally, showing the central sclerotome A-P sub-division. Only the anterior-half (green) is permissive for PNS components. (iv) In differentiated vertebrae, posterior-central sclerotomes form the paired transverse processes and pedicles of the neural arches (red) that encase the spinal cord and provide attachment points for epaxial muscles. Anterior central-sclerotome derivatives (green) contribute to peripheral nerve sheaths and prefigure the positions of the intervertebral foraminae (ivf). Spinous process (sp), intervertebral disc (ivd), vertebral body (vb).
© 2009 Hughes et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Glycogenome expression dynamics during mouse C2C12 myoblast differentiation suggests a sequential reorganization of membrane glycoconjugates
Several global transcriptomic and proteomic approaches have been applied in order to obtain new molecular insights on skeletal myogenesis, but none has generated any specific data on glycogenome expression, and thus on the role of glycan structures in this process, despite the involvement of glycoconjugates in various biological events including differentiation and development. In the present study, a quantitative real-time RT-PCR technology was used to profile the dynamic expression of 375 glycogenes during the differentiation of C2C12 myoblasts into myotubes.
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/10/483
Nuclear envelope transmembrane proteins (NETs) that are up-regulated during myogenesis
Conclusion: This work identified 6 NETs that are predicted to have important functions in muscle development and/or maintenance from their expression patterns during myoblast differentiation and in mouse tissues. We confirmed that 5 of these NETs are authentic nuclear envelope proteins. Four members of this group have potential signaling functions at the NE, based on their sequence homologies.
http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmccellbiol/imageofthemonth/archive/2006/11
http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2121-7-38.pdf
2006
The differentiation and morphogenesis of craniofacial muscles
Dev Dyn. 2006 May;235(5):1194-218.
Noden DM, Francis-West P. Source Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA. dmn2@cornell.edu
Abstract
Unraveling the complex tissue interactions necessary to generate the structural and functional diversity present among craniofacial muscles is challenging. These muscles initiate their development within a mesenchymal population bounded by the brain, pharyngeal endoderm, surface ectoderm, and neural crest cells. This set of spatial relations, and in particular the segmental properties of these adjacent tissues, are unique to the head. Additionally, the lack of early epithelialization in head mesoderm necessitates strategies for generating discrete myogenic foci that may differ from those operating in the trunk. Molecular data indeed indicate dissimilar methods of regulation, yet transplantation studies suggest that some head and trunk myogenic populations are interchangeable. The first goal of this review is to present key features of these diversities, identifying and comparing tissue and molecular interactions regulating myogenesis in the head and trunk. Our second focus is on the diverse morphogenetic movements exhibited by craniofacial muscles. Precursors of tongue muscles partly mimic migrations of appendicular myoblasts, whereas myoblasts destined to form extraocular muscles condense within paraxial mesoderm, then as large cohorts they cross the mesoderm:neural crest interface en route to periocular regions. Branchial muscle precursors exhibit yet another strategy, establishing contacts with neural crest populations before branchial arch formation and maintaining these relations through subsequent stages of morphogenesis. With many of the prerequisite stepping-stones in our knowledge of craniofacial myogenesis now in place, discovering the cellular and molecular interactions necessary to initiate and sustain the differentiation and morphogenesis of these neglected craniofacial muscles is now an attainable goal.
(c) 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
PMID 16502415
Move this ref to correct page
Fragile X
http://hmg.oxfordjournals.org/content/10/24/2803.full
The RNA-binding Protein Fragile X-related 1 Regulates Somite Formation in Xenopus laevis
http://www.molbiolcell.org/cgi/content/full/16/9/4350
TGF-β
Differentiation plasticity regulated by TGF-β family proteins in development and disease
http://www.nature.com/ncb/journal/v9/n9/full/ncb434.html
PDGF signalling controls the migration of mesoderm cells during chick gastrulation by regulating N-cadherin expression
http://dev.biologists.org/content/135/21/3521.full
| Muscle type | Type I | Type IIa | Type IIb |
| Colour | red | red | white |
| Shortening speed | slow | fast | fast |
| Myosin ATPase | slow | intermediate | fast |
| Fatigue | resistant | intermediate | easily |
| Metabolism | oxidative | oxidative | glycolytic |
| Diameter | small | intermediate | large |
| Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Volume | small | medium | well daveloped |
| Mitochondria | many | intermediate | few |
| Lipid droplets | many | intermediate | few |
| Glycogen | low | intermediate | high |
| Capillaries | many | intermediate | few |
| Myoglobin | high | high | low |
Neural Crest Cells and Cranial Mesoderm during Head Muscle Development 2009
http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0004381
- genetic program controlling head muscle specification is distinct from that underlying trunk and limb myogenesis. Grifone R, Kelly RG (2007) Heartening news for head muscle development. Trends Genet 23: 365–369.
- muscle-independence of tendon initiation and the later muscle requirement for further tendon development is similar to the situation in the limb.
- limb - Scleraxis expression is normally detected in tendon primordia in muscleless limbs in chick and mouse embryos, but is progressively lost in the absence of limb muscles.
- Genetic ablation of Scleraxis in the mouse leads to defective differentiation of limb muscle tendons (no head phenotype has been reported).
