Talk:Endocrine - Adrenal Development: Difference between revisions

From Embryology
No edit summary
No edit summary
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Talk Page}}
==2010==
==2010==
===Migration and distribution of neural crest-derived cells in the human adrenal cortex at 9-16 weeks of gestation: an immunohistochemical study===
===Migration and distribution of neural crest-derived cells in the human adrenal cortex at 9-16 weeks of gestation: an immunohistochemical study===
Line 31: Line 33:


http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-213X/10/66
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-213X/10/66
== Introduction ==
The 2 adrenal glands (= suprarenal gland, ''glandulæ suprarenales'') are named by their anatomical postion sitting above the 2 kidneys (renal). The 2 main parts of the adrenals have different embryonic origins. The inside core '''adrenal medulla''' is neural crest in origin. The outside '''adrenal cortex''' is derived from mesothelium and can be further divided into 3 distinct layers (zona reticularis, zona fasiculata, zona glomerulosa) each with distinct hormonal functions.
During fetal development, adrenal hormones are involved with the maturation of the lung and other developing systems.
<center>Adrenal Gland cartoon (More? [../Movies/neuralcrest/adrenal_medulla.mov Large Adrenal Gland cartoon] | [ncrest.htm Neural Crest Notes])</center>
{| class="prettytable"
| [[Image:adrenal1.gif]]
| [[Image:adrenal.jpg]]
|-
| Human fetus (10 week, 40mm, parasagittal section) shows location of the developing adrenal gland. (More? [#Cortex Adrenal Cortex])
| In the embryo, neural crest cells migrate to a location above the developing metanephros. (More? [#Medulla Adrenal Medulla])
|}
Mesenchyme surrounding these cells differentiates to form a fetal cortex. This fetal cortex is later replaced by the adult cortex.
'''Page Links:''' [#Intro Introduction] | [#Recent Some Recent Findings] | [#Reading Reading] | [#Overview Development Overview] | [#Medulla Adrenal Medulla] | [#Cortex Adrenal Cortex] | [#Abnormalities Abnormalities] | [#CAH Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia] | [#SerialImages Serial Images] | [#WWWLinks WWW Links] | [#References References] | [#Glossary Glossary]
== Some Recent Findings ==
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=16928368&dopt=Abstract Huber K.] The sympathoadrenal cell lineage: specification, diversification, and new perspectives. Dev Biol. 2006 Oct 15;298(2):335-43. Epub 2006 Jul 14.
"Sympathoadrenal (SA) cells constitute a major lineage among NC derivatives; they give rise to sympathetic neurons, neuroendocrine chromaffin cells, and the intermediate small intensely fluorescent (SIF) cells."
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=17046275&dopt=Abstract Hanley NA, Arlt W.] The human fetal adrenal cortex and the window of sexual differentiation. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Dec;17(10):391-7.
== Reading ==
{| class="prettytable"
| * '''Human Embryology '''(3rd ed.) Larson (not covered)
* '''The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology''' (6th ed.) Moore and Persaud Ch10: p230-233, Ch12: p280-282, Ch13: p319-347
* '''Human Embryology''' Fitzgerald and Fitzgerald Ch24: p166-167
* '''NCBI Bookshelf''' links to [#OnlineTextbooks Online Textbooks]
| [[Image:kidney_adrenal_sm.jpg]]
| [[Image:historic-adrenal-histo_sm.jpg]]
|-
| <div align="right">'''Historic Images:'''</div>
| Kidney and adrenal
| Adrenal medulla and cortex
|}
== Development Overview ==
{| class="prettytable"
| '''Human embryo''' (stage 22) adrenal gland showing the fetal and permanent adrenal cortex. Note that the medulla of the adrenal gland is not yet encapsulated by the cortex.
| [[Image:adrenalst22_sm.jpg]]
|}
'''Medulla '''- Neural crest cells migrate toward the coelomic cavity wall and form the adrenal medulla. These chromaffin (chromaphil) cells originally named because of their staining (yellow) with chromium salts. (More? [#Medulla Adrenal Medulla])
'''Cortex''' - Week 4 celomic epithelium (mesothelium) cells proliferate initially forming small buds that separate from the epithelium. Week 6 these now mesenchymal cells first form the fetal adrenal cortex which will be later replaced by the adult cortex. (More? [#Cortex Adrenal Cortex])
[[Image:adrenal_cartoon1.jpg]][images/endo/adrenal_cartoon1.jpg  ]
[[Image:adrenal_cartoon2.jpg]]
[[Image:adrenal_cartoon3.jpg]]
[[Image:adrenal_cartoon4.jpg]]
[[Image:adrenal_cartoon5.jpg]]
== Adrenal Medulla ==
[[Image:adrenal_cartoon2sm.jpg]] [[Image:adrenal_cartoon4sm.jpg]]
Neural crest cells migrate toward the coelomic cavity wall and form the adrenal medulla. These chromaffin (chromaphil) cells originally named because of their staining (yellow) with chromium salts. (More? [ncrest.htm Neural Crest Notes])
Cells have a neuron-like morphology and eventually form 2 different cell types on the basis of their endocrine secretion: 80% secrete epinepherine (adrenaline), 20% secrete norepinepherine (noradrenaline).
[[Image:adrenal_histology_sm.jpg]]
'''Adult Medulla Function'''
Hormone secretion often described as “Fight-flight response", having different effects on different systems.
Sympathetic stimulation can increase hormone release.
Hormone targets most cells with receptors (alpha 1 and beta 1): increases cardiac activity, blood pressure, glycogen breakdown, blood glucose, adipose lipid release.
== Adrenal Cortex ==
{| class="prettytable"
| [[Image:adrenalst22_sm.jpg]]
| [[Image:adrenal1.gif]]
|-
| '''Human embryo''' (7 weeks, stage 22) adrenal gland showing the fetal and permanent adrenal cortex. Note that the medulla of the adrenal gland is not yet encapsulated by the cortex.
| '''Human fetus '''(10 week, 40mm, parasagittal section) shows location of the developing adrenal gland. The spongy appearance at the centre of the adrenal is the degenerating fetal cortex. The dense region around the outside of the adrenal is the developing adult cortex. (More? [../wwwhuman/Hum10wk/HumA.htm Human Fetus (10 week)])
|}
'''Week 4''' - celomic epithelium (mesothelium) cells proliferate initially forming small buds that separate from the epithelium.
'''Week 6''' - these now mesenchymal cells surrounding the developing medulla cells differentiate first form the fetal adrenal cortex which will be later replaced by the adult cortex.
'''Week 8 to 9 '''- fetal adrenal cortex synthesizes cortisol and is maximal at 8-9 weeks post conception (wpc) under the regulation of ACTH (also stimulates androstenedione and testosterone secretion). (More? [#16585961 Goto etal., 2006])
'''Adult cortex''' - mesothelium mesenchyme encloses fetal cortex.
'''Late Fetal Period''' - differentiates to form cortical zones.
'''Birth''' - zona glomerulosa, zona fasiculata present.
'''Year 3''' - zona reticularis present.
'''Fetal Cortex'''
Fetal adrenal cortical growth involves several cellular processes: hypertrophy, hyperplasia, apoptosis, and migration.
In the second and third trimesters a steroid precursor (DEA) and sulphated derivative (DHEAS) which is converted by placenta into estrogen.
Three functional zones:
# fetal zone - throughout gestation expresses enzymes required for DHEA-S synthesis.
# transitional zone - initially identical to the fetal zone but later (after 25-30 weeks) expresses enzymes that suggest glucocorticoid synthesis.
# definitive zone - after 22-24 weeks expresses enzymes that suggest mineralocorticoid synthesis.
[[Image:adrenal_histology_sm.jpg]]
'''Adult Cortex'''
Reticularis - narrow band, many small cells and capillaries androgens.
Fasiculata - high lipid content, pale foamy cells cortisol, corticosterone, cortisone.
Glomerulosa - small cells, cords or oval groups, aldosterone.
== Serial Images ==
'''Stage 13/14 Embryo''' - no adrenal development visible at this stage | [#st22ad Stage 22 Human Embryo] | [#hpad Stage 22 Human Embryo High Power]
Stage 22 Adrenal Gland
{| class="prettytable"
| [[Image:st22e6ad.gif]]
| [[Image:st22e7ad.gif]]
|-
| [[Image:st22f1ad.gif]]
| [[Image:st22f2ad.gif]]
|}
'''High Power Images Stage 22 Adrenal Gland'''
{| class="prettytable"
| [[Image:HumHPE6.gif]]
| [[Image:HumHPF3.gif]]
|-
| [../wwwhuman/hipower/HumE/E6L.htm E6]: Overview of embryo (stage 22) at the level of the liver where adrenals are seen.
| [../wwwhuman/hipower/HumF/F3L.htm F3]: Fetal and permanent adrenal cortex. The medulla of the adrenal gland is of neural crest origin and it is not yet encapsulated by the cortex.
|}
== Abnormalities ==
[#CAH Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia] | [#PCC Pheochromocytomas] |
'''Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)'''
A family of inherited disorders of adrenal steroidogenesis enzymes which impairs cortisol production by the adrenal cortex.
Enzymes most commonly affected: 21-hydroxylase (21-OH), 11beta-hydroxylase, 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase.
Enzymes less commonly affected: 17alpha-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase and cholesterol desmolase.
Classical CAH - androgen excess leads newborn females with external genital ambiguity and postnatal progressive virilization in both sexes. (More? [genital.htm Genital Notes] | [genital2.htm Genital Abnormalities])
'''Pheochromocytomas (PCC)'''
Catecholamine-producing (neuro)endocrine tumor located in the adrenal medulla. Similar catecholamine-producing tumors outside the adrenal gland are called paragangliomas (PGL).
== Genes ==
Steroidogenic factor 1 (SF-1) - orphan nuclear receptor
DAX1
CYP17
== References ==
'''Links:''' [#Journals Journals] | [#OnlineTextbooks Online Textbooks] | [#SearchTextbooks Search Textbooks] | [#PubMed PubMed] | [#SearchPubMed Search PubMed] | [#Glossary Glossary]
=== Journals ===
=== Online Textbooks ===
'''Endocrinology: An Integrated Approach''' Nussey, S.S. and Whitehead, S.A. Oxford, UK: BIOS Scientific Publishers, Ltd; 2001. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=endocrin.box.466 4.7. Embryology of the adrenal gland] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=endocrin.chapter.442 The Adrenal Gland] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=endocrin.section.464 Anatomical and functional zonation in the adrenal cortex]
'''Developmental Biology''' (6th ed) Gilbert, Scott F. Sunderland (MA): Sinauer Associates, Inc.; c2000. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?call=bv.View..ShowSection&rid=dbio.figgrp.3132 Figure 13.6. Final differentiation of a trunk neural crest cell committed to become either an adrenomedullary (chromaffin) cell or a sympathetic neuron]
'''Molecular Biology of the Cell''' (4th Edn) Alberts, Bruce; Johnson, Alexander; Lewis, Julian; Raff, Martin; Roberts, Keith; Walter, Peter. New York: Garland Publishing; 2002. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=mboc4.table.2803 table 15-1. Some Hormone-induced Cell Responses Mediated by Cyclic AMP] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=mboc4.section.2743#2785 Cells Can Respond Abruptly to a Gradually Increasing Concentration of an Extracellular Signal]
'''Health Services/Technology Assessment Text (HSTAT)''' Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US), 2003 Oct. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books&cmd=search&doptcmdl=TOCView&term=adrenal+development+AND+hstat%5Bbook%5D Adrenal Gland search Results]
'''Search NLM Online Textbooks'''- "adrenal development" : [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books&cmd=search&doptcmdl=DocSum&term=adrenal%20development+AND+endocrin%5Bbook%5D Endocrinology] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books&cmd=search&doptcmdl=DocSum&term=adrenal%20development+AND+mboc4%5Bbook%5D Molecular Biology of the Cell] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books&cmd=search&doptcmdl=DocSum&term=adrenal%20development+AND+cooper%5Bbook%5D The Cell- A molecular Approach ]
=== PubMed ===
'''Reviews'''
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=17046275&dopt=Abstract Hanley NA, Arlt W.] The human fetal adrenal cortex and the window of sexual differentiation. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Dec;17(10):391-7.
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=16928368&dopt=Abstract Huber K.] The sympathoadrenal cell lineage: specification, diversification, and new perspectives. Dev Biol. 2006 Oct 15;298(2):335-43.
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=16807499&dopt=Abstract Yanase T, Gondo S, Okabe T, Tanaka T, Shirohzu H, Fan W, Oba K, Morinaga H, Nomura M, Ohe K, Nawata H.] Differentiation and regeneration of adrenal tissues: An initial step toward regeneration therapy for steroid insufficiency. Endocr J. 2006 Aug;53(4):449-59.
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9888597&dopt=Abstract Jaffe RB, Mesiano S, Smith R, Coulter CL, Spencer SJ, Chakravorty A.] The regulation and role of fetal adrenal development in human pregnancy. Endocr Res. 1998 Aug-Nov;24(3-4):919-26.
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9183569&dopt=Abstract Mesiano S, Jaffe RB.] Developmental and functional biology of the primate fetal adrenal cortex. Endocr Rev. 1997 Jun;18(3):378-403.
(More? [../Refer/endocrine/adrenal_rev.htm Adrenal Review 1999] | [../Refer/endocrine/selectadrenal.htm Selected Adrenal Papers 1999])
'''Articles'''
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16093324 Villa-Cuesta E, Modolell J.] Mutual repression between msh and Iro-C is an essential component of the boundary between body wall and wing in Drosophila. Development. 2005 Aug 10
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16585961 Goto M, Piper Hanley K, Marcos J, Wood PJ, Wright S, Postle AD, Cameron IT, Mason JI, Wilson DI, Hanley NA.] In humans, early cortisol biosynthesis provides a mechanism to safeguard female sexual development. J Clin Invest. 2006 Apr;116(4):953-60.
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9888597&dopt=Abstract Jaffe RB, Mesiano S, Smith R, Coulter CL, Spencer SJ, Chakravorty A.] The regulation and role of fetal adrenal development in human pregnancy. Endocr Res. 1998 Aug-Nov;24(3-4):919-26.
"The rapid growth of the human fetal adrenal gland, which is primarily a reflection of the growth of the unique fetal zone, is regulated by ACTH acting indirectly to stimulate the expression of locally produced growth factors, of which IGF-II and bFGF appear to play key roles. Through most of gestation, the outer definitive zone appears to function as a reservoir of progenitor cells which move centripetally to populate the rest of the gland. At the end of pregnancy, the fetal zone undergoes senescence through an apoptotic process. Activin and TGF-beta are capable of inducing apoptosis in the fetal zone. Corticotropin-releasing hormone, which is produced by the placenta in markedly increased amounts at the end of gestation, may orchestrate a variety of processes, including direct stimulation of fetal adrenal steroidogenesis, culminating in the initiation of parturition."
'''Search PubMed'''
Search Mar2007 "adrenal development" '''9,393''' reference articles of which '''2,047''' were reviews.
'''Search PubMed:''' term= [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=adrenal+development adrenal development] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=adrenal+cortex+development adrenal cortex development] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=fetal%20adrenal%20cortex%20development fetal adrenal cortex development] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=adrenal+medullary+development adrenal medullary development]
== Glossary of Terms ==
[http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=A A] | [http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=B B] | [http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=C C] | [http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=D D] | [http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=E E] | [http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=F F] | [http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=G G] | [http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=H H] | [http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=I I] | [http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=J J] | [http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=K K] | [http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=L L] | [http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=M M] | [http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=N N] | [http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=O O] | [http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=P P] | [http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Q Q] | [http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=R R] | [http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=S S] | [http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=T T] | [http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=U U] | [http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=V V] | [http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=W W] | [http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=X X] | [http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Y Y] | [http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Z Z] | [http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Numbers Numbers] | [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/Index/index.htm Old Glossary]
== Quick Links ==
=== UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 ===
==== UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G ====
[[Image:unsw60.gif]][[Image:chris.gif]]
 
=== Navigation ===
[../embryo.htm Home Page][../wwwhuman/Stages/Stages.htm Embryo stages][../wwwhuman/Fetus.htm Fetal Dev][../devnote.htm Dev Notes 1][../devnote2.htm Dev Notes 2][../sysnote.htm System Notes][../People.htm Acknowledgements]
=== Internal LinksEndocrine ===
[endocrine.htm Introduction][endocrine2.htm Abnormalities][endocrine3.htm Stage 13/14][endocrine4.htm Stage 22][endocrine5.htm Selected Stage 22][endocrine8.htm Thyroid][endocrine7.htm Pituitary]Adrenal[endocrine10.htm Pancreas][endocrine12.htm Pineal][endocrine13.htm Thymus][endocrine15.htm Gonad][endocrine14.htm Placenta][endocrine15.htm Gonads][endocrine16.htm Hypothalmus][endocrine17.htm Parathyroid][endocrine18.htm Adipose Tissue][endocrine19.htm Other Tissues][endocrine11.htm Molecular][endocrinelink.htm Web Links]
=== Internal Links ===
[../Movies/Movies.htm Movies][../Podcast/podcast.htm Audio][../News/news.htm News][../class.htm Class Notes][../Series.htm Serial Images][../K12/embryo.htm K12 Students][../Defect/page1.htm Abnormal][../histo.htm Histology][../sitemap.htm Site Map][Index/Index.htm Glossary][../Refer/refer.htm References][../Refer/search.htm Search]
=== External Links ===
[http://medicalsciences.med.unsw.edu.au/medsciences.nsf School of Med Sci][http://www.med.unsw.edu.au/ UNSW Medicine][http://www.unsw.edu.au/ University of NSW][http://cellbiology.med.unsw.edu.au/ UNSW Cell Biology][http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books NCBI Books][http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?call=bv.View..ShowTOC&rid=dbio.TOC&depth=2 Dev Biol (Gilbert)][http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?call=bv.View..ShowTOC&rid=dbio.TOC&depth=2 2010-04-26T00:45:01Search Google]
<center>[[Image:Logo_PoweredBy_25wht.gif]] </center>
<center>  </center>
<center><center>Search Google</center><center>Search NCBI</center>  </center>
=== Search NCBIPage Details ===
==== [mailto:m.hill@unsw.edu.au Email]Copyright: Dr Mark HillCreated: 01.06.1997Updated:#BeginDate format:Ge1 23.04.2007#EndDate UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G ====
=== Comments ===
[[Image:mhicon08.jpg]]
The developing adrenal gland has both an interesting origin and an intruiging fetal role.
The adrenal gland and placenta also act in synergy, and the notes endocrine placenta should also be read.
Something old, something new....[../Podcast/podcast.htm#EndocrinePodcast listen to where the term "hormone"] came from in the linked podcast.
Please [mailto:m.hill@unsw.edu.au email Dr Mark Hill] if you wish to make a comment about this current project.©M.A. Hill, 2007

Revision as of 14:37, 2 January 2011

About Discussion Pages  
Mark Hill.jpg
On this website the Discussion Tab or "talk pages" for a topic has been used for several purposes:
  1. References - recent and historic that relates to the topic
  2. Additional topic information - currently prepared in draft format
  3. Links - to related webpages
  4. Topic page - an edit history as used on other Wiki sites
  5. Lecture/Practical - student feedback
  6. Student Projects - online project discussions.
Links: Pubmed Most Recent | Reference Tutorial | Journal Searches

Glossary Links

Glossary: A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | Numbers | Symbols | Term Link

Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, June 19) Embryology Endocrine - Adrenal Development. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Talk:Endocrine_-_Adrenal_Development

2010

Migration and distribution of neural crest-derived cells in the human adrenal cortex at 9-16 weeks of gestation: an immunohistochemical study

Inoue S, Cho BH, Song CH, Fujimiya M, Murakami G, Matsubara A. Okajimas Folia Anat Jpn. 2010 May;87(1):11-6.

Neural crest-derived cells are believed to migrate into the fetal adrenal cortex from the medially-located hilus. However, there appears to be a paucity of observations of the migration and distribution of medullary cells in humans. In sagittal as well as horizontal sections of human fetuses between 9 and 16 weeks of gestation, we identified chromaffin, ganglion and Schwann-like cells in the developing adrenal gland using immunohistochemistry. Cells showing tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivity (i.e., candidate ganglion cells) entered the fetal cortex mainly from the medial half of the adrenal, but the path of entry also included the ventral, dorsal and caudal aspects. These cells displayed linear arrangements, forming a connection between the peripheral and central areas of the gland. S100 protein-immunoreactive cells (i.e., Schwann-like cells) accompanied most (but not all) of the TH-positive cells. The distribution of chromogranin A-immunoreactive cells (i.e., chromaffin cells) was similar to and overlapped with that of TH-positive cells. Chromogranin A-positive cells were observed around the aorta as well as in the adrenal. The entry of neural crest-derived cells does not appear to be restricted to a hypothetical medial hilus, but occurs widely around the cortex, with or without the accompaniment of Schwann-like cells. These cells advance in lines through the fetal cortex in a cord-like arrangement without destruction of the cortical architecture. Some of the TH-positive cells very likely express chromogranin A before entry into the adrenal.

PMID: 20715567 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20715567


2004

Study of migration of neural crest cells to adrenal medulla by three-dimensional reconstruction

J Vet Med Sci. 2004 Jun;66(6):635-41.

Yamamoto M, Yanai R, Arishima K.

Department of Veterinary Anatomy II, Azabu University, School of Veterinary Medicine, Japan. Abstract Adrenal medullary cells are derived from the neural crest. To study the formation process of the adrenal medulla in the embryonic period, we visualized chromaffin cells of rat embryos at 13 to 17 days of gestation using anti-tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) antiserum, and created three-dimensional images from serial tissue sections. Between 13 and 15 days of gestation, TH-positive cells (chromaffin cells) migrated from a group of TH-positive cells present dorsal to the adrenal primordium via the medial cranial end of the adrenal primordium into the adrenal primordium. At or after 16 days of gestation, the adrenal capsule was formed except on the ventral aspect of the cranial end of the adrenal gland, from which TH-positive cells penetrated into the adrenal gland. The reconstructed images showed that TH-positive cells were present contiguously from the sympathetic chain ganglia through a group of TH-positive cells ventral to the adrenal gland into the adrenal cortex, and that the group of TH-positive cells ventral to the adrenal gland communicated with the preaortic ganglion present ventral and caudal to the adrenal gland. These results suggest that neural crest cells use the same pathway to migrate to the sympathetic chain ganglia dorsal to the adrenal gland, to the adrenal gland, and to the preaortic ganglion.

PMID: 15240937 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15240937

Childhood Adrenocortical Tumours

http://www.hccpjournal.com/content/4/2/81


Inactivation of Dicer1 in Steroidogenic factor 1-positive cells reveals tissue-specific requirement for Dicer1 in adrenal, testis, and ovary

http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-213X/10/66

Retrieved from ‘https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Talk:Endocrine_-_Adrenal_Development&oldid=45958’
Powered by MediaWiki