2010 BGD Practical 6 - Week 3: Difference between revisions
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[[File:Mesoderm 001 icon.jpg|160px|link=Development_Animation_-_Mesoderm]] [[File:Somite 001 icon.jpg|160px|link=Development_Animation_-_Somite_Musculoskeletal]] [[File:Vertabra 003 icon.jpg|160px|link=Development_Animation_-_Vertebra]] | [[File:Mesoderm 001 icon.jpg|160px|link=Development_Animation_-_Mesoderm]] [[File:Somite 001 icon.jpg|160px|link=Development_Animation_-_Somite_Musculoskeletal]] [[File:Vertabra 003 icon.jpg|160px|link=Development_Animation_-_Vertebra]] | ||
==Ectoderm== | |||
==Week 2 and 3 Movies== | ==Week 2 and 3 Movies== |
Revision as of 11:06, 16 May 2010
Practical 6: Week 3 | Week 4 | Week 5 | Week 6 | Week 7 | Week 8 | Quiz
Introduction
Key events of human development during the third week (week 3) following fertilization or Clinical week 5 (LMP). Note that during this time the conceptus cells not contributing to the embryo are contributing to placental membranes and the early placenta.
Folding
Endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm layers. There are two major folding processes that take place during this time.
- Folding of the whole embryonic disc ventrally, separates the endoderm to form the epithelial lining of the gut. Folding of the embryonic disc occurs ventrally around the notochord, which forms a rod-like region running rostro-caudally in the midline.
- Folding of the ecoderm will form a neural groove, then closing to form a neural tube, separating the neural ectoderm from the embryo surface ectoderm.
Mesoderm Segmentation
Different regions of mesoderm form early intermediate structures.
- Somitogenesis - when part of the mesoderm layer segments during week 3 to form balls of mesoderm called somites. The later migration of cells forms the mesoderm germ layer. An embryonic connective tissue (mesenchyme) which forms nearly all the connective tissues of the body (the head is different). Somitogenesis is when part of this layer segments during week 3 to form balls of mesoderm called somites.
- Intraembryonic coelom - Within the embryonic disc lateral plate mesoderm a space (coelom) forms, it lies within the embryo and so is called the intraembryonic coelom. This single "horseshoe-shaped" space will form the 3 major body cavities: pericardial (around the heart), pleural (around the lungs) and peritoneal (around the GIT and visceral organs).
Ectoderm Segmentation
The central portion of the embryonic disc forms the neural plate, the edge of this plate forms neural crest and the edge forms the epitheium of the skin.
- Neurogenesis - cells that do not migrate from the epiblast layer remain and form the ectoderm. An epithelial layer of cells which contributes all neural (brain, spinal cord, peripheral nervous system) and the external epithelium (surface layer of the skin) of the embryo. Neurogenesis begins towards the end of week 3, when the neural tissues separate from this germ cell layer.
Folding
There are two major folding processes that take place during this time.
- Folding of the ecoderm will form a neural groove, then closing to form a neural tube, separating the neural ectoderm from the embryo surface ectoderm.
- Folding of the whole embryonic disc ventrally, separates the endoderm to form the epithelial lining of the gut. Folding of the embryonic disc occurs ventrally around the notochord, which forms a rod-like region running rostro-caudally in the midline.
In relation to the notochord:
- Laterally (either side of the notochord) lies mesoderm.
- Rostrally (above the notochord end) lies the buccopharyngeal membrane, above this again is the mesoderm region forming the heart.
- Caudally (below the notochord end) lies the primitive streak (where gastrulation occurred), below this again is the cloacal membrane.
- Dorsally (above the notochord) lies the neural tube then ectoderm.
- Ventrally (beneath the notochord) lies the mesoderm then endoderm.
The ventral endoderm (shown yellow) has grown to line a space called the yolk sac. Folding of the embryonic disc "pinches off" part of this yolk sac forming the first primative GIT.
The cartoon above is a section through the trunk of the trilaminar embryo showing the further development of the 3 layers and the space (coelom) that forms in the mesoderm (only the righhand side is shown).
Within the embryonic disc lateral plate mesoderm a space (coelom) forms, it lies within the embryo and so is called the intraembryonic coelom. This single "horseshoe-shaped" space will form the 3 major body cavities: pericardial (around the heart), pleural (around the lungs) and peritoneal (around the GIT and visceral organs).
The mesoderm adjacennt to the endoderm is now called the splanchnic mesoderm which forms the connective tissue and muscular wall of the GIT.
Note intraembryonic coelomic cavity communicates with extraembryonic coelom (space outside the embryo) through portals (holes) initially on lateral margin of embryonic disc.
Mesoderm
Mesoderm means the "middle layer" and it is from this layer that nearly all the bodies connective tissues are derived. In early mesoderm development a number of transient structures will form and then be lost as tissue structure is patterned and organised. Humans are vertebrates, with a "backbone", and the first mesoderm structure we will see form after the notochord will be somites.
Facts: Week 4, 22 - 23 days, 2 - 3.5 mm, Somite Number 4 - 12
View: This is a dorsal view of the human embryo, the amniotic membrane has been removed. Top embryo is an early stage 10, bottom is late stage 10.
Mesoderm organization: lateral plate - intermediate mesoderm - paraxial mesoderm - axial mesoderm - paraxial mesoderm - intermediate mesoderm - lateral plate
Axial Mesoderm
- notochord
- mechanical role in embryonic disc folding
- molecular role in patterning surrounding tissues
Adult - contributes to the nucleus pulposis of the intervertebral disc
Paraxial Mesoderm
- differentiates rostro-caudally (head to tail)
- remains unsegmented in the head region.
- segments in the body region to form pairs of somites along the length of the embryo.
Adult - contributes vertebral column (vertebra and IVD), dermis of the skin, skeletal muscle of body and limbs
Intermediate Mesoderm
- named by position (between paraxial and lateral plate)
- differentiates rostro-caudally (head to tail)
- forms 3 sets of "kidneys" in sequence
- pronephros
- mesonephros
- metanephros
Adult - metanephros forms the kidney
Lateral Plate Mesoderm
- a "horseshoe shaped" space forms in the middle
- somatic mesoderm - closest to ectoderm
- space - forms the 3 body cavities (pericardial, pleural, peritoneal)
- splanchnic mesoderm - closest to endoderm
Adult - body connective tissues, gastrointestinal tract (connective tissues, muscle, organs), heart
Somite Development
Somite initially forms 2 main components
- ventromedial- sclerotome forms vertebral body and intervertebral disc
- dorsolateral - dermomyotome forms dermis and skeletal muscle
Sclerotome
- sclerotome later becomes subdivided
- rostral and caudal halves separated laterally by von Ebner's fissure
- half somites contribute to a single vertebral level body
- other half intervertebral disc
- therefore final vertebral segmentation “shifts”
Myotome
- Body - epaxial and hypaxial muscles
- Limbs - flexor and extensor muscles
Dermatome
- connective tissue underlying epidermis
- begins as a dorsal thickening
- spreads throughout the body
Ectoderm
Week 2 and 3 Movies
Implantation | Mesoderm | Chorionic Cavity | Amniotic Cavity | Week 3 |
Practical 6: Week 3 | Week 4 | Week 5 | Week 6 | Week 7 | Week 8 | Quiz
Additional Information
Additional Information - Content shown under this heading is not part of the material covered in this class. It is provided for those students who would like to know about some concepts or current research in topics related to the current class page. |
Detailed Week by Week
The following information is a detailed timeline of embryonic development between week 3 to 8 and content does not form part of the current practical class.
Embryo Stages and Events
Day | Stage | Event |
Stage 7 | Primitive node (Hensen's node, primitive knot) The small circular region located at the cranial end of the primitive streak, where gastrulation occurs, and is a controller of this process. The second role is to act as an initial generator of the left-right (L-R) body axis. | |
Stage 8 | Neural neurogenesis, neural groove and folds are first seen | |
Stage 9 | Musculoskeletal somitogenesis - first somites form and continue to be added in sequence caudally
Neural - three main divisions of the brain, which are not cerebral vesicles, can be distinguished while the neural groove is still completely open
| |
Heart cardiogenesis - week 3 begins as paired heart tubes. |
Glossary Links
- Glossary: A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | Numbers | Symbols | Term Link
- 2010 BGD: Lecture 1 | Lecture 2 | Practical 3 | Practical 6 | Practical 12
Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2024, June 15) Embryology 2010 BGD Practical 6 - Week 3. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/2010_BGD_Practical_6_-_Week_3
- © Dr Mark Hill 2024, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G